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PubMed1997

Morphological changes of stria vascularis in congenital hearing impairment due to membranous labyrinth underdevelopment.

Congenital malformations of the inner ear may involve either the bone and membranous labyrinth or the membranous labyrinth alone. The same labyrinth structures can be affected with an acquired disease, toxaemia or viral labyrinthitis, for instance, with the same or very similar histologic findings. So far, there have been no studies examining the possible morphological changes of stria vascularis in different diseases with sensorineural anomalies. We examined the temporal bones of 16 patients, from whom audiograms and history data on hearing impairments present at birth or later were obtained previously. When malformation of the membranous labyrinth was caused by a congenital anomaly, three groups of typical changes of stria vascularis were observed: i) pseudocystic formation which replaced the strial tissue, with dark-stained deposits: ii) accumulation of endothelial cells or irregularly shaped cells in the basal coil of the cochlea: and iii) atrophy of the stria vascularis tissue in all coils. These findings may prove important for accurate diagnostic procedures.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

Intracellular "labyrinths" in acute leukaemia. Do they indicate the maturational ability of leukaemic cells?

The occurrence and ultrastructure of the so-called "labyrinths" were investigated in the bone marrow cells from 13 patients with preleukaemia and acute leukaemia. Except for one patient, labyrinths were found in the myeloid cells from patients with preleukaemia and acute myelogenous leukaemia. Labyrinths could not be detected in lymphoblasts from patients suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or in plasma cells from a patient with plasma cell leukaemia. In patients with preleukaemia and smoldering leukaemia, labyrinths could be detected in all differentiation forms, from myeloblasts to mature polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Since it is improbable that labyrinths develop in consequence of exogenous effects, their presence in the mature granulocytes points to the in vivo maturational ability of leukaemic precursors in certain cases of acute myelogenous leukaemia and preleukaemia.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1994

Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of bony and membranous labyrinth.

We used three methods to reconstruct a same bony and membranous labyrinth by an image processing work station (IPWS). Three dimensional (3-D) models of the bony and membranous labyrinth were thus obtained. Different parts of the labyrinth were measured and the spatial relationship between the bony and membranous labyrinth was observed. Many 3-D parameters such as cochlear length, volume of different parts of the labyrinth, angles among the three semicircular canals were measured. The results of this experiment are useful in the study of the cochlear and vestibular function.

Ear, Inner↗

PubMed1996

[Computed tomography of the ethmoid labyrinth and adjacent structures].

In order to study the relation of ethmoid labyrinth to the adjacent structures, continuous axial CT scan of the ethmoid labyrinth was performed on 9 normal subjects. Meanwhile, coronal and axial CT scans of ethmoid labyrinth were obtained in 20 normal subjects. On an average, 22 scan sections were done on each subject. The relation of ethmoid labyrinth to adjacent structures was observed and the remarkable intersubject variations in this anatomic area were noted. The relation of posterior ethmoid cells or sphenoid sinus to the optic canal, and the relation of internal carotid artery to the sphenoid sinus were clearly demonstrated on axial scans. The detailed anatomic structure of the ostiomeatal complex and the anatomic relation of ethmoid labyrinth to orbit and anterior skull base were revealed by coronal CT scans. CT scan of the paranasal sinuses was of great importance in clinical practice for the purpose of etiological analysis of sinusitis, design of endoscopic sinus surgery and prevention of complication.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

[Experimental viral labyrinthitis--an immunohistochemical investigation of the cochlear lesion].

Pathogenesis of viral labyrinthitis is still poorly understood despite the dimension of clinical problem. This study was undertaken in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of viral labyrinthitis by the immunohistochemical investigations of infected cochleas. HVJ (Sendai virus) and mumps virus have been used to create an animal model of viral labyrinthitis. The cochleas of adult guinea pigs with intralabyrinthine inoculation of virus through the round window membrane and with intravascular injection of virus were investigated by histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques (immunofluorescent and Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex method). Control animal received only the culture medium. Histopathologically, fibrosis of scala tympani, vacuolization of stria vascularis, cell infiltration in perilymph were observed in the animals with intralabyrinthine inoculation, whereas no significant changes were observed in those with intravascular injection. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that viral antigen of HVJ was found in stria vascularis (6/11), Reissner's membrane (5/11), Organ of Corti (2/11) and viral antigen of mumps was found in stria vascularis (3/11), Reissner's membrane (1/11), Organ of Corti (1/11) in inoculated side of cochlea. In animal with intravascular injection, viral antigen of HVJ was found in stria vascularis (4/6), Organ of Corti (1/6) and viral antigen of mumps was found in stria vascularis (5/18), Organ of Corti (2/18). Cochleas of control animal showed no evidence of viral antigen. Viral antigen of both viruses were found in stria vascularis, Reissner's membrane, and Organ of Corti. Of these, Stria vascularis showed stronger affinity to these viruses. The results of intravascular injection indicate that endolymphatic labyrinthitis may ensure as a result of viremia.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Acute labyrinthitis associated with systemic Candida albicans infection in ageing mice.

The yeast Candida albicans is an important opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with disease of the inner ear. This study describes the histopathology of acute labyrinthitis caused by systemic infection with C. albicans in aging inbred mice. Within four days after infection, yeast and hyphal forms of C.albicans were found in the membranous labyrinth. The utricle and the adjacent parts of the ampullary regions of the semicircular canals were most severely affected, but damage was also seen in the scala media, the scala tympani, the saccule, and the scala vestibuli. In the utricle, the lining epithelium of the membranous labyrinth was disrupted, and the lining cells of the vestibular membrane showed foci in which the membrane was disrupted. The data suggest that age may represent a risk factor for fungal labyrinthitis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1999

Chronology of labyrinthitis ossificans induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis.

OBJECTIVE: Labyrinthitis ossificans consists of novel osteogenesis that fills the normally patent cochlear and vestibular lumen as an end-stage sequelae to various pathologies. This study was designed to establish the sequence of events and chronology of the osteoneogenesis and calcification. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective randomized double-blind study. METHODS: By using serial application of different colored fluorochromes, which deposit in newly forming bone, the timing of bone deposition and bone remodeling can be established. Labyrinthitis ossificans was induced in six groups (n = 5) of gerbils by an intrathecal injection of live Streptococcus pneumoniae. Group 1 received no fluorochrome labels, group 2 received one label, group 3 received three labels, and groups 4, 5, and 6 received four labels. The temporal bones were harvested after 2 weeks (group 1), 1 month (group 2), 3 months (group 3), 4 months (group 4), 6 months (group 5), and 12 months (group 6). RESULTS: Sixteen of the 25 animals that received labels developed ossification, demonstrated with fluorescent microscopy. In the animals that developed labyrinthitis ossificans, newly formed disorganized bone began calcifying as early as 3 weeks (label 1) after S. pneumoniae injection. Osteoneogenesis continued as evidenced by the presence of the other labels when first applied at 6 weeks (label 2), and 10 weeks (label 3). Ossification, calcification, and remodeling proceeded through a 12-month course, wherein a reduction of labels was present at 6 months and total disappearance by 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: The use of fluorescent stains in this animal model provides a means to establish a timeline of the ossification seen in labyrinthitis ossificans.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

HSV-1 not only in human vestibular ganglia but also in the vestibular labyrinth.

Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in the vestibular ganglion (VG) is the suspected cause of vestibular neuritis (VN). Recent studies reported the presence of HSV-1 DNA not only in human VGs but also in vestibular nuclei, a finding that indicates the possibility of viral migration to the human vestibular labyrinth. Distribution of HSV-1 DNA was determined in geniculate ganglia, VGs, semicircular canals, and macula organs of 21 randomly obtained human temporal bones by nested PCR. Viral DNA was detected in 48% of the labyrinths, 62% of the VGs, and 57% of the geniculate ganglia. The potential significance of this finding is twofold: (1) Inflammation in VN could also involve the labyrinth and thereby cause acute unilateral vestibular deafferentation. (2) As benign paroxysmal positional vertigo often occurs in patients who have had VN, it could also be a sequel of viral labyrinthitis.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Comparative perilymph permeability of cephalosporins and its significance in the treatment and prevention of suppurative labyrinthitis.

Cephalosporins are nonototoxic antibiotics that provide excellent coverage for almost all bacteria that can cause suppurative labyrinthitis. In this study we performed comparative perilymph permeability determinations of the three cephalosporins that we deemed to have the most clinical potential in these varied situations. Perilymph pharmacokinetic profiles were established for ceftazidime, cefuroxime, and cefotaxime and its metabolite desacetylcefotaxime in 36 guinea pigs by using the technique of high-performance liquid chromatography. At 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours after intravenous administration of the three cephalosporins at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight, ceftazidime consistently exhibited the highest perilymph concentration. Desacetylcefotaxime showed the next highest capacity for penetration into perilymph. Keeping in mind that the choice of drug for the treatment of suppurative labyrinthitis should be based foremost on culture and sensitivity studies, we consider ceftazidime to be the first-line agent for treatment and prevention of both meningogenic labyrinthitis and labyrinthitis complicating acute or chronic otitis media.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Quantitive studies of the reactions to horizontal angular accelerations in axolotls. II. head-turning reflexes in animals with a supernumerary pair of labyrinths.

In axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanun) the labyrinths and the associated parts of the medulla were doubled artificially. In these so-called tandem-heads the vestibular afferent fibres from both labyrinths on one side united within the medulla to form common bundles. The head-turning reflexes following impulse acceleration and during long-lasting acceleration were measured quantitatively and compared with those for normal animals. The form and the time-course of the reactions were almost identical in both groups. Tandem-heads showed a linear relationship between stimulus intensity and reaction strength, parallel to that in normal animals but with a greater reaction for a given stimulus. Consequent to this shift in the relationship, there was a significant decrease in the reaction threshold. The removal of one horizontal semicircular canal in tandem-heads proved that both pairs of labyrinths were functionally connected with the brain. It was suggested that during ontogenesis there exists a kind of specificity in the connexion of vestibular fibres. From the parallel shift of the intensity functions it was concluded that the input from both pairs of labyrinths in tandem-heads is not simply accumulate but compared with a reference parameter, which is also double in tandem-heads.

Ambystoma↗

PubMed1990

The vascular anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth in man.

1. A survey of the literature on the vascular anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth in Man is presented, and the methods of investigation used to visualize the vessels are evaluated. A generally correct picture of the subject is provided by the various studies published since Siebenmann's monograph. There are, however, some conflicting points as well as some lack of data with regard to the course and relationships of the large vessels and the capillary areas of the cristae and maculae. 2. This study presents a systematic description of the vascular anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth in Man, from the main arterial and venous stems to the capillary areas, with particular attention to the relationships between the vessels and the osseous walls, neural, and membranous structures. The vessels were visualized by a composite method including the selective injection of the internal auditory artery with coloured silicone or India ink; the counterstaining of the labyrinth with osmic acid; the cutting of the petrous bone in 1-mm thick, serial sections that were cleared with methylsalicylate. The sections were studied by stereomicroscopy, using mainly reflected light. Photos and drawings were made to illustrate the findings. New names were introduced for vessels hitherto unnamed, and some traditional names were modified in order to give a more precise and descriptive terminology. 3. The description followed the two main arteries, the capillary areas and the three main veins. The vestibular labyrinth is supplied by the superior vestibular artery and by the inferior vestibular artery which is a branch of the vestibulo-cochlear artery. The superior vestibular artery runs along the anterior aspect of the vestibule from the utricular nerve up to the cristae of the superior and lateral canals. It supplies the macula of the utricle, the cristae and ampullar crures of the superior and lateral canals. The inferior vestibular artery runs mainly along the medial wall of the vestibule. It supplies the last tract of the scala media and the vestibular caecum with a peculiar pattern which appears to be an adaptation of the common cochlear arrangement to the different spatial condition. It also supplies the macula of the saccule, the crista and ampullar crus of the posterior canal as well as the simple crures of the three canals. The vascular arrangement of the maculae and cristae has a similar three-layered architecture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Arteries↗

PubMed1991

[Labyrinthitis ossificans after pneumococcal meningitis].

In labyrinthitis ossificans the membranous labyrinth and the endosteum are obliterated by pathological ossification. The pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and radiological findings of a case of labyrinthitis ossificans caused by pneumococcal meningitis are described. The destructive process in the membranous labyrinth can be shown by radiology. The importance of early diagnosis for rehabilitation of hearing loss after treatment is demonstrated.

Audiometry, Pure-Tone↗

PubMed1993

Factors influencing results with streptomycin perfusion of the labyrinth.

Streptomycin perfusion of the labyrinth is the logical choice of treatment for the third stage of Meniere's disease with intractable vertigo. The results of streptomycin perfusion of the labyrinth are comparable to those of other treatments, including endolymphatic shunt and vestibular nerve section. Refinements must be made in the process of selecting candidates for the operation. To study the factors influencing the results of streptomycin perfusion of the labyrinth, 144 patients who had streptomycin perfusion of the labyrinth and were followed for 1 year were studied using the 1972 AAOO classification of results. The findings of this study indicate that only a low dosage of streptomycin and a small volume of perfusate are required to obtain good results. Patients who have long lasting severe endolymphatic hydrops with poor hearing preoperatively are less likely to achieve good results.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Viral labyrinthitis: early pathology in the human.

The histologic findings in the temporal bones of three patients who died from viral encephalopathy are presented. Pathology was restricted to the scala media, vestibular labyrinth, and internal auditory canal and was considered to be expressions of viral labyrinthitis. The changes were different degrees of degeneration of the organ of Corti, early encapsulation of the tectorial membrane, degeneration of the stria vascularis, and round cell infiltration of the modiolus and contents of the internal auditory canal. A new finding in the organ of Corti and early stages of cystic degeneration of the stria vascularis are documented. In all cases, the saccule was degenerated with sloughing of the otolithic membrane and vestibular labyrinth was involved in varying degrees.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea. Congenital anomaly of bony labyrinth a possible cause.

A patient had recurrent meningitis as a result of a congenital anomaly of the bony labyrinth. As far as could be traced in the literature, this was the first time that an isolated congenital anomaly of the bony labyrinth could be shown to be the origin of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea and the resulting recurrent meningitis. In cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea of unknown origin, tomographic x-ray examination of the bony labyrinth is of utmost importance. For the detection of the finer details is the bony structure of the labyrinth, this tomography should be done according to one of the multidirectional techniques.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Comparative review of the human bony labyrinth.

The bony labyrinth inside the petrous part of the temporal bone houses the organs of hearing and balance. Being functionally linked with sensory control of body movements and located in a part of the basicranium that is closely associated with the brain, this structure is of great interest in the study of human evolutionary history. However, few aspects of its morphology have been studied in nonhuman primates. This review compares the bony labyrinth of humans with that of the great apes and 37 other primate species based on data newly acquired with computed tomography combined with previous descriptions. With body mass taken into account, consistent differences are found between the size of the semicircular canals in humans, the great apes, and other primates. In particular, the arcs of the anterior and posterior canals are larger in humans than in the African apes. The functional implications of semicircular canal dimensions for registering angular head motion are evaluated in relation to locomotor behavior. Biophysical models, comparative studies, and some neurophysiological experiments all support a link between semicircular canal size and agility, or more specifically the frequency contents of natural head movements, but the evidence on the exact nature of this link is ambiguous. It is concluded that any link between the characteristic dimensions of the human canals and locomotion will be more complex than a simple association with the broad categories of quadrupedal vs. bipedal behavior. The functionally important planar orientations of the semicircular canals are similar in humans and the African apes as well as in many other species. In contrast, other aspects of the human labyrinth differ markedly in shape, following a pattern that seems to reflect the characteristic architecture of the human basicranium. Indeed, it is found that labyrinthine and basicranial shape are interspecifically correlated in the sample, and in most respects the human morphology is consistent with the general trend among primate species. Differences in brain growth and development are proposed as the predominant factor underlying both the unique shape of the human labyrinth as well as the interspecific labyrintho-basicranial correlations.

Anatomy, Comparative↗

PubMed2001

Remarks on the inner ear of elasmobranchs and its interpretation from skeletal labyrinth morphology.

The structure and function of the craniate inner ear is reviewed, with 33 apomorphic characters of the membranous labyrinth and associated structures identified in craniates, gnathostomes, and elasmobranchs. Elasmobranchs are capable of low-frequency semi-directional phonoreception, even in the absence of any pressure-to-displacement transducer such as ear ossicles. The endolymphatic (parietal) fossa, semicircular canals, and crista (macula) neglecta are all adapted toward phonoreception. Some (but not all) of the morphological features associated with phonoreception can be inferred from the elasmobranch skeletal labyrinth. Endocranial spaces such as the skeletal labyrinth also provide suites of morphological characters that may be incorporated into phylogenetic analyses, irrespective of how closely these spaces reflect underlying soft anatomy. The skeletal labyrinths of Squalus and Notorynchus are compared using silicone endocasts and high-resolution CT-scanning. The latter procedure offers several advantages over other techniques; it is more informative, nondestructive, preserves relationships of surrounding structures, and it can be applied both to modern and fossil material.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction of the osseous and membranous labyrinths.

In order to obtain an adequate knowledge of the stereoscopic anatomy of the temporal bone, it is very useful to make three-dimensional reconstructions of the bone. By using the histological sections of a human temporal bone processed for routine evaluation, we have undertaken computer-aided reconstruction of the osseous and the membranous labyrinths, as well as the inner ear sensory organs. Reconstructions were done either separately or simultaneously. Owing to the "semitransparent display" function of the computer system, it was possible to observe the reconstructed membranous labyrinth through the simultaneously reconstructed osseous labyrinth, and the sensory organs through the membranous labyrinth. The results were satisfactory for understanding the spatial relationships among these structures. We also attempted computer-aided measurements of the reconstructed sensory organs and calculated the length of the organ of Corti and the angle between the saccular and the utricular maculae.

Computer Simulation↗