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PubMed1997

[Occupational exposure to paint, lacquer and solvents, and cancer risk in the area of the upper aero-digestive tract].

So far, only few studies exist that have investigated the influence of occupational exposure to paint and lacquer on the risk of cancer in the upper aerodigestive tract. Based on data from the Heidelberg case control study which enrolled 369 patients with carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract and 1476 randomized control subjects, the relative risk of head and neck cancer in patients exposed to paint, lacquer and varnish was analyzed. The relative risk (RR) of squamous cell cancer (after adjustment for possible alcohol and tobacco effects) was significantly increased for the larynx (RR = 2.3) and the oral cavity (RR = 3.6). However, this risk was not increased for the pharynx. Our findings and a critical analysis of the literature provide evidence that chronic exposure to paint, varnish and lacquer is a definite risk factor for cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract. Further studies are required to confirm these findings, and to identify more precisely toxic substances encountered in the workplace.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed2006

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis disseminated from multifunctional acrylates in ultraviolet-cured lacquers.

A case of disseminated allergic contact dermatitis in a screen process printer is presented. The skin lesions were caused by multifunctional acrylates (methylpropane triacrylate and pentaerythritol triacrylate--highly positive patch tests (+ + +) after 48 and 96 h) present in ultraviolet cured transparent lacquer used in coat printed posters to make them weather-resistant. Patch tests with lacquer were also highly positive (+ + +) after 48 and 96 h. According to the safety sheet of the product, lacquer contained 85-90% of multifunctional acrylates. The patient showed disseminated dermatitis, however, no hypertrophied lesions on the hand skin, a characteristic symptom in persons exposed to acrylates, were observed.

Acrylates↗
PubMed2006

Randomized clinical study on the efficacy of a new lacquer for dentine hypersensitivity.

The purpose of this randomized, clinical, double-blind short-term trial was to evaluate the efficacy of a new lacquer containing a new component (phosphonic acid methacrylate) designed for treating dentine hypersensitivity. Eighty-eight patients participated in this study. At the first visit one tooth was treated with the lacquer (1), while another tooth was treated with a placebo (2). Sensitivity levels were determined before treatment as well as after one week. An air blast stimulus and a visual analogue scale were used for evaluation. At baseline, the mean hypersensitivity score of group 1 (53.2+/-26.3) was comparable to the mean hypersensitivity score of the teeth in group 2 (53.3+/-24.4). After one week, a significant reduction of the mean hypersensitivity scores (p <0.001; t-test) was revealed in group 1 (25.8 +/-26.6) as well as in group 2 (26.4+/-25.3). The difference between the two treatment groups was not significant (p = 0.7). There is either no difference between the two treatment modalities or the placebo response and/or the time effect was so strong that the treatment efficacy of the new lacquer was hidden by these effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Determination of lacquer benzine C vapors in the air by means of gas chromatography].

A chromatographic method for determining lacquer benzine C in the air has been developed. Appropriate column packing and chromatograph operation parameters have been selected so as to yield summary estimation of all lacquer benzine C components in form of one peak. As a column packing 3% SE-30 has been used deposited on Chromosorb W AW DMCS. This chromatographic method for lacquer benzine C determination is nonspecific when related to xylene and toluene.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1994

[Therapy with ciclopirox lacquer of onychomycoses caused by molds].

60 patients, suffering from an onychomycosis produced by molds were treated for a maximum of 6 months with ciclopirox nail lacquer (8%). These molds determined by culture were Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (51 x), Aspergillus niger (6 x), Aspergillus fumigatus (2 x) and Hendersonula toruloidea. Anamnesis gave no hints, why molds were the causing fungi of onychomycosis. The achieved mycological cure rate was determined with 90% (culture) respectively 85% (KOH preparation). The local treatment with ciclopirox nail lacquer was well tolerated by all patients during the entire treatment period of max. 6 months. No side effects occurred. The local therapy with ciclopirox nail lacquer proved to be as effective in the treatment of onychomycosis caused by molds as in the treatment of onychomycosis due to dermatophytes and yeasts.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1998

The chemoprotective effect of coenzyme Q on lipids in the paint and lacquer industry workers.

The influence of coenzyme Q on the lipid parameters in the paint and lacquer industry workers is presented. The examinations were carried out in the group of 24 workers employed at the paint and lacquer production, who received coenzyme Q10 as a chemoprotective agent. Serum concentration of basic lipid parameters: total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides (TG); lipid peroxidation products: malonyldialdehyde (MDA) together with 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and two antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were examined. The above parameters were measured in workers exposed to organic solvents and then after 4 weeks of coenzyme Q treatment. In order to explain, whether the occupational exposure is responsible for the changed level of some parameters, the reference group, not employed in the paint and lacquer industry, was used. The results indicated that the preliminary blood serum concentration of MDA + 4-HNE in workers exposed to organic solvents was significantly elevated in comparison to the control group. Statistically significant decrease in MDA + 4HNE concentration was observed after coenzyme Q treatment what lead to the conclusion that coenzyme Q could be considered as a protective agent against lipid peroxidation in occupational exposure. The changes in other parameters were statistically insignificant.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacoeconomic applications of meta-analysis for single groups using antifungal onychomycosis lacquers as an example.

This paper presents a method for summarizing clinical success rates across studies or arms of studies. Topical lacquers for the treatment of onychomycosis are used to illustrate the approach. A modification of Cochran's method, later modified by Der-Simonian and Laird, is presented in a stepwise fashion. A summary point estimate weighted by both within- and between-study variance is produced, along with a 95% confidence interval. This method can be applied to any set of proportions. In the example, the success rate of ciclopirox lacquer was 81.6% (standard error, 3.5%) and of amorolfine lacquer was 71.4% (standard error, 2.3%). A stricter definition of success (ie, cure only) produced success rates of 31.3% (standard error, 2.4%) and 35.8% (standard error, 1.9%), respectively. This stepwise approach for combining single proportions is suggested as a useful method for summarizing success rates across different trials.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2003

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in a company manufacturing boards coated with isocyanate lacquer.

Over a short period of time, there was an outbreak of work-related skin lesions among workers at a company producing flooring laminate boards, after the introduction of a water-repellent lacquer based on diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI). In 5 workers, patch testing was performed with a standard series, an isocyanate series and work-environmental products when indicated. 3 of the workers were tested with the lacquer, and contact allergy was found with concurrent reactions to 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA). 1 of the 3 workers also showed a simultaneous reaction to MDI, whereas 1 showed a positive reaction to dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (HMDI). Of the 2 individuals not tested with the lacquer, 1 reacted to both MDI and MDA, whereas the other reacted to a soap used at work. In 3 of 4 cases, the isocyanate reactions appeared after D3. Occupational contact with isocyanates should not exclusively be focused upon respiratory hazards, as this report shows that skin contamination probably increases the risk of developing contact allergy to isocyanates and isocyanate-related substances. When aiming at diagnosing contact allergy to isocyanates, it is desirable to perform a late reading, as positive reactions appear late. MDA appears to be a good marker for isocyanate hypersensitivity.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Clinical features of 31 patients with systemic contact dermatitis due to the ingestion of Rhus (lacquer).

In Korea, Rhus has been used as a folk medicine to cure gastrointestinal diseases and as a health food. We review the clinicopathological and laboratory findings in patients with systemic contact dermatitis caused by intake of Rhus. We reviewed medical records and histopathological sections from 31 patients during a 10-year period. The male/female ratio was 1.4: 1 and the average age was 43.8 years (range 22-70). Ten patients (32%) had a known history of allergy to lacquer. Rhus was ingested to treat gastrointestinal problems including indigestion and gastritis (45%), and as a health food (39%), in cooked meat, in herbal medicine, or taken by inhalation. The patients developed skin lesions such as a maculopapular eruption (65%), erythema multiforme (EM, 32%), erythroderma (19%), pustules, purpura, weals and blisters. Erythroderma was very frequent in patients with a known history of allergy to lacquer, but maculopapular and EM-type eruptions were more frequently observed in those without a history of allergy. All patients experienced generalized or localized pruritus. Other symptoms included gastrointestinal problems (32%), fever (26%), chills and headache; many developed leucocytosis (70%) with neutrophilia (88%), while some showed toxic effects on liver and kidney. Fifty-nine per cent of patients observed cutaneous or general symptoms within a day after ingestion of Rhus. There was no difference in the time lag for symptoms to develop between patients allergic and not allergic to Rhus. All patients responded well to treatment with systemic steroids and antihistamines. Common histopathological findings were vascular dilatation, perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltration, and extravasation of red blood cells in the upper dermis. Rhus lacquer should not be ingested in view of its highly allergic and toxic effects.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Treatment of nail psoriasis with 8% clobetasol nail lacquer: positive experience in 10 patients.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of nail psoriasis is difficult. Several topical therapies have been employed with poor results because drug penetration is limited in this localization. Recently, a new formulation containing 8% clobetasol-17-propionate in a colourless nail lacquer vehicle has shown good results in the control of nail psoriasis. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and safety of 8% clobetasol-17-propionate in a lacquer vehicle in nail psoriasis. METHODS: Ten patients with both nail bed and matrix psoriasis were included in the study. They were treated with a colourless nail lacquer containing 8% clobetasol-17-propionate that was applied once daily for 21 days and then twice weekly for 9 months. RESULTS: Within 4 weeks of therapy there was a reduction of all the nail alterations, including nail pain. Therapeutic response was directly related to the length of therapy. The nail parameters that responded best to therapy were onycholysis, pitting and salmon patches. Subungual hyperkeratosis and splinter haemorrhages on the other hand had moderate and poor improvement, respectively. The treatment was well tolerated in all of the patients and there were no local (i.e. atrophy and sobreinfection) or systemic secondary effects. CONCLUSIONS: The formulation containing 8% clobetasol-17-propionate is a safe, effective and cosmetically highly acceptable treatment for nail bed and matrix psoriasis.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neurotoxic effects of organic solvents among workers in paint and lacquer manufacturing industry].

INTRODUCTION: Organic solvents are chemically different compounds with one common feature: they dissolve fats, oils, resins, cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate, which makes them widely used in industry. Most often organic solvents are used in paint and lacquer industries, in production of pesticides, plastics, explosives, rubber, cellulose, air conditioners, in pharmaceutical industry and in leather industry. The aim of this research was to analyze the working environment and professional hazards in paint and lacquer manufacturing industry and evaluate effects of chronic exposure to mixture of organic solvents on nervous system of exposed workers. METHODOLOGY: The exposed group consisted of 50 workers professionally exposed to these noxae, while the control group consisted of 30 workers who have never been exposed to these noxae. RESULTS: Examination of working environment in departments of paint and lacquer manufacturing revealed presence of white spirit and toluene above allowed levels. Exposed workers more frequently complained of fatigue, hand numbness, enhanced excitation, and concentration difficulties, forgetfulness and headaches, than workers from the control group. Electroneurographic examination of n. medianus showed reduced motor and sensitive conduction velocity among exposed in comparison to workers from the control group. Reduced motor and sensitive conduction velocity was correlated with duration of exposure to these noxae. Terminal latency of n. medianus was statistically, significantly longer in the exposed group than in the control group. Workers in the exposed group have statistically significantly longer reaction time in response to acoustic and visual stimuli. DISCUSSION: Segmental demyelination and axonal degeneration, as forms of damage to peripheral nerves, were identified as responsible for peripheral neuropathy associated with occupational exposure to organic solvents. CONCLUSION: Results of this study show possible neurotoxic effects of noxae detected in the phase of analysis of working conditions and working environment of examined workers.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1995

Analysis of organic compounds in a case of suicide by ignition with lacquer thinner.

An autopsy case of suicide by ignition using lacquer thinner is presented. A wholly-charred body of a 54-year-old man and a can of lacquer thinner were found at the burnt driver's seat of a truck. Organic solvents in blood, urine, lung tissue, trachea and gastric contents and of the remaining clothes have been analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). High levels of toluene, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate were detected in his clothes. The concentrations of toluene in the left and right heart blood, urine, gastric contents, squeeze sample and a block of lung tissue were 0.309, 0.226, 0.018, 0.051, and 0.268 mg/ml, and 0.340 mg/g, respectively. The ethanol levels in these samples were 1.89, 1.71, 1.58, 13.88 and 1.39 mg/ml, and 1.49 mg/g, respectively, and the profile suggested that the source of the ethanol was mainly drinking. The carboxyhemoglobin concentration in the left and right heart blood was 43.3 and 36.1%, respectively. The GC/MS data on organic solvents are consistent with the idea that he used the lacquer thinner contained in the can found in his truck for ignition. The high levels of toluene in his blood suggest that not only burns but also toluene poisoning contributed to his death.

Carboxyhemoglobin↗
PubMed2005

Air formaldehyde and solvent concentrations during surface coating with acid-curing lacquers and paints in the woodworking and furniture industry.

An investigation of contemporary exposure to formaldehyde and organic solvents has been carried out during surface coating with acid-curing lacquers and paints in the Norwegian woodworking and furniture industry over a period of 3 years. The investigation covered 27 factories of different sizes and with different types of production, and totally 557 parallel formaldehyde and solvent samples were collected. The formaldehyde concentration (geometric mean) was 0.15 ppm (range 0.01-1.48 ppm) with about 10% of the samples exceeding the Norwegian occupational exposure limit of 0.5 ppm. The solvent concentration as additive effect (geometric mean) was 0.13 (range 0.0004-5.08) and about 5% of the samples exceeded the Norwegian occupational exposure limit. The most frequently occurring solvents from acid-curing lacquers were n-butyl acetate, ethanol, ethyl acetate and 1-butanol, which were found in 88-98% of the samples. Toluene, n-butyl acetate and 1-butanol were the only solvents with maximum concentrations exceeding their respective occupational exposure limits. Curtain painting machine operators were exposed to the highest concentrations of both formaldehyde (geometric mean 0.51 ppm, range 0.08-1.48 ppm) and organic solvents (additive effect, geometric mean 1.18, range 0.02-5.08). Other painting application work tasks such as automatic and manual spray-painting, manual painting and dip painting, showed on average considerably lower concentrations of both formaldehyde (geometric means 0.07-0.16 ppm) and organic solvents (additive effect, geometric mean 0.02-0.18). Non-painting work tasks also displayed moderate concentrations of formaldehyde (geometric means 0.11-0.17 ppm) and organic solvents (additive effect, geometric mean 0.04-0.07).

Acids↗
PubMed1992

Loceryl nail lacquer--realization of a new galenical approach to onychomycosis therapy.

Loceryl nail lacquer was developed to provide the effective antifungal drug, amorolfine, in a once-weekly dosage regimen combined with a convenient mode of application. Traditional formulations such as creams and nail solutions do not fulfil these requirements because they are wiped or washed off very rapidly. Amorolfine nail lacquer builds a non-water-soluble film on the nail plate, and this film remains in place for 1 week. The film contains a high concentration of amorolfine and forms a depot from which the drug is delivered and which allows the drug to permeate the nail plate. The film-forming polymer and the solvent were optimized for drug release, stability, and convenience of application (drying time, no gloss, transparency). In preclinical development, porcine hoof horn was used as a screening model to differentiate between formulations and dosage strengths with respect to the penetration rate. A high drug concentration of 11.72 micrograms/specimen (10 mm in diameter) was reached in the hoof horn after 6 h, increasing to 39.5 micrograms/specimen within 7 days, the maximum duration of the investigation. The drug concentration achieved was far above its minimum inhibitory concentration. Furthermore, the penetration model clearly indicated that amorolfine crossed the horn barrier and was found in the moistened gauze which simulated the nail bed. After a 7-day penetration period, 1.8% of the applied dose (500 micrograms) was available under the nail.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1984

Effect of annual application of polyurethane lacquer containing silane-fluoride.

The effect of an annual application of a F- -lacquer on dental caries was investigated in a 3-yr study. Two groups of children 10 and 12 yr of age at baseline were examined. At the end of the study no significant difference in DMFS could be detected between test and control group. The following factors might have affected this negative result: firstly, the use of other forms of F- supplementation, secondly, the relatively low caries experience in both groups and thirdly, the frequency and mode of application of the F- -lacquer.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1992

Topical treatment of onychomycosis with amorolfine 5% nail lacquer: comparative efficacy and tolerability of once and twice weekly use.

456 patients with onychomycosis were treated once or twice weekly for up to 6 months with amorolfine 5% nail lacquer in an open, randomized study. The patients were examined at monthly intervals during treatment and followed-up 1 and 3 months after completion of treatment. Slightly better cure rates were achieved with twice weekly use than with once weekly use (overall cure rates 54.2 vs. 46.0%, p = 0.4). An overall cure or improvement was achieved in 74 and 68% of patients receiving twice- and once-weekly treatment, respectively. The mycological cure rate was 76.1% for twice-weekly treatment and 70.6% for once-weekly treatment. The nail lacquer was extremely well tolerated; 4 out of 456 patients reported mild local irritation. Plasma levels of amorolfine were determined in 19 patients and found to be below the detection limit of 0.5 ng/ml in all cases.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1995

Xenoestrogens released from lacquer coatings in food cans.

We present data showing that some foods preserved in lacquer-coated cans and the liquid in them may acquire estrogenic activity. Hormonal activity was measured using the E-screen bioassay. The biological activity of vegetables packed in cans was a result of plastic monomers used in manufacturing the containers. The plastic monomer bisphenol-A, identified by mass spectrometry, was found as a contaminant not only in the liquid of the preserved vegetables but also in water autoclaved in the cans. The amount of bisphenol-A in the extracts accounted for all the hormonal activity measured. Although the presence of other xenoestrogens cannot be ruled out, it is apparent that all estrogenic activity in these cans was due to bisphenol-A leached from the lacquer coating. The use of plastic in food-packaging materials may require closer scrutiny to determine whether epoxy resins and polycarbonates contribute to human exposure to xenoestrogens.

Biological Assay↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Randomized clinical trial on the efficacy of a new bleaching lacquer for self-application.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the clinical efficacy and duration of effectiveness of a new bleaching lacquer for self-application without the use of mouth guards. It compared two different application times. METHODS: Forty-six adult subjects who requested bleaching treatment were selected to participate in this randomized, single-blind (examiner-blinded), single center, two-group trial. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups (n=23 each), each being instructed to bleach (8% carbamide peroxide) their six maxillary anterior teeth for two weeks. Daily contact time in Group 1 was 20 minutes once a day and, in Group 2, the time was 20 minutes twice a day. Efficacy was measured subjectively using the Chromascop Complete shade scores obtained at baseline and after one, two and three weeks, as well as after one, three, six and nine months. RESULTS: After two weeks of treatment, the teeth in the Group 1 subjects exhibited a 2.4 +/- 0.2 mean shade scores improvement compared to baseline (p < 0.001; t-test for paired samples), and the subjects' teeth in Group 2 exhibited a 3.5 +/- 0.1 mean shade scores improvement (p < 0.001). However, the difference between both groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The observed effects were stable for six months. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the new bleaching lacquer is efficacious; however, a double application does not seem to be obligatory.

Adult↗