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PubMed1976

[Significance of byssochlamic acid in fruit juice mold].

The authors describe a method for the determination of byssochlamic acid in fruit juice. After extraction and purification, byssochlamic acid is separated by thin-layer chromatography on HF 254 silica gel. The quenching of fluorescence of byssochlamic acid is estimated quantitatively on the plate by means of the thin-layer attachment of a fluorescence spectrophotometer using reference substances. For fruit juices the recovery rate is 80%; the limit of detection lies at 0.5 p.p.m. Byssochlamic acid could not be detected in commercially-available fruit juice and neither in juices produced of fruits which had spontaneously got mouldy.

Food Analysis↗
PubMed1986

Predictive power of the polygraph: can the "lie detector" really detect liars?

Expanded use of the polygraph as a detector of lies has been proposed in the United States and the United Kingdom. The positive predictive value of the polygraph (ie, the proportion of positive test results that are true positives) was assessed, on the evidence of the best published data for the sensitivity and specificity of the device. In many screening or investigative situations, the predictive value would be poor; most of the positive results would be false positives. Consequently, truthful persons incriminated as liars by the polygraph would outnumber actual liars with a positive result on the test.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of breast microcalcifications.

As screening mammography has become more widespread, the urgency to provide more sensitive and more specific interpretations has also increased. Although many calcifications detected on mammograms are characteristically benign and need no further evaluation, there are many microcalcifications that warrant further evaluation with special views. The importance of their detection lies in the fact that many malignancies are mammographically manifested solely as microcalcifications. Once detected, radiologists have attempted to characterize and stratify microcalcifications by their level of suspicion to improve the predictive value of biopsy recommendations as depicted in Table 1. This is an important endeavor because the cost to society, especially in this era of limited resources, and the collective anxiety produced by benign breast biopsies are both great. When a biopsy is recommended, the breast team, which includes the surgeon, radiologist, and pathologist should ensure that histopathologic correlation is achieved. By participating in this process, keeping track of the results of biopsies generated from our practices, and learning from our colleagues, we can fine tune our interpretive skills. Communication among us and our colleagues from other specialties should be encouraged and can be fostered by the use of the BI-RADS lexicon.

Artifacts↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phantoms and fabrications:young children's detection of implausible lies.

The present study investigated whether young children are gullible and readily deceived by another's lies. Specifically, this study examined whether young children believe a lie teller's statement when the statement violates their developing knowledge of a distinction between reality and fantasy. In the first three experiments 3- to 6-year-olds (N = 293) were presented with either a story or a live staged event in which an individual made an implausible statement about a misdeed (claiming that a ghost jumped out of a book and broke a glass). A significant age effect was obtained: 5- and 6-year-olds tended to report that the individual who made the implausible statement had actually committed the misdeed, whereas 3- and 4-year-olds tended to accept the claim of the protagonist. Experiment 4 revealed that 5- and 6-year-olds (N = 43) not only disbelieved an individual's implausible statement but also inferred that the individual was lying and had a deceptive intent. In contrast, Experiment 5 revealed that 3- and 4-year-olds (N = 41) had difficulty disbelieving an individual's implausible claim about an inanimate object (i.e., the claim that a chair came alive and broke the glass). The findings suggest that 5- and 6-year-olds are not so gullible as previously thought, and that they use their well-developed real-world knowledge to detect scapegoating lies. In contrast, many younger children tend to believe another's implausible lies, perhaps due to the fact that the knowledge needed to detect such lies has not yet been consolidated.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Biochemical, genetic, and functional analyses of the phosphorylation sites on the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded oncogenic latent membrane protein LMP-1.

LMP-1 is the only Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent protein known to have the properties of a transforming oncogene in rodent fibroblasts and the only latent protein, besides EBNA-1, detected in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma biopsies. LMP-1 is characterized by serine/threonine phosphorylation and rapid turnover (half-life, 2 to 3 h) due to specific proteolytic cleavage, which causes release of a phosphorylated C-terminal fragment (p25) into the cytoplasm. We used biochemical, functional, and mutational analyses to identify sites of phosphorylation. All of the phosphorylation sites detected lie in the C-terminal domain. In particular, we identified S-313 and T-324 as functionally important sites. Prevention of phosphorylation at S-313, by altering it to a glycine, prevented detectable phosphorylation of both LMP-1 and p25, indicating that it is a major site on both forms of the molecule. However, lack of detectable phosphorylation had no effect on p25 cleavage or on the ability of LMP-1 to transform Rat-1 fibroblasts. Alteration of S-313 to an aspartate resulted in a form of LMP-1 that was toxic to Rat-1 cells. Alteration of T-324 to a glycine residue had no detectable effect on the ability of LMP-1 to become serine phosphorylated or transform Rat-1 cells. Alteration of T-324 to a glutamate, however, inhibited all detectable phosphorylation and resulted in a form of LMP-1 that was unable to transform Rat-1 fibroblasts. These results are discussed in the context of a model in which LMP-1 function is modulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation at S-313 and T-324.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Quantitative measurement of water diffusion lifetimes at a protein/DNA interface by NMR.

Hydration site lifetimes of slowly diffusing water molecules at the protein/DNA interface of the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain DNA complex were determined using novel three-dimensional NMR techniques. The lifetimes were calculated using the ratios of ROE and NOE cross-relaxation rates between the water and the protein backbone and side chain amides. This calculation of the lifetimes is based on a model of the spectral density function of the water-protein interaction consisting of three timescales of motion: fast vibrational/rotational motion, diffusion into/out of the hydration site, and overall macromolecular tumbling. The lifetimes measured ranged from approximately 400 ps to more than 5 ns, and nearly all the slowly diffusing water molecules detected lie at the protein/DNA interface. A quantitative analysis of relayed water cross-relaxation indicated that even at very short mixing times. 5 ms for ROESY and 12 ms for NOESY, relay of magnetization can make a small but detectable contribution to the measured rates. The temperature dependences of the NOE rates were measured to help discriminate direct dipolar cross-relaxation from chemical exchange. Comparison with several X-ray structures of homeodomain/DNA complexes reveals a strong correspondence between water molecules in conserved locations and the slowly diffusing water molecules detected by NMR. A homology model based on the X-ray structures was created to visualize the conserved water molecules detected at the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain DNA interface. Two chains of water molecules are seen at the right and left sides of the major groove, adjacent to the third helix of the homeodomain. Two water-mediated hydrogen bond bridges spanning the protein/DNA interface are present in the model, one between the backbone of Phe8 and a DNA phosphate, and one between the side chain of Asn51 and a DNA phosphate. The hydrogen bond bridge between Asn51 and the DNA might be especially important since the DNA contact made by the invariant Asn51 residue, seen in all known homeodomain/DNA structures, is critical for binding affinity and specificity.

DNA↗
PubMed1976

[Rapid enzymatic-colorimetric method for detecting organophosphorous insecticide residues in milk].

The authors developed a new enzymatic-colorimetric rapid method for testing milk for residues of organophosphorous insecticides. The test is based on the colour reaction of indoxyl acetate with the esterase of the OROSERAN (Dessau) horse serum which is inhibited by organophosphorous insecticides. Calibration curves were established for Trichlorphon and Dichlorphos (DDVP). The limit of detection lies at 0.02 mg/kg. The time actually needed per sample is about 15 min. The result is obtained within 90 min. Since this procedure requires no clean-up operations, it is labour-saving compared to other thin-layer or gas chromatographic methods. It may be recommended as a screening test for the detection of organophosphorous insecticides in milk samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems.

Diagnostic systems of several kinds are used to distinguish between two classes of events, essentially "signals" and "noise". For them, analysis in terms of the "relative operating characteristic" of signal detection theory provides a precise and valid measure of diagnostic accuracy. It is the only measure available that is uninfluenced by decision biases and prior probabilities, and it places the performances of diverse systems on a common, easily interpreted scale. Representative values of this measure are reported here for systems in medical imaging, materials testing, weather forecasting, information retrieval, polygraph lie detection, and aptitude testing. Though the measure itself is sound, the values obtained from tests of diagnostic systems often require qualification because the test data on which they are based are of unsure quality. A common set of problems in testing is faced in all fields. How well these problems are handled, or can be handled in a given field, determines the degree of confidence that can be placed in a measured value of accuracy. Some fields fare much better than others.

Diagnosis↗
PubMed2003

The Guilty Knowledge Test and the modified Stroop task in detection of deception: an exploratory study.

The current study tested whether a simple Stroop paradigm can be used to detect deceptive behavior. 40 university students (34 women), half of whom committed a mock crime, were administered a Guilty Knowledge Test and modified Stroop task to detect guilt or innocence. The Guilty Knowledge Test is a well-known psychophysiological detection method, which consists of multiple-choice questions about details of the crime while skin conductance is recorded. Subjects possessing guilty knowledge are expected to show enhanced differential responses to the relevant stimuli. The modified Stroop task required color-naming of colored words related to the mock crime or an irrelevant crime. Each version of the Stroop task was presented in story form. Subjects possessing guilty knowledge were expected to produce larger reaction times to the relevant version relative to the irrelevant version. The test correctly identified 100% of innocent participants and 78% of guilty participants. In contrast, Stroop interference. i.e., reaction times for irrelevant crime details subtracted from those for mock crime details, did not differentiate between the two groups, suggesting that the story form of the Stroop paradigm is not suitable for lie detection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Determination of aluminum in foods].

In connection with studies on the changes of functional properties of food constituents (e. g. solubility of proteins) by means of aluminium compounds, the elaboration of an appropriate method for the quantitative determination of aluminium has been necessary. The organic samples are mineralized with 80% perchloric acid; in case of fat-containing foods, after fat removal. After reaction with aluminon (ammonium salt of aurin tricarboxylic acid), aluminium is determined photometrically at 530 nm. The limit of detection lies between 1 and 2 ppm; the recovery rate is 103%; the standard deviation is +/- 10%. The determination (without mineralization) requires about 1 hours. The authors analyzed, inter alia, milk (1.2--1.7 ppm A1), fat cheese (9 ppm), micora (4 ppm), aluminium-stabilized protein texturates (300--1500 ppm).

Aluminum↗
PubMed2007

Real-time fMRI using brain-state classification.

We have implemented a real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging system based on multivariate classification. This approach is distinctly different from spatially localized real-time implementations, since it does not require prior assumptions about functional localization and individual performance strategies, and has the ability to provide feedback based on intuitive translations of brain state rather than localized fluctuations. Thus this approach provides the capability for a new class of experimental designs in which real-time feedback control of the stimulus is possible-rather than using a fixed paradigm, experiments can adaptively evolve as subjects receive brain-state feedback. In this report, we describe our implementation and characterize its performance capabilities. We observed approximately 80% classification accuracy using whole brain, block-design, motor data. Within both left and right motor task conditions, important differences exist between the initial transient period produced by task switching (changing between rapid left or right index finger button presses) and the subsequent stable period during sustained activity. Further analysis revealed that very high accuracy is achievable during stable task periods, and that the responsiveness of the classifier to changes in task condition can be much faster than signal time-to-peak rates. Finally, we demonstrate the versatility of this implementation with respect to behavioral task, suggesting that our results are applicable across a spectrum of cognitive domains. Beyond basic research, this technology can complement electroencephalography-based brain computer interface research, and has potential applications in the areas of biofeedback rehabilitation, lie detection, learning studies, virtual reality-based training, and enhanced conscious awareness.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Analysis of biogenic amines in plasma of hypertensive patients and a control group.

Procedures were developed for the determination of 17 circulating amines using gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. The amines were quantified against their appropriate deuterated isotopomers. The mean concentrations and ranges of catecholamines and trace amines were high compared with previous studies. In comparison with nonhypertensives, plasma from hypertensives had higher concentrations of the following amines: noradrenaline (t = 4.0%); normetanephrine (t = 6.1%) and metanephrine (t = 1.9%). There were no significant differences between 5HT levels in plasma from hypertensives and controls. The following trace amines could be detected in variable amounts in plasma: p-tyramine, m-tyramine, p-octopamine, m-octopamine, p-synephrine, m-synephrine, and salsolinol. The trace amines melatonin, N-acetyl 5HT, tryptamine, 6-hydroxymelatonin and 5-methoxytryptamine could not be detected in plasma with limits of detection lying in the range 20-100 pg ml-1.

Biogenic Amines↗
PubMed2005

Quantification of benzodiazepines in whole blood and serum.

A high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of benzodiazepines and their metabolites in whole blood and serum using mass spectrometry (MS) and photodiode array (PDA) detection is presented. The combination of both detection types can complement each other and provides extensive case relevant data. The limits of quantification (LOQ) with the MS detection lie between 2 and 3 microg/l for the following benzodiazepines or metabolites: 7-amino-flunitrazepam, alprazolam, desalkyl-flurazepam, desmethyl-flunitrazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, alpha-hydroxy-midazolam, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, nordazepam and oxazepam, respectively 5 microg/l for lormetazepam and 6 microg/l for bromazepam. The LOQ of clobazam determined with the PDA detector is 10 microg/l. A convenient approach for determining the measurement uncertainty of the presented method--applicable also for other methods in an accreditation process--is presented. At low concentrations (<10 microg/l), measurement uncertainty was estimated to be about 50%, and at concentrations >180 microg/l, it was estimated to be about 15%. One hundred and twenty-eight case data acquired over 1 year are summarised.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed2004

The influence of encoding intention on electrophysiological indices of recognition memory.

The main aim of this study was to further specify the encoding and retrieval conditions that determine the success of an ERP-based memory assessment procedure, originally derived from lie detection studies. We examined whether event-related brain potentials (ERPs) recorded during successful and unsuccessful retrieval would vary according to intentional (study) and incidental (repetition) encoding conditions. Participants (N=20) were asked to indicate recognition of previously studied words (learned targets, p=0.2) and words that were used as distractors in a preceding recognition task (repeated targets, p=0.2). Words that were recognised elicited a P3 component, which was largely absent for new words and words that failed to be recognised. Encoding intention was found to increase the P3 amplitude slightly but had no influence on P3 scalp distribution, suggesting that the differently encoded targets were similarly processed during retrieval but to a different extent. The amplitude difference was explained in terms of variance in memory trace strength and decision confidence. With respect to negative findings for repeated items in our earlier study (Van Hooff, J.C., Golden, S. 2002. Validation of an event-related potential memory assessment procedure: Intentional learning as opposed to simple repetition. J. Psychophysiol., 16, 12-22.), it was suggested that the instruction to actively retrieve the repeated words was essential for obtaining reliable indications of the presence or absence of weak memory traces.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Application of InAsSb/InAsSbP and lead chalcogenide infrared diode lasers for photoacoustic detection in the 3.2 and 5 microm region.

An investigation of photoacoustic detection using 3.2-3.6 and 5 mum diode lasers is described. An inexpensive resonant photoacoustic system was developed based, on a simple glass cell and condenser and electret microphone (Brüel & Kjaer type 4144/Sennheiser type K6P). The system was tested on the single rotation-vibration lines of C(2)H(2), CO, COS, and NH(3) gases. The best detection limits obtained are 300 ppm V for C(2)H(2) and 20 ppm V for COS. Potential applications of infrared diode laser photoacoustic detection lie in the areas of analytical chemistry, atmospheric research, and investigation of the kinetics of reactive species.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2004

Sensitive determination of carbohydrates by fluorimetric method with Ce(IV) and sodium triphosphate.

A new simple and sensitive fluorimetric method for the determination of carbohydrates is described. The method is based on the reaction between carbohydrates and Ce(IV) in the presence of sulfuric acid. All the reductive carbohydrates can be detected indirectly by the fluorescence of Ce(III) produced. The addition of sodium triphate enhances the sensitivity of the method by more than 10-folds. Under optimum conditions, an excellent linear relationship was obtained between the fluorescence intensity and the concentration of carbohydrates. The limits of detection lie in the range of 9.3 x 10(-10) - 1.3 x 10(-9) mol/L. As compared to the normal fluorimetric method, the proposed method is faster and more sensitive.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1984

On penetrating the "mask": the role of sagacity and acumen in a word-association/clinical-judgment task.

The present study addressed aspects of Scheibe's (1979) description of the psychologist's modes of knowing another, specifically sagacity and acumen, as they applied to a videotaped clinical judgment task. The judgment task was patterned after classic research on the word-association lie-detection paradigm. Measures of empathy, understanding of defense mechanisms, and game strategy served as marker variables for the construct of acumen, whereas a task requiring alertness and attention served this purpose for the construct of sagacity. Sagacity also was inferred from correlations between performance on the judgment task and self-rated use of the most critical cue provided in the task. The judgment task was administered following an induction to create an empathic or a detached set. Success at the task correlated significantly in a positive direction with the measure of attention and with subjects' ratings of their use of word associations (but not other clues). Empathy and game strategy tended to relate inversely or nonsignificantly with the judgment task, and the two inductions produced virtually identical levels of performance on the task. The results are taken as evidence that the judgment task involves the mode of sagacity but not that of acumen.

Adult↗