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PubMed1983

An analysis of variations in U.S. fertility and female labor force participation trends.

This study is based on time series data from 1947-1977 on fertility and female labor force participation, and examines (a) the effects of male relative income and female earnings on the level and timing of fertility and female labor force participation, and (b) the relative importance of variations in relative income and female wage rates in explaining the fluctuations in both fertility and female labor supply. The results suggest that relative income exerts a significant positive effect on fertility and a negative effect on female work effort. However, female wage rates appear to be the dominant factor in explaining variations in fertility and female labor force participation over the past two decades, with increases in female earnings leading to both depressed fertility and increased labor force participation of women.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Longitudinal perspective: adverse childhood events, substance use, and labor force participation among homeless adults.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the long-term effects of adverse childhood events on adulthood substance use, social service utilization, and subsequent labor force participation. METHODS: A county-wide probability sample of 397 homeless adults was interviewed three times in a 15-month period. By using a path model, literature-based relationships between adverse childhood events and labor force participation with the mediating effects of adulthood substance use and service use were tested. RESULTS: Adverse childhood events were precursors to adulthood alcohol and drug use. Consistent substance use was negatively associated with long-term labor force participation and with social service utilization among homeless adults. Adverse events at childhood, however, were positively associated with service use. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse childhood events may contribute to negative adulthood consequences, including consistent substance use and reduced labor force participation. Agencies that are involved in halting the abuse or neglect also should participate in more preventive interventions. Job-related assistance is particularly important to facilitate employment and labor force participation among homeless adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Women's labor force transitions in connection with childbirth: a panel data comparison between Germany, Sweden and Great Britain.

"In this paper we make use of the panel aspects of the German GSOEP, the Swedish HUS and the British BHPS data...[to analyze] labor force transitions triggered by child births of different birth orders.... We find that German and British women have even higher full-time labor force participation than Swedish women 12 months before the birth of the first child. The difference is more pronounced for second and third births than for first births. We suggest that these differences are caused by different family policy regimes where Germany can be characterized as a breadwinner regime and Sweden a regime oriented towards equal role sharing of father and mother. Our results on determinants of being in the labor force both after and before the birth of a child as well as determinants of the tempo of entering the labor force after birth show that women's own human capital is important both in Germany and Great Britain, whereas in Sweden also less educated women have entered the labor force by the time the child is 2 years old."

Birth Order↗
PubMed1987

The effect of women's labor force participation on the distribution of income in the United States.

The effect of women's labor force participation on income distribution in the United States is reviewed. "Because the wives of highly paid men participate less in the labor force, the earnings of working wives make the distribution of pretax, money income more equal for families than it might otherwise be. Although there is considerable speculation that future developments in women's labor force participation may foster greater inequality, the empirical results are mixed." The factors that need to be considered in future research are outlined.

Americas↗
PubMed1993

Labor-force change exaggerated. One-third of new workers will still be white men.

The author examines labor force trends and participation rates since 1990 for ethnic groups in the United States. He concludes that "over the next 15 years,...several demographic trends will alter the American labor force. The overall number of workers will grow more slowly, and a more diverse workplace will emerge. In 1990, non-Hispanic white men made up 43 percent of the labor force. In the year 2005, they will make up 38 percent."

Americas↗
PubMed1996

Race differences in labor force attachment and disability status.

We used the first wave of the Health and Retirement Survey to study the effect of health on the labor force activity of black and white men and women in their 50s. The evidence we present confirms the notion that health is an extremely important determinant of early labor force exit. Our estimates suggest that health differences between blacks and whites can account for most of the racial gap in labor force attachment for men. For women, when participation rates are comparable, our estimates imply that black women would be substantially more likely to work than white women were it not for the marked health differences. We also found for both men and women that poor health has a substantially larger effect on labor force behavior for blacks. The evidence suggests that these differences result from black/white differences in access to the resources necessary to retire.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1995

Labor force planning issues for allied health in Australia.

The aim of this paper is to discuss labor force planning issues for allied health professionals in Australia. Health system reform and changes in the demand for health labor, combined with key characteristics of the professions, will have a profound influence on future needs for career development of allied health professionals. Key issues include the increasing need for allied health professionals to undertake business management and public health training, the growing trend of multiskilling versus specialization, and the need for the professions to diversify their skill base to ensure a range of career options in a changing health care system. The challenge for allied health professions is to improve tools of analysis in relation to labor force planning and to systematically investigate various factors influencing labor force supply and demand, on both a short-term and long-term basis.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

Life-cycle labor-force participation of married women: historical evidence and implications.

"The seven-fold increase, since 1920, in the labor force participation rate of married women [in the United States] was not accompanied by a substantial increase in average work experience among employed married women. Two data sets giving life-cycle labor-force histories for cohorts of women born from the 1880s to 1910s indicate considerable (unconditional) heterogeneity in labor-force participation. Employed married women had substantial attachment to their jobs; increased participation brought in women with little prior work experience. Average work experience among cross sections of employed married women increased from 9.1 to 10.5 years over the 1930-50 period. Implications for 'wage discrimination' are discussed."

Americas↗
PubMed1999

Labor force status transitions at older ages in the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand, 1970-1990.

While there is considerable evidence of a trend toward earlier retirement in the United States and Europe, trends in rapidly growing economies in other parts of the world have not been closely examined. This paper traces the labor force participation rates of older men and women in four Asian countries, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand, over the period of 1970 to 1990. Aggregate census data are used to calculate net transitions into and out of the labor force so as to permit the analysis of differences by country and cohort as well as change over time. Results show that, although men exhibit a general trend toward earlier net labor force exit, labor force participation rates at older ages remain high. Older women are found to be increasingly engaged in economic activity, especially in Singapore and Taiwan.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Foreign workers in Kuwait: implications for the Kuwaiti labor force.

An analysis of the foreign population in Kuwait shows that foreign nationals make up 60 percent of the population and 78 percent of the labor force in Kuwait. The implications of these figures for the Kuwaiti labor force are discussed by analyzing the occupational structures of Kuwaitis and non-Kuwaitis. "Structural analysis of the labor force indicates that 62 percent of Kuwaiti males are concentrated in administrative and service occupations while their percentage in sales and production work has declined during 1970-80. This demonstrates the need for reorienting educational/training programs and changing Kuwaiti attitudes towards manual work to ensure the realization of the 'Kuwaitization' process, and balance the nationals with foreign nationals." mortality has stabilized at relatively high levels and there is resistance to family planning. The author concludes that the main cause of the stalling of the demographic transition process is to be found in the role of the state and the dynamics of the social structure and that "demographic trends will depend more on the changes in social structure, land reforms, and response of the formal governing system to the needs of the underprivileged sections of the society, rather than on the health and family planning policies."

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Socioeconomic characteristics of the labor force in Brazil (1976-1981)].

"This paper studies the main changes in the Brazilian labor force from 1976 to 1981. Several aspects concerning... Brazilian labor market dynamics, such as activity levels, employment, income distribution and social security, are examined. The paper takes into account the short-run effects of...economic policy on the Brazilian labor force." (summary in ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1996

Labor force participation, income, and the use of short-term hospitals by the elderly.

OBJECTIVES: Between 1970 and 1983, the rate at which the elderly were hospitalized grew by more than 40%, whereas the rate of hospitalization for the younger population was fairly stable. Past attempts to explain the different patterns among the young and the old have focused on technology, insurance, health status, and the supply of hospital services. These attempts mostly have been unsuccessful. In this article, the author examines other possible explanations, namely, that the elderly, who experienced a decline in the rate of participation in the labor force and an increase in income over this period, used increases in available time (i.e., nonwork time) and increases in income to seek out and receive greater amounts of health care. METHODS: Using small-area data from the state of North Carolina and using the method of instrumental variables estimation, the author measures the effects of labor force participation and income on the use of short-term hospitals by the elderly. RESULTS: Areas where the elderly have high income and areas where the elderly are less likely to participate in the labor force are areas where the elderly have high rates of hospital use. CONCLUSIONS: The cross-sectional results of this study are consistent with recent labor force participation, income, and hospital-use trends associated with the elderly. The negative relation between hospital use and labor force participation suggests that public policies encouraging work at late ages, such as the scheduled increase in the normal retirement age of Social Security, may lead to a modest dampening of the demand for hospital care among the elderly.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Perceived need for workplace accommodation and labor-force participation in Canadian adults with activity limitations.

We examined how perceived need for workplace accommodation affects labor-force participation in people with disabilities. We analyzed a Canadian survey with structural equation modeling to test a model incorporating activity limitations and perceived need for workplace accommodations. The results suggested that the effect of upper- and lower-body activity limitation on labor-force participation was mediated by perceived need for workplace accommodations. Thus, the provision of adequate workplace accommodations could enhance labor-force participation in people with disabilities.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Trends in the Danish work environment in 1990-2000 and their associations with labor-force changes.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were (i) to describe the trends in the work environment in 1990-2000 among employees in Denmark and (ii) to establish whether these trends were attributable to labor-force changes. METHODS: The split-panel design of the Danish Work Environment Cohort Study includes interviews with three cross-sections of 6067, 5454, and 5404 employees aged 18-59 years, each representative of the total Danish labor force in 1990, 1995 and 2000. In the cross-sections, the participation rate decreased over the period (90% in 1990, 80% in 1995, 76% in 2000). The relative differences in participation due to gender, age, and region did not change noticeably. RESULTS: Jobs with decreasing prevalence were clerks, cleaners, textile workers, and military personnel. Jobs with increasing prevalence were academics, computer professionals, and managers. Intense computer use, long workhours, and noise exposure increased. Job insecurity, part-time work, kneeling work posture, low job control, and skin contact with cleaning agents decreased. Labor-force changes fully explained the decline in low job control and skin contact to cleaning agents and half of the increase in long workhours, but not the other work environment changes. CONCLUSIONS: The work environment of Danish employees improved from 1990 to 2000, except for increases in long workhours and noise exposure. From a specific work environment intervention point of view, the development has been less encouraging because declines in low job control, as well as skin contact to cleaning agents, were explained by labor-force changes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The population of Cuba: the growth and characteristics of its labor force.

"This paper analyzes Cuba's current demographic picture, and emphasizes the characteristics of its labor force that will influence dynamic change. Overall, the contribution of the labor force to the development of a market economy is likely to be positive, given its low dependency ratio, the high level of education, and the value placed on entrepreneurship."

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Regional migration of the labor force].

"This article proposes a separate modelisation of the emigration and the immigration of the labor force between regions. The model distinguishes the migration of the young entrants into the labor force from the rest." Estimates of migration are then obtained using French data for the inter-censal periods 1962-1968 and 1968-1975. Trends over time are also considered. (summary in ENG, SPA)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Female labor force participation and suicide.

To test the role conflict and role enhancement hypotheses, this paper examines the link between female labor force participation and suicide. Using a special tabulation of age/sex-specific suicide data for metropolitan areas in the United States, we estimate separate multivariate regression models for women and men in 1970 and 1980. Our findings show that in 1970 the level of female labor force participation among married women with small children is not related to the female suicide rate but is related to the male suicide rate in a positive direction. By 1980 the relationship between female labor force participation and the male and female suicide rate is negative, suggesting that the well-being of both men and women is enhanced by role accumulation among women.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Comparability of the measured labor force of older women in Japan and the United States.

Older women in Japan are more likely to be in the labor force than are women in the United States, according to national Census and survey data. However, differences in measured participation, rather than reflection major differences in labor force behavior or utilization between the two countries, may be due to differences in enumeration procedures. The definition of unpaid family work and the timing of the census are different in Japan and the United States and affect the comparability of the measured level of and changes over time in participation by older women in the labor force.

Adolescent↗