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PubMed1993

Electrocardiographic responses to jogging in middle-aged and older men and women.

Recent jogging-related sudden deaths rekindled the concern among health professionals as to the hazards of strenuous exercise. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of rhythm disturbances and myocardial ischemia in older men and women during a typical strenuous jogging session. Twenty-two members of a local jogging club (11 men and 11 women) between the ages of 50 and 66 years participated in the study. The CardioData PR3/ST monitor was employed to record heart rate, rhythm disturbances, J point and ST slope during the course of the run. The men ran a 10 km run and the women a 6 km run at a competitive pace. The mean maximal heart rate during the run was 170 +/- 15 beats/min for the males and 176 +/- 14 beats/min for the females. The mean J point during the run was -3.39 +/- 1.21 mV for the males and -2.97 +/- 0.96 mV for the females. Females showed a significantly lower mean ST slope (3.95 +/- 0.91 mV) during the run than the males (5.56 +/- 1.37 mV, p < 0.05). A number of episodes of premature ventricular beats, both uni- and multifocal, were observed. Exercise testing of sufficient intensity is recommended to detect those persons susceptible to developing serious arrhythmias during strenuous exercise.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

[Jogging is accompanied by low absenteeism (the Berne runner study '84)].

4358 male runners over age 16, competitors of the 16 km race 'Grand-prix of Berne' 1984, represent the study population of a cross-sectional survey. As a part of it, relationships between jogging and absenteeism were investigated. 16 km running time was positively associated with the number of missed work days (p less than 0.001); training activity (kilometers run per week, one-year's average) and absenteeism were related in an inverse way, but only up to a training distance of not more than 50 km/wk. Runners who smoked cigarettes missed over 50% more work days than nonsmokers (p less than 0.001). The relative importance of the motive for jogging 'as a balance to work' was associated with decreased absenteeism (p less than 0.001), whereas relative importance of competition-orientated motives was associated with increased absenteeism (p less than 0.001). A multiple regression analysis involving 8 factors was not able to explain more than 11% of the observed variance in missed work days, which underlines the complexity of this dependent variable. The question concerning a possible causal relationship between active, regular, moderate jogging and reduced absenteeism remains unanswered.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2005

Temporal characteristics of foot roll-over during barefoot jogging: reference data for young adults.

The purpose of this study was to establish a representative reference dataset for temporal characteristics of foot roll-over during barefoot jogging, based on plantar pressure data collected from 220 healthy young adults. The subjects ran at 3.3 ms-1 over a 16.5 m long running track, having a built-in pressure platform mounted on a force platform. The initial contact, final contact, time to peak pressure and the duration of contact at the lateral and medial heel, metatarsal heads I to V and the hallux were measured. Temporal plantar pressure variables were found to be reliable (93% of ICC coefficients above 0.75) and both gender and asymmetry influences could be neglected. Foot roll-over during jogging started with heel contact followed by a latero-medial contact of the metatarsals and finally the hallux. After heel off, the forefoot started to push off at the lateral metatarsals, followed by a more central push off over the second metatarsal and finally over the hallux. Based on the plantar pressure data, the stance phase during running was divided into four distinct phases: initial contact (8.2%), forefoot contact (11.3%), foot flat (25.3%) and forefoot push off (55.1%). These findings provide a reliable and representative reference dataset for temporal characteristics of foot roll-over during jogging of young adults that may also be relevant in the evaluation of running patterns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Effects of jogging exercise on patients with the pigmentary dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma.

BACKGROUND: Exercise-induced anterior chamber pigment dispersion with intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation has been reported in patients with the pigmentary dispersion syndrome. Marked pigment dispersion with or without elevation of IOP could predispose these patients to visual field loss. The authors designed this study to evaluate the effects of jogging exercise on anterior chamber pigment and IOP in a group of patients with the pigmentary dispersion syndrome or pigmentary glaucoma. METHODS: Fourteen subjects with the pigmentary dispersion syndrome, 10 subjects with pigmentary glaucoma, and 10 control subjects underwent a 45-minute protocol of jogging exercise. Anterior chamber pigment was graded and IOP was measured before and up to 3 hours after completion of the exercise protocol. RESULTS: Eyes of experimental subjects were significantly more likely to develop exercise-induced pigment dispersion than were eyes of control subjects. In experimental subjects, eyes treated with pilocarpine at the time of the study were significantly less likely to develop exercise-induced pigment dispersion than eyes not treated with pilocarpine. In two experimental subjects, pre-exercise treatment with pilocarpine appeared to inhibit exercise-induced pigment dispersion. CONCLUSIONS: The authors do not believe that all patients with the pigmentary dispersion syndrome or pigmentary glaucoma need to avoid exercise. However, for patients with these disorders who regularly engage in jogging or more strenuous or more jarring types of exercise, they suggest an evaluation before and after the type of exercise in question. If marked exercise-induced pigment dispersion occurs, pilocarpine therapy may be an alternative to avoidance of the exercise.

Anterior Chamber↗
PubMed1988

Cardiorespiratory strain of middle-aged men in mass events of long-distance cycling, rowing, jogging, and skiing.

The heart rate of 11 39- to 53-year-old regularly exercising but nonathletic men was recorded during mass events of 132-km cycling, 35-km rowing, 33-km running, and 90-km cross-country skiing during 1 year. These measurements were related to the cardiorespiratory response in respective maximal exercise tests to determine and compare the strain of the four events. The mean event time of the subjects was 4 h 58 (+/- 34) min for cycling, 4 h 20 (+/- 35) min for rowing, 3 h 30 (+/- 29) min for running, and 8 h 29 (+/- 49) min for skiing. The respective mean heart rates were 153 (+/- 10), 137 (+/- 15), 159 (+/- 8), and 145 (+/- 5) bts/min, which represented 79.3 (+/- 6), 72.9 (+/- 13), 85.7 (+/- 4), and 72.8 (+/- 7) %VO2 max as determined from the event-specific HR/VO2 regression line. The proportion of event heart rates above the level representing the 90% event-specific maximal heart rate was 31.2% (+/- 19%) in cycling, 17.9% (+/- 26%) for rowing, 59.7% (+/- 24%) for running, and 21.6% (+/- 23%) for skiing. A statistical comparison of the mean event heart rates indicated that heart rate was lower in rowing than in jogging (P less than 0.01) and in cycling (P less than 0.05) and also lower in skiing (P less than 0.01) than in jogging. The present results showed that the cardiorespiratory strain of middle-aged nonathletic men during long-distance mass events of cycling, jogging, and skiing is high and relatively comparable to that of well-conditioned athletes.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Jogging and contrast sensitivity.

Threshold contrast sensitivity was measured using sinusoidal gratings with the method of increasing contrast both before and after jogging in fresh air. The mean contrast sensitivity of 11 subjects was higher after jogging at all three spatial frequencies studied (1, 6 and 19 c/deg). The differences were statistically significant. The effect of jogging was subject to individual variation, some 'unstable' subjects responding strongly and some 'stable' subjects showing no change at all. Two 'unstable' subjects were tested several times, and their strong response proved to be repeatable.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The effect of jogging on visual field indices.

The Humphrey 30-2 visual field was examined 9 times before and after an 8-km jog in one subject, whose contrast sensitivity had been found to improve after jogging. The mean deviation improved statistically significantly suggesting better sensitivity of the visual system after jogging. Our results suggest that in some individuals physical exercise influences the factors which lie behind the visual field long-term fluctuation.

Contrast Sensitivity↗
PubMed1980

Stroke while jogging.

Jogging is a form of physical exercise that has stimulated the imagination of the public as shown by recent appearance of its own journal (Jogging Magazine, Editor J. Bryant). We wish to report the unusual complication of an acute stroke sustained during jogging.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Effects of long term Tai Chi practice and jogging exercise on muscle strength and endurance in older people.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the influence of regular Tai Chi (TC) practice and jogging on muscle strength and endurance in the lower extremities of older people. METHODS: Twenty one long term older TC practitioners were compared with 18 regular older joggers and 22 sedentary counterparts. Maximum concentric strength of knee flexors and extensors was tested at angular velocities of 30 degrees/s and 120 degrees/s. Ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors were tested at 30 degrees/s and the dynamic endurance of the knee flexors and extensors was assessed at a speed of 180 degrees/s. RESULTS: The differences in the muscle strength of the knee joint amongst the three experimental groups were significant at the higher velocity. The strengths of knee extensors and flexors in the control group were significantly lower than those in the jogging group and marginally lower than those in the TC group. For the ankle joint, the subjects in both the TC and jogging groups generated more torque in their ankle dorsiflexors. In addition, the muscle endurance of knee extensors was more pronounced in TC practitioners than in controls. CONCLUSION: Regular older TC practitioners and joggers showed better scores than the sedentary controls on most muscle strength and endurance measures. However, the magnitude of the exercise effects on muscles might depend on the characteristics of different types of exercise.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Effect of passive stretching and jogging on the series elastic muscle stiffness and range of motion of the ankle joint.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of stretching and jogging on the series elastic muscle stiffness of the plantar flexors and on the range of dorsiflexion at the ankle joint. METHODS: 24 healthy subjects participated in this study. Each subject undertook all of the following protocols, in random order: (1) stretching protocol: five 30 s static stretches with 30 s rest between stretches; (2) aerobic jogging protocol: subjects ran on a treadmill for 10 min at 60% of their maximum age predicted heart rate; (3) combined protocol: subjects ran first and then stretched. A damped oscillation technique was used to measure the series elastic stiffness of the plantar flexors. Dorsiflexion of the ankle was assessed with a weights and pulley system that moved the ankle joint from a neutral position into dorsiflexion passively. Electromyography was used to monitor the activity of the plantar and dorsiflexors during these procedures. The statistical analysis of these data involved an analysis of covariance. RESULTS: For decreasing series elastic muscle stiffness running was more effective than stretching (P < 0.05). In contrast, the results for range of motion showed that the combination protocol and the stretching only protocol were more effective than the running only protocol (P < 0.05) for increasing dorsiflexion range of motion at the ankle. CONCLUSIONS: Both jogging and static stretching exercises appear to be beneficial to individuals participating in sporting activities.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed1978

Psychological effects of jogging: a preliminary study.

Three chronic psychiatric patients in a halfway house were enrolled in a program of regular supervised jogging. In comparison with three other chronic patients from the same setting who received the same amount of attention but no jogging, the jogging group showed significantly less posttest trait anxiety. No significant posttest differences in body image were found between groups. The role of multi-process relaxation is discussed.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1983

[Spiro-ergometric evaluation of a group of healthy young subjects: sedentary females, sedentary males and practicing male sports amateurs (jogging)].

In order to assess the qualitative and quantitative differences in physical performance, twenty sedentary females (Group A), twenty sedentary males (Group B) and twenty amateur sportsmen who jogged 45-60 min 2-3 times a week (Group C), have been evaluated by spiroergometric test on bicycle ergometer. At the submaximal level of 90 Watts the cardiorespiratory efficiency, as reflected by the values of double product (DP) and ventilatory equivalent (VE) was statistically different in the three Groups (A less than B less than C). At the maximal work the females, compared to sedentary males, achieved lower values (P less than 0.001) of maximal working capacity (MWC), total work (TW), systolic blood pressure (SBP), maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max), O2 pulse (O2P) and a greater (P less than 0.001) energetic cost (EC = HRmax/TW): sedentary males, compared to amateur sportsmen, achieved lower values (P less than 0.001) of MWC, TW, VO2 max, O2P and greater values (P less than 0.001) of VE, EC, HR, and DP (P less than 0.02). The lower VO2 max in females can be mainly ascribed to the lower stroke volume which in turn correlates with smaller body surface area. The greater VO2 max and O2P max of amateur sportsmen can be ascribed to larger stroke volume and muscular O2 uptake brought about by jogging. Furthermore the females, compared to sedentary males, have achieved VO2 max and O2P max that were 29% lower, a TW 43% lower, while EC was 73,4% higher. The sedentary males, compared to amateur sportsmen, have achieved lower values of VO2 max (-14,3%), O2P max (-17,5%) and TW (-31,3%) with DP and EC 8,3% and 50,7% higher, respectively. On the grounds of these data sedentary subjects, particularly females, pay a high energetic cost during physical activity. The practice of an aerobic sport such as jogging, may notably increase cardiovascular and respiratory efficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Jogging during pregnancy: an improved outcome?

Little information is available concerning the effects of jogging during pregnancy on fetal and maternal outcomes. Through the use of a questionnaire, data were obtained on 67 experienced runners who continued to jog during pregnancy. The women had been running for an average of 3.8 years before the pregnancy, and ran an average of 470 miles during the pregnancy. The average number of miles run decreased as the pregnancy progressed (P less than .05). There was no correlation between the number of miles run during the pregnancy, or in the third trimester alone, and either infant birth weight or gestational age. The incidence of maternal and fetal complications was low. Although there are limitations with questionnaire retrospective studies, these data suggest that jogging during pregnancy by healthy women accustomed to such activity is not harmful to the infant.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The influence of flexibility on the economy of walking and jogging.

The relationship of 11 measures of trunk and lower limb flexibility to the economy of treadmill walking and jogging as measured by steady-state oxygen consumption (VO2) was studied. Subjects (38 women, 62 men, aged 20-62 years) were tested at six speeds between 53.6 and 187.7 m/min. By combining scores from all flexibility tests, and beginning at speeds of 107.3 m/min, the "tightest" third used significantly less O2/m/kg (9%, p less than 0.05) than the "loosest" third, with "normals" in between. Two tests, trunk rotation and lower limb turnout, gave the best separation for walking/jogging economy, with the "tightest" third differing significantly from the "loosest" (8-12%) at all speeds tested (ANOVA with Scheffe). We conclude that nonpathological musculoskeletal tightness was associated with a decreased steady-state VO2 for treadmill walking and jogging.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Aftereffects from jogging.

After running on a treadmill, runners who attempted to jog in place on solid ground inadvertently jogged forwards. One-legged hopping on the treadmill produced an aftereffect in the same leg, but not in the other leg. This non-transfer suggests a peripheral neural site. Judgments of velocity and slope were affected; running on a backward-moving treadmill made a stationary test treadmill seem to move forwards, and running on an uphill-sloping treadmill made a horizontal test treadmill seem to slope downhill. These aftereffects suggest an automatic gain control process.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1984

Creatine kinase levels after jogging in patients with cardiac disease.

Acute muscle injury is a well-documented complication of strenuous exercise, but milder forms of exertion have not been studied in detail. This report describes a patient undergoing cardiac rehabilitation in whom atypical chest pain developed and who was treated for a myocardial infarction only because of an elevated creatine kinase level. Serum creatine kinase levels were determined before and after exercise in 27 patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation. In 21 patients who jogged less than three miles, creatine kinase levels were not appreciably changed. In six patients who jogged more than three miles, the mean creatine kinase level rose from 41 to 54 mU/ml, an increase of 31 percent. In four of these six patients, creatine kinase levels rose to abnormal levels, but MB creatine kinase levels remained normal, with no clinical evidence of myocardial ischemia. Serum creatine kinase levels should be interpreted with caution in the setting of even modest exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Decreased prostacyclin sensitivity of human platelets after jogging and squash.

8 healthy male volunteers performed jogging (as an example of an aerobic metabolic condition) and squash (as an example of an intermittently anaerobic metabolic condition). The platelets sensitivity to prostacyclin (PGI2) decreased after jogging. After squash, a statistically significant (p 0,001) decrease in the sensitivity of the platelets could be seen. Our findings suggest that an early alteration of platelet sensitivity might play a key role in maintaining the hemostatic balance and could be of greater importance than the vascular wall PGI2-synthesis, as the sensitivity changes immediately, whereas the PGI2-formation change is a long-term process.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A functional foot type classification with cluster analysis based on plantar pressure distribution during jogging.

The purpose of this study was to establish a reference dataset for peak pressures and pressure-time integrals during jogging, to compare this reference dataset with existing walking data and to develop a foot type classification, all based on plantar pressure data obtained from 215 healthy young adults. The subjects ran at 3.3 m s(-1) over a 16.5 m long running track, with a built-in pressure platform mounted on top of a force platform. Peak pressures, regional impulses and relative regional impulses were measured. These variables were found to be reliable (all intra class correlation coefficients above 0.75) and, except for the heel areas, gender and asymmetry effects could be neglected. Highest peak pressures were found under the heel due to large impact forces during initial contact phase (ICP). In the forefoot, the highest peak pressure was found under the second metatarsal (64.2 +/- 21.1 N cm(-2)). Compared to walking data, overall higher peak pressures and impulses and difference in hallux loading were found during barefoot jogging. Four pressure loading patterns were identified using a K-means cluster analysis, based on the relative regional impulses underneath the forefoot: medial M1 pattern, medial M2 pattern, central pattern and central-lateral pattern. These four pressure loading patterns could help in the functional interpretation of the foot behaviour during the stance phase in slow running.

Adolescent↗