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PubMed2004

Social and health determinants of well being and life satisfaction in Jamaica.

BACKGROUND: Psychological well being and the degree of satisfaction with life are likely to affect a range of social behaviours and determine uptake of health and social services. It is important to identify the factors that inform these constructs. AIMS: We sought to identify the variables which best predicted psychological well being in the Caribbean country, Jamaica and also those associated with feelings of satisfaction with life. METHODS: Interviews were conducted on young adults aged 15-50 years as part of a sexual decision-making survey in Jamaica. Information was collected on a range of social, health and demographic variables and a measure of psychological well being--Centre for Epidemiological Studies of Depression (CES-D). Satisfaction with life was measured using a Likert scale in response to the question 'Are you satisfied with your life as a whole?' Multiple regression analyses were used to determine the predictors of psychological well being and satisfaction with life. RESULTS: There were 2580 respondents (1601 women and 979 men). The mean age was 29.7 years (standard deviation 9.2 years). Women had lower levels of psychological well being and satisfaction with life. Independent predictors of lower psychological well being were having an acute illness, having a chronic illness in women and high religious behaviour in men. Satisfaction with life was predicted by younger age, marital status and employment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that health variables are more important for psychological well being while social circumstances are more significant for satisfaction with life. There are important gender differences in the mediation of psychological well being as well as age differences in the variables associated with satisfaction with life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Access to the environment and life satisfaction after spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential relation between satisfaction with life after spinal cord injury and access to the environment as measured by selected items from the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique (CHART). DESIGN: Prospective, correlational/predictive study using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from 18 Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems of Care. SUBJECTS: Adult persons with traumatic-onset spinal cord injury (n = 650) evaluated at 1 or 2 years postinjury. OUTCOME MEASURE: Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). PREDICTOR VARIABLES: Demographic characteristics, impairment and disability classifications. medical complications, rehabilitation insurance status, occupational status as measured by the CHART Occupation Scale, self-perceived health (from SF-36), and access to the environment as measured by items from the CHART Mobility Scale. RESULTS: Access to the environment was positively and linearly associated with satisfaction with life, demonstrated both positive and negative change over time, and was positively associated with subject's neurologic status. Access to the environment added to the explanatory model to predict life satisfaction even after all other independent measures were accounted for. CONCLUSION: Access to the environment (an "outside the person" factor) is important in predicting satisfaction with life for persons with spinal cord injury. The measure of access to the environment developed here is promising and worthy of further exploration and expansion.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Life satisfaction after traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate correlates of life satisfaction after traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal study of patients with TBI studied 1 and 2 years after injury. SETTING: A specialized inpatient TBI rehabilitation unit in a midwestern academic medical center. SUBJECTS: Two hundred eighteen consecutive patients admitted for rehabilitation, at least 14 years of age, with a primary diagnosis of TBI, consented to participate, and interviewed 1 and/or 2 years after injury (112 interviewed both years, 58 at year 1 only, 48 at year 2 only). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Satisfaction With Life Scale. RESULTS: Stepwise multiple regressions accounted for statistically significant, but small, proportions of variance. Not having a preinjury history of substance abuse and having gainful employment at the time of follow-up were associated with higher life satisfaction both 1 and 2 years after injury. Motor independence at rehabilitation discharge was also associated at 1 year. Current social integration and the absence of depressed mood were associated at 2 years. Life satisfaction was relatively stable between years. Change that did occur was associated with marital status and depressed mood 2 years after injury. CONCLUSIONS: Life satisfaction after TBI seems to be related to attaining healthy and productive lifestyles. Future research should investigate other factors that affect life satisfaction to increase prediction and appreciate all influences on subjective well being after TBI.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Occupational roles and life satisfaction in psychiatric outpatients with vocational disabilities.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate: 1) internalization of occupational roles and 2) levels of satisfaction in psychiatric outpatients with vocational disability. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty subjects, 8 men and 12 women, aged 20-55, participated in the study. The past, present and expected values of 10 occupational roles were identified. Levels of satisfaction with life as whole and on eight different domains were reported on a six-step scale ranging from very dissatisfied to very satisfied. RESULTS: The student and worker roles were not part of current life, in contrast to the past (5 years ago) and the expected future. The roles of family member and home maintainer were the most appreciated both in the past and at present. All of the participants expected to add both number and level of role involvement in the future. No-one were satisfied with life as whole. All but one were dissatisfied with their vocational and financial situations. Most were also dissatisfied with their leisure situation, family life, partnership relations, sexual life, and contacts with friends. CONCLUSIONS: The low levels of satisfaction with life as whole and the different domains reflect the disadvantageous situation of the participants in the study. The low number of occupational roles and the low level of meaningful role involvement support the associations between occupational roles and life satisfaction. It is suggested that occupational role assessment would be an important focus in occupational therapy to help people to more adaptive daily routines and to improve their quality of life.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Aging with spinal cord injury: changes in selected health indices and life satisfaction.

OBJECTIVES: To document the impact of age, age at injury, years postinjury, and injury severity on changes over time in selected physical and psychosocial outcomes of people aging with spinal cord injury (SCI), and to identify the best predictors of these outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional and longitudinal examination of people with SCI. SETTING: Follow-up of people who received initial rehabilitation in a regional Model Spinal Cord Injury System. PARTICIPANTS: People who meet the inclusion criteria for the National Spinal Cord Injury Database were studied at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years postinjury. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of pressure ulcers, number of times rehospitalized, number of days rehospitalized, perceived health status, satisfaction with life, and pain during the most recent follow-up year. RESULTS: The number of days rehospitalized and frequency of rehospitalizations decreased and the number of pressure ulcers increased as time passed. For the variables of pressure ulcers, poor perceived health, the perception of pain and lower life satisfaction, the best predictor of each outcome was the previous existence or poor rating of that same outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Common complications of SCI often herald the recurrence of those same complications at a later point in time, highlighting the importance of early intervention to prevent future health and psychosocial difficulties.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Life Satisfaction in three countries.

Studies addressing factors of Life Satisfaction have focused on how individuals in particular societies experience their lives as worthwhile, enjoyable, and fulfilling and indicated a range of individual and cultural factors shape individual perceptions of Life Satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to compare the Life Satisfaction of adults from the United States, Turkey, and Germany. Participants included 163 (84 women and 79 men) from the USA, 172 (70 women, 88 men) from Germany, and 174 (79 women and 95 men) from Turkey. Significant mean differences by country were found on Life Satisfaction. Post hoc Tukey IISD tests indicated that U.S. participants reported higher Life Satisfaction than German or Turkish groups. Country differences were also found on Health Satisfaction, a predictor of Life Satisfaction. Stepwise multiple regressions involving the Turkish sample and a subsample of the American participants indicated some consistency in other factors predicting Life Satisfaction ratings; in particular, being "Too Busy" was negatively related to Life Satisfaction for both U.S. and Turkish participants. These findings support previous research indicating several factors such as health and national economic well-being influence Life Satisfaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Contextual effects on life satisfaction of older men and women.

Differences occur in the demographic, health, and social network contexts of men and women, all of which are associated with successful aging. The objectives of this study were to determine whether differences exist in satisfaction in specific domains, in general life satisfaction and in the paths for life satisfaction for men and women. A secondary data analysis was conducted on selected variables from the Aging in the Community data set (Beland et al., 1998). The responses of 958 older Canadian francophone adults were examined. There were no differences in general or domain life satisfaction between women and men. Path analyses revealed good model fit for separate models for both male and female samples. For men, life satisfaction is explained positively by age, income, and perceived control, and negatively by recall errors, illness, and functional limitations. For women, life satisfaction is explained positively by age, education, income, social support, perceived control, and physical activity, and negatively by illness and functional limitations. The results suggest that social support had direct positive effects on life satisfaction but reduced perceived control for women. As hypothesized, although there are similarities in paths to life satisfaction for older men and women, the path models indicated that there are also important differences.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

On life satisfaction in male erectile dysfunction.

A consecutive series of 413 impotent men and 109 References rated their satisfaction with life as a whole and with seven different domains of life along a six graded scale ranging from very satisfied to very dissatisfied. In a subsample of impotent men treated with PGE1 these self-ratings were repeated applying the concept that dissatisfaction reflects an aspirations/achievement gap and successful treatment leads not only to increased sexual well-being but also to increased satisfaction with life as a whole. Regardless of the etiology of impotence pre-treatment level of sexual satisfaction was very low. In assumedly psychogenically impotent men levels of satisfaction with life as a whole, partnership and family life were also low. Using factor analytic technique satisfaction with sexual life was found to be a powerful predictor for satisfaction with life as a whole. In successfully PGE1-treated men pre-treatment decreased levels of satisfaction were significantly increased and generally normalization occurred.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Hysterectomy status and life satisfaction in older women.

OBJECTIVES: This cross-sectional, population-based study examines the long-term effect of hysterectomy on life satisfaction in 1177 women aged 55-94 years. METHODS: A 1992 mailed survey obtained information on menopausal history, including hysterectomy and oophorectomy status, and estrogen use. Two standardized measures ascertained general life satisfaction: the Life Satisfaction Index-Z (LSI-Z) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). A separate question asked participants to rate life satisfaction (better, the same, or worse) after menopause or hysterectomy compared with before. RESULTS: Twenty-three percent of the women reported hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy an average of 24 years earlier, and 26% reported hysterectomy with ovarian conservation an average of 28 years earlier. Women who were 20 or more years posthysterectomy or postmenopause were significantly more likely to rate their life satisfaction as better than were women 5 or fewer years posthysterectomy or postmenopause (p < 0.01). Among women with a hysterectomy, 53% with oophorectomy and 60% with ovarian conservation rated life satisfaction better after hysterectomy. Only 42.2% of women without a hysterectomy rated life satisfaction as better after menopause (p < 0.001). Differences persisted after adjustment for age and other covariates: p < 0.01 for hysterectomy with ovarian conservation and p < 0.001 for hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy vs. no hysterectomy. Even among women who had never used estrogen, a significantly greater proportion of those who had a hysterectomy with ovarian conservation rated their life satisfaction as better compared with women who did not have a hysterectomy (p < 0.05). There were no differences in standard life satisfaction scores (LSI-Z or SWLS) by hysterectomy status. CONCLUSIONS: There are no long-term adverse effects of hysterectomy on life satisfaction. When queried specifically, women report increased life satisfaction following hysterectomy. Relief from symptoms necessitating hysterectomy may be responsible for this increase. This difference may be specific to hysterectomy because there were no differences in general life satisfaction as assessed with standardized measures.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Life satisfaction of persons with spinal cord injury compared to a population group.

Life satisfaction is thought to be the subjective part of quality of life, i.e. the feelings of the persons concerned about their functioning and circumstances. In this study, life satisfaction of spinal cord-injured persons living in the community is compared to life satisfaction of a population group. Respondents were a nationwide sample of 318 persons with spinal cord injury (response 60%) and 507 inhabitants of a large city in The Netherlands (response 42%). Life satisfaction was measured using the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, containing one question about general life satisfaction and eight questions about domain-specific life satisfaction. Mean scores of general life satisfaction and of satisfaction with self-care ability, leisure situation, vocational situation and sexual life were lower in persons with spinal cord injury than in the population group, but satisfaction with family life was higher. However, differences in general life satisfaction, satisfaction with leisure situation and with vocational situation could be attributed to differences in the composition of both groups. Satisfaction with self-care ability was lower in persons with tetraplegia than in persons with paraplegia, but we found no differences in other questions. Several relationships between life satisfaction and age and marital status existed, but they were more pronounced in the population group than in the group of persons with spinal cord injury. Time after injury and cause of injury were not related to life satisfaction variables. Uniformity in measurement instruments would facilitate comparisons between studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Correlates of life satisfaction among military wives.

Military life includes constant change. This study explored the relationship of life satisfaction among military wives with the individual attitudinal and personality variables of perceived social support, locus of control, and temperament. Sixty wives of noncommissioned military personnel were selected as participants. Life satisfaction was found to be related to high levels of perceived social support from family and from friends, to an internal locus of control, and to low levels of emotionality-stress and emotionality-fear. The results supported the role of individual resources for mediating adjustment and enhancing life satisfaction during the changes inherent in military life. Implications for identifying and helping high-risk women emerged.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

The role of person versus situation in life satisfaction: a critical examination.

Two main theoretical approaches have been put forward to explain individual differences in life satisfaction: top-down (i.e., personological) and bottom-up (i.e., situational). The authors examine the relative merit of these 2 approaches and the psychological processes underlying top-down models. Consistent with a top-down approach, meta-analytic findings indicate that Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness are related to both various domain satisfactions and life satisfaction; however, consistent with a bottom-up approach, domain satisfactions are strongly linked to life satisfaction but only weakly linked to each other. Path analyses based on meta-analytic estimates did not support a simple "direct-effects" top-down model but supported both (a) a temperament-based top-down model and (b) an integrative model that incorporates the direct influence of domain satisfactions on life satisfaction.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

Early adult antecedents of life satisfaction at age 70.

Association between Life Satisfaction Ratings at about age 70 and cognitive, personality, interpersonal, and family characteristics in early adulthood are examined using data from the Guidance Study at the University of California, Berkeley. When the parents of participants in that study were in their early 30s, the mothers were rated on 15 cognitive and personality characteristics and both parents were rated on personal, interpersonal, and family variables. Approximately 40 years later, the surviving parents were interviewed intensively and assigned Life Satisfaction Ratings, For both sexes, certain traits of their own at 30 are correlated with life satisfaction at 70. The predictive characteristics for women reflect a buoyant, responsive attitude toward life; those for men represent emotional and physical health. For a woman, the material relationship and some of her circumstances at 30 were also predictive, but her husband's traits were for the most part unrelated to her satisfaction with life at 70. For men, in contrast, characteristics of their wives indicative of emotional stability were even more highly predictive of their life satisfaction at 70 than were their own traits at 30.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

General life satisfaction and domain-specific quality of life in chronic schizophrenic patients.

Subjective quality of life (QOL) has often been assessed through questionnaires or structured interviews focusing on the person's satisfaction with various life domains. In particular, most QOL instruments for psychiatric patients are based on this concept. We report on a study casting some doubts on the rationale of this approach. We investigated the QOL of 48 chronic schizophrenic outpatients with a long-term disease history (at least 20 years) using a German version of the Lancashire QOL Profile. The interrelations between general life satisfaction, satisfaction with specific life domains, psychological well-being and psychopathology were studied using correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. Of the life domains assessed, only two, namely social relations and health, contributed significantly to the patients' general life satisfaction, while the others (including work, leisure, family relations and housing) did not. The subscales on psychological well-being (self-esteem, affective state) as well as psychopathology were found to be more closely associated with general life satisfaction than almost all life domains considered. The findings are discussed with regard to the specific situation of the group of patients investigated. They give indications that the life domain approach to measuring QOL has its limitations, in particular when applied to patients having adapted to a very restricted everyday life.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Loneliness and life satisfaction in Japan and Australia.

We examined the relationship between loneliness and life satisfaction in 121 residents of Fukoku, Japan, and 139 residents of Melbourne, Australia, using the Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1983) and the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980). Australian subjects reported significantly less loneliness and significantly greater life satisfaction than Japanese subjects. A high inverse correlation was found between loneliness and life satisfaction in Australian subjects, with a much smaller inverse relationship observed among the Japanese, suggesting that loneliness in Japanese subjects did not emotionally translate into life dissatisfaction as it did in Australian subjects. Instead, the experience of loneliness in Japanese individuals may remain largely independent of general life satisfaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Financial strain and life satisfaction in Hong Kong elderly Chinese: moderating effect of life management strategies including selection, optimization, and compensation.

For many Hong Kong Chinese elderly, financial strain is quite a common occurrence. This study examines the moderating effect of life management strategies including selection, optimization, and compensation in the relationship between financial strain on life satisfaction. The data came from a survey of a representative community sample of 421 elderly respondents in Hong Kong. Using multiple regression models, the authors found that selection and optimization of life management strategies moderated the linkage between financial strain and life satisfaction even after controlling socio-demographic variables, but sense of control over finances did not. Findings suggest that life management strategies should be enhanced to protect older people under chronic financial strain from low level of life satisfaction

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Life satisfaction, symptoms, and the menopausal transition.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to examine the relation between life satisfaction and the menopausal transition, identify factors predictive or associated with life satisfaction, and determine the relation between life satisfaction and other health outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a prospective population-based study of 438 middle-aged Australian-born women followed for 6 years after baseline measures. Retention rate at 6 years was 90% (n = 395). Two self-reported measures of life satisfaction (Life Satisfaction Index-Z scale [LSI-Z] and Satisfaction with Life Scale [SWLS]) were used in year 6. Positive and negative affect scales and questions about satisfaction with work and daily living were also used. Sociodemographic variables were measured at baseline, and attitudes toward menopause and aging were documented at years 2 and 5, respectively. Other explanatory variables, including symptoms, health, stress, life events, sexual functioning, and lifestyle were measured in year 6. RESULTS: Women overwhelmingly endorsed positive responses to life satisfaction questions. The LSI-Z and the SWLS were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.70), with the mood scales, and with responses to questions about satisfaction with work and daily living. The LSI-Z and SWLS were not related to menopausal status, hormone levels (follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol), age, body mass index, hot flushes, hormone replacement therapy, sexual interest, employment status, type of profession, children at home, alcohol, chronic conditions, surgery, premenstrual complaints, life events (major or secondary), and social support. Stepwise multiple regression found that life satisfaction was predicted by earlier attitudes and was positively associated with feelings for partner and exercise and negatively associated with daily hassles, interpersonal stress, dysphoric symptoms, and current smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Life satisfaction was closely related to mood, predicted by earlier attitudes, and affected by relationship to partner, stress, and lifestyle. Life satisfaction was unrelated to menopause status, hormone levels, or hormone replacement therapy.

Female↗
PubMed1979

Age variations in the dimensionality of life satisfaction.

Paralleling the increasing importance of life satisfaction and related concepts in gerontological research has been an increase in the number and kind of operational measures of these concepts. In this context the present research suggests not only that life satisfaction is a multidimensional rather than a unidimensional construct but, of particular gerontological importance, the pattern of multidimensionality varies across age groups. The analysis is based upon a national sample of the adult population of the United States in which 12 different domains of life satisfaction were subjectively assessed by each respondent. Separate factor analyses were computed for each of seven age groups. The results clearly indicate that for every age group life satisfaction is a multidimensional construct. More importantly, the dimensionally differs substantially, across the age groups -- both in the number of factors derived and the domain-specific content of those factors.

Adolescent↗