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PubMed1987

Analysis of underlying and multiple-cause mortality data: the life table methods.

The stochastic compartment model concepts are employed to analyse and construct complete and abbreviated total mortality life tables, multiple-decrement life tables for a disease, under the underlying and pattern-of-failure definitions of mortality risk, cause-elimination life tables, cause-elimination effects on saved population through the gain in life expectancy as a consequence of eliminating the mortality risk, cause-delay life tables designed to translate the clinically observed increase in survival time as the population gain in life expectancy that would occur if a treatment protocol was made available to the general population and life tables for disease dependency in multiple-cause data.

Actuarial Analysis↗

PubMed1997

Comprehensive life table of computer-assisted predictive mathematical relationship between age and life expectancy, survival probability or death rate in US adults.

A microcomputer program in BASIC for predicting life expectancy by age in US adults was designed. Formulas used in this study were derived from the data reported by the National Center for Health Statistics. A comprehensive life table that shows the relationship between age and death rate, survival probability or life expectancy for each year between 25 and 85 years of age was obtained in this study, using a newly designed computer program for predicting life expectancy by age and the program for survival probability previously published by the author. The comprehensive life table may be useful for clinical evaluation of patients and further helpful for biomedical investigation and epidemiological evaluation of US adults.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Estimating increment-decrement life tables with multiple covariates from panel data: the case of active life expectancy.

A fundamental limitation of current multistate life table methodology-evident in recent estimates of active life expectancy for the elderly-is the inability to estimate tables from data on small longitudinal panels in the presence of multiple covariates (such as sex, race, and socioeconomic status). This paper presents an approach to such an estimation based on an isomorphism between the structure of the stochastic model underlying a conventional specification of the increment-decrement life table and that of Markov panel regression models for simple state spaces. We argue that Markov panel regression procedures can be used to provide smoothed or graduated group-specific estimates of transition probabilities that are more stable across short age intervals than those computed directly from sample data. We then join these estimates with increment-decrement life table methods to compute group-specific total, active, and dependent life expectancy estimates. To illustrate the methods, we describe an empirical application to the estimation of such life expectancies specific to sex, race, and education (years of school completed) for a longitudinal panel of elderly persons. We find that education extends both total life expectancy and active life expectancy. Education thus may serve as a powerful social protective mechanism delaying the onset of health problems at older ages.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1991

The use of new model life tables at very low mortality in population projections.

"New model life tables have been calculated...modifying the regional model life tables by Coale, Demeny and Vaughan published in 1983.... The purpose of the present article is not to repeat the description of the construction of the tables but to provide a systematic procedure for their use in projecting mortality into the future in low-mortality populations. The new model life tables incorporate age patterns of mortality that conform quite closely to the patterns in the lowest mortality populations yet on record and present extrapolated schedules that include systematic extensions of recent changes in age-specific mortality rates."

Age Factors↗

PubMed1992

Life tables for clinical scientists.

The life-table, or Cutler-Ederer, method of survival analysis is a simple and efficient means of estimating the probability that the first instance of an event will occur in a given period of time in studies complicated by incomplete patient follow-up. This discussion is designed to acquaint the nonstatistician with the general concepts, assumptions, advantages, and disadvantages of life-table analysis. The arcane nature of the calculations frustrates attempts at simplification. A glossary of statistical terms and sample calculations are provided for interested readers.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Life-table methods for contraceptive research.

Life-table methods used for the analysis and interpretation of contraceptive follow-up studies differ from those used in other areas of medical research. The historical development of these methods in the contraceptive literature is outlined and the two main methods are discussed, compared and shown to differ mainly in their nomenclature; their results are very similar in practice. The daily life-table method is simpler to apply and interpret, and facilitates analysis using the logrank statistic as well as powerful regression modelling techniques for survival data.

Actuarial Analysis↗

PubMed2001

New African American life tables from 1935-1940 to 1985-1990.

New life tables for African Americans are presented from 1935 through 1990. They are based on a historical series of vital statistics data on deaths that have been corrected for age misreporting, on reconstructed population counts that have been adjusted for census underenumeration, and on births that have been corrected for underregistration. The new life tables show rapid mortality declines for both African American males and females from 1935 to 1950, and relatively steady reductions thereafter for females. The smaller declines in male mortality in young adulthood and middle age since the 1950s have led to exceptionally high ratios of male to female mortality at these ages. Corrections for census undercounts lead to higher values of life expectancy than in official life tables, but to less improvement over time. Official estimates of life expectancy at age 65 appear to be about 10% too high around 1940 but only about 1.5% too high in the late 1980s.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Probabilistic approaches to current life table estimation.

"Two simple current life table estimators of conditional probabilities of death result from making either a uniform or exponential distributional assumption of time at death in the age interval. Each is compared with Chiang's estimator based on the concept of fraction of the last age interval of life. Graphical and numerical results are presented to assess the magnitude and direction of differences between estimators when the true value of Chiang's fraction takes on specific values."

Demography↗

PubMed1991

Method of life table construction by level and pattern of death.

"In this paper the author has discussed a method of estimating life tables according to level and pattern of death." The model is then compared to those for calculating life tables developed by Coale and Demeny (1983) and by the United Nations (1982). The author finds that "the model in this paper...has strong applicability [and]...flexibility.... It can generate both simple life tables and integrated life tables. Our model can generate correspondingly simple or integrated life tables according to the roughness of the original information supplied by the user." The geographical scope is worldwide.

Demography↗

PubMed1989

[Life tables by marital status].

"A life table by marital status presents a distribution among the four marital statuses, i.e. never married, married, widowed and divorced, for a range of ages, starting at a specific age with an initial (fictitious) cohort of males or females. The numbers of survivors in each marital status are computed using sex, age and marital status-specific quotients concerning death or changes in marital status." The geographical focus is on the Netherlands. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗

PubMed1987

An antioxidant-induced life table modification and life-span prolongation in Zaprionus paravittiger (Diptera).

An antioxidant, sodium hypophosphite (SHP-1 X 10(3) microM), when added to the diet of Zaprionus paravittiger, induces various shifts in the age-related biochemical parameters. It maintains the viability of protein synthesis and normal energy-yielding processes through longer intervals besides decelerating the rate of loss of nucleic acids (Sharma and Wadhwa, 1986). Reduced body weight which indicates the low level of food restriction, and adaptive changes in amino acids and proteins, could be the important factors for the favourable effect of this antioxidant on life span.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1982

[Life tables, a concept of differentiation within a population].

"In this article a survey is presented of the different kinds of life tables published by the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics, such as cohort life tables for the Netherlands, regional tables of survivors for the eleven provinces and life tables by marital status." The author examines some problems concerning these life tables, discusses the utility of the increment-decrement method developed by Rogers and Willekens, and introduces an extension of that method that takes into account transitions as well as moves. This method is used to develop a life table by marital status for the Netherlands. (summary in ENG)

Demography↗

PubMed2004

Measuring child maltreatment risk in communities: a life table approach.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to: (1) illustrate the application of life table methodology to child abuse and neglect report data and (2) demonstrate the use of indicators derived from the life tables for monitoring the risk of child maltreatment within a community. METHOD: Computerized records of child maltreatment reports from a large, urban county in Ohio are cumulated for 11 years and linked for each child. Life table methods are used to estimate the probability that children from birth to age 10 will be reported victims of maltreatment by age, race, and urban or suburban residence. RESULTS: Using life tables, the estimates in the county of this study are that 33.4% of African American children and 11.8% of White children will appear in substantiated or indicated child abuse or neglect report(s) by their 10th birthday. The age-specific probability of a maltreatment report is highest in the first year of life for both groups. The probability of a child being reported for a substantiated or indicated incident of maltreatment before his or her 10th birthday is more than three times higher for city dwellers than for suburbanites in the urban county studied here. CONCLUSIONS: Life table methodology is useful for creating child well-being indicators for communities. Such indicators reveal that a larger portion of the child population is affected by maltreatment reports than would be concluded from examining cross-sectional rates and can be used to identify racial or geographic disparities.

Child↗

PubMed1989

Life tables for Down syndrome.

Life expectancy in Down syndrome was calculated to 68 years, using data for 1610 Down syndrome liveborn individuals among over 1.5 million consecutive British Columbia livebirths. Overall, although survival is significantly poorer than for the general population, over half of Down syndrome individuals can be expected to survive into their fifties, and 13.5% will still be alive at age 68. The data are presented as a life table, a practical format for the clinician and planner.

Actuarial Analysis↗

PubMed1986

Application of life table methodology in determining dental caries rates.

Probabilities of caries risk over time measured from eruption of first and second molars are illustrated using life table methodology. Life table rates based on 4,365 children in the National Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Program indicate that both fluoridation and sealants are effective in preventing caries on occlusal and buccal/lingual surfaces of molars. Effectiveness would probably have been greater on occlusal surfaces if sealants had been applied closer to the time of eruption. Similarities and differences between conventional DMFS indices and life table probabilities are discussed.

Actuarial Analysis↗

PubMed2003

Effects of zinc exposure on the polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus: a life-table response experiment.

A life-table response experiment (LTRE) was performed in order to study the effects of enhanced zinc on the survival, fecundity and demographic indices of Dinophilus gyrociliatus (Polychaeta). A control group and three treated cohorts kept in artificial seawater enriched with nominal concentrations of zinc at 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 microg Zn/ml, respectively, were considered. Zinc marginally affected survival but had a strong impact on the reproduction of D. gyrociliatus. Zinc enrichment had no effect on age at maturity, whereas it induced a slight increase in fecundity during the early reproductive phases at 0.50 and 1.00 microg Zn/ml, and a sharp decrease in fecundity from the 20th day of life at all levels of metal enrichment tested. Treated groups were characterised by a marked reduction of the net growth rate (R0) and a decrease in generation time (T) with respect to the control groups, but no effect on life expectancy (e0) or on population growth rates (lambda) was observed. R0 and lambda, which are the most commonly used indices of fitness, were not equally susceptible to zinc. Lambda appears less sensitive to stress induced by metal enrichment with respect to R0 and other life history traits like age-specific fecundity. D. gyrociliatus appears to be an appropriate bioindicator species in LTRE to assess the consequences of environmental heavy metals on individual life-history and population dynamics.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

On the characteristics of the parameters of a life table function.

This study is based on a mathematical model for the life table survivorship function developed by the author, "the form of which has been logically arrived at in a manner such that the simple but the well known constraints of the life table functions can be met by the model. There are basically three parameters in the model which can be estimated by the method of least squares after the variables are subjected to appropriate transformations. The characteristics of these parameters have been investigated in this paper which [makes] it readily apparent that the model can provide good approximations to a wide variety of life tables." (summary in FRE, ITA)

Demography↗

PubMed1983

A simple model for linking life tables by survival-mortality ratios.

Patterns of variation in mortality can be studied by measuring changes in selected life table functions. A model is proposed in which the rate of change over time in the life table survivorship probability at any age has been assumed as proportional to the product of its own value and its complementary probability or the probability of dying by that age, where the proportion is the same for all ages and depends only on the time duration between successive life tables. The end result is that the logit functions of the survivorship probabilities at two points in time are linearly related with a slope of one. The projecting power of the model has been tested by using U.S. life tables for the years 1950 and 1970 as well as Coale and Demeny's regional model life tables. In the latter case, the model produced surprisingly close matches even when the expectations of life differed by as much as 20 years.

Adolescent↗