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Results for “LEAD POISONING”

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PubMed2002

[A molecular epidemiological study of childhood lead poisoning in lead-polluted environment].

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between polymorphisms of ALAD and VDR genes and individual susceptibility of lead poisoning was investigated in children highly-exposed to lead. METHOD: Four hundred and sixty-nine children were recruited into this study and the blood lead, ZPP, hemoglobin as well as three physical developmental indexes (head circumference, height and weight) were measured. VDR and ALAD gene polymorphisms were analyzed by the methods of PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: The subjects with ALAD2 allele had higher ZPP level (10.12 micro mol/L vs 12.87 micro mol/L) (P = 0.017). The subjects with B allele has larger head circumference than only with b allele (51.19 cm vs 50.75 cm) (P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: It was suggested that the ALAD gene polymorphism modified the relationship between blood lead and ZPP and the VDR gene variants influenced the skull development in children living under lead-polluted environment. The polymorphism of ALAD and VDR genes might serve as the molecular inherited factors modifying the susceptibility of lead poisoning.

Alleles↗
PubMed1989

Warnings unheeded: a history of child lead poisoning.

Child lead poisoning has been a major public health issue only for the last 20-25 years. However, awareness that lead-based paint is a source of lead poisoning in children dates back to the first few years of the twentieth century. Articles in medical journals and textbooks appeared in the United States and elsewhere, recounting cases of children poisoned by the lead paint in their homes on woodwork, baby cribs, and other furniture. The number of positively diagnosed cases was limited both by the imprecision of diagnostic tools and physicians' lack of familiarity with the signs and symptoms of plumbism in children. Nevertheless, a number of hospitals and at least one large city health department recorded numerous cases of child lead poisoning in the 1920s and 1930s. The mounting evidence in those years made it clear that child lead poisoning was a serious public health hazard. And the activities and statements of the lead industry's representatives left little doubt that they were aware of the dangers of lead paint. Nevertheless, the lead paint companies continued to manufacture and sell their product well past 1940.

Child↗
PubMed2003

International environmental health for the pediatrician: case study of lead poisoning.

Childhood lead poisoning is a preventable illness. In the past 3 decades, removal of key lead sources and prevention of exposure in the United States have led to dramatic decreases in population blood lead concentrations and also in instances of severe lead poisoning requiring treatment. From an international perspective, childhood lead poisoning seems to be of greatest concern in developing countries. The phasing out of lead from gasoline is a critical first step in decreasing worldwide blood lead concentrations. However, many focal sources that can cause lead poisoning remain, such as lead from flour mills, lead-glazed ceramics, mining and smelting, and battery repair and recycling. A large and diverse country, such as India, may have many sources of lead. The challenge will be for developing countries to implement effective national and regional efforts to address their specific sources of lead.

Child↗
PubMed1980

Radiographic findings in congenital lead poisoning.

Because lead crosses the placenta throughout pregnancy, the fetus is at risk for lead poisoning. A full term, asymptomatic child was born with congenital lead poisoning secondary to maternal pica. Radiographic findings of a dense cranial vault, lead lines, and delayed skeletal and deciduous dental development were noted at birth. After chelation therapy, when the patient was seven months old, radiographs revealed normal skeletal maturation. Tooth eruption did not occur until 15 months of age. Newborn infants with these radiographic findings should be screened for subclinical, congenital lead poisoning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Lead poisoning from lead-soldered electric kettles.

Lead poisoning occurred in two infants, causing lead encephalopathy in one but no symptoms in the other. Both infants had been fed a formula prepared with water boiled in a lead-soldered electric kettle. The diagnosis was suggested by dense metaphyseal bands in radiographs, illustrating the importance of careful examination of "routine" radiographs, particularly in asymptomatic infants.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identifying culturally appropriate strategies for educating a Mexican immigrant community about lead poisoning prevention.

Lead paint is one source of exposure for lead poisoning; however, recent Latino and other immigrant populations are also at risk of exposure through ceramic cooking pots with lead glaze, some imported candies, and certain stomach ailment home remedies. Public health agencies and practitioners acknowledge that Latino families should be educated about lead poisoning prevention but report barriers to conducting outreach and education in Latino communities. This study reports findings from focus groups and interviews with the local Latino immigrant community and professionals on (1) current knowledge and beliefs about lead poisoning and (2) recommendations of culturally appropriate educational strategies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Erythrocyte protoporphyrin IX as a diagnostic and therapy evaluating tool in lead poisoning.

After lead poisoning was confirmed in nine adult males industrially exposed to lead dusts, therapy was instituted with oral penicillamine. Several laboratory examinations confirmed diagnosis, and also monitored the efficiency of penicillamine therapy. This study sought to investigate the usefulness of protoporphyrin determination in erythrocytes as a tool in diagnostic and therapy-evaluating studies. This determination seems to be a good clinical aid in diagnosis, but is a poor monitor to project eventual recovery of lead-poisoned patients in short-term studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Counseling to prevent childhood lead poisoning.

Excessive lead exposure continues to be a pervasive and serious threat to the health and well-being of the nation's children. The current guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend education (during well-child visits) regarding the major preventable sources of lead and how to prevent excessive exposure. To determine if parents receive counseling to prevent excessive lead exposure in their children, a survey of parental knowledge on prevention of lead exposure was administered to parents of children recently identified as having elevated blood lead levels. Surveys were administered by lead program outreach workers prior to an educational visit in urban neighborhoods of Boston, Massachusetts. Parents of 139 children (88% ethnic minorities; mean age: 31 months) with recently identified elevated blood lead levels (mean: 1 mumol/L) participated. Fifty-one percent first learned of their child's elevated lead level at the time they were contacted by an outreach worker. Seventy-one percent did not recall having been counseled regarding lead poisoning or its prevention prior to this contact. Before the outreach visit, 17% had been counseled but after the elevated lead was detected. Only 12% of the parents had received preventive counseling prior to detection of the elevated lead level. We conclude that despite CDC recommendations, adequate counseling for preventing lead poisoning does not occur for a substantial number of children who have elevated lead levels.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Costs and benefits of enforcing housing policies to prevent childhood lead poisoning.

BACKGROUND: Lead poisoning remains an important, yet entirely preventable disease among young children. This article compares the costs and benefits of strict versus limited enforcement of lead poisoning prevention housing policies in preventing additional cases of childhood blood lead elevation. METHODS: The author conducted decision analysis using population-based data that compared recurrence of childhood lead exposure in 2 urban areas with different enforcement capacity, and cost data from a federal project and from medical and public health literature. RESULTS: Strict enforcement prevented additional cases, resulting in $45,360 savings from decreased medical and education costs and increased productivity for protected children. The model was robust to changing estimates of followup, housing repairs, relocation, and increases in lead levels over baseline. No cost savings were realized by strict enforcement if the probability of recurrence in limited units was 44 % lower than estimated, or if fewer children were identified in limited versus strict enforcement units. If the discount rate for future productivity losses was > or = 7.5%, strict enforcement did not lower costs. CONCLUSION: This analysis suggests that strict enforcement of housing policies to prevent childhood blood lead elevation results in decreased societal costs due to the avoidance offuture medical and special education and to increased productivity of resident children.

Child↗