[Japanese in Argentina. 4. Establishment of a Japanese hospital, a dream of the local Japanese].
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Argentina↗
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Plasma IgA, IgG and IgM and their relationship to breast cancer in British, Japanese and Hawaiian-Japanese women.
The plasma levels of immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM have been measured in 35 British, 44 Hawaiian-Japanese and 37 Japanese healthy adult women. Previous investigations showed that the mean levels of all three immunoglobulins were higher in Japanese than in British normal women. The present study finds that Hawaiian-Japanese women have "Japanese" levels of IgA, "British" levels of IgM and are intermediate for IgG. Thus, plasma IgM concentrations correlate with breast cancer incidence rates in the three racial groups and the reduced amounts of plasma IgM found in Japanese patients with breast cancer support this association.
Asian People↗
A clinical, genetic, neuropathological study in a Japanese family with SCA 6 and a review of Japanese autopsy cases of autosomal dominant cortical cerebellar atrophy.
This report concerns a Japanese family with genetically confirmed SCA 6, including an autopsy case, and a review of Japanese autopsy cases of autosomal dominant cortical cerebellar atrophy (ADCCA). The proband (Case 1) was a Japanese woman. She developed gait disturbance at age 62. The father and younger sister (Case 2) had the same disorder. She died at age 67 due to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuropathological examination revealed severe loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, prominently in the dorsal vermis, and absence of neuronal loss in the inferior olives. Molecular genetic study showed the CAG-repeat expansion of SCA 6 gene. The younger sister (Case 2) developed gait disturbance at age 62. Neurological examination at age 66 revealed cerebellar signs without sensory disturbance. Neuroimaging at this time showed cerebellar atrophy, prominently in the vermis. She died of multiple myeloma at age 66. A neuropathological review of Japanese autopsy cases of ADCCA showed that there are two patterns in the distribution of cerebellar cortical lesions of Japanese patients with ADCCA. The distribution of cerebellar cortical lesions in genetically confirmed Japanese patients with SCA 6 is more prominent in the vermis than in the hemisphere.
Aged↗
Attitudes of Japanese and Japanese-American physicians towards life-sustaining treatment.
Doctors in different countries have different approaches to bioethical problems. We studied how attitudes to life-sustaining treatment for terminally ill patients differ in Japan and the USA by administering a questionnaire to Japanese (136) and Japanese-American (77) physicians. In a series of clinical scenarios the questionnaire asked what life-sustaining interventions the doctors would recommend to a patient with metastatic gastric cancer. Most Japanese physicians would recommend blood transfusions for gastrointestinal bleeding (74%), total parenteral nutrition for malnutrition (67%), and vasopressors for life-threatening hypotension (61%) when the patient did not know of his diagnosis and outlook. Significantly fewer Japanese physicians would want these interventions for themselves: 29% would want transfusion, 36% would want total parenteral nutrition, and 25% would want vasopressors. 36% of Japanese physicians would override the explicit request of a competent moribund cancer patient to withdraw all life-support. By contrast, among Japanese-American physicians only 42% would recommend blood transfusions, 33% total parenteral nutrition, and 34% vasopressors to a terminally ill cancer patient who did not know of his diagnosis or outlook. Cross-cultural studies in medical ethics can help physicians and the public in different countries to take a fresh look at accepted practices and the ethical reasons behind them.
Adult↗
Differential effect of PPARgamma2 variants in the development of type 2 diabetes between native Japanese and Japanese Americans.
Common type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disorder that is though to develop by interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Among these factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma gene was identified as a genetic element which variant form, Pro12Ala, was shown to have differential metabolic activity than the wild type. To elucidate the mechanism of interaction between genetic and environmental factors in development of type 2 diabetes, we analyzed prevalence and metabolic status in the context of the variant form of PPARgamma in 105 native Japanese and 145 Japanese American, both should have different environmental factors. The observed frequency of Pro-allele in Japanese American with diabetes was significantly higher than those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (P=0.015), while that in native Japanese with diabetes was not different from those with NGT. Alternatively, Japanese Americans with diabetes with Pro/Pro genotype had significantly higher BMI (P=0.024) and higher fasting serum insulin (P=0.043) level than native Japanese, showing that individuals with Ala-allele could be more sensitive to insulin than those with Pro/Pro genotype. The data with emigrants suggests the possible interaction of gene-environment in the development of type 2 diabetes.
Aged↗
A brief cancer pain assessment tool in Japanese: the utility of the Japanese Brief Pain Inventory--BPI-J.
Despite recognition that pain management is an important component in the treatment of Japanese cancer patients, progress in this area has been slowed by the lack of an appropriate measure of pain. In a prospective, single-institution study, a Japanese translation of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-J) was administered to 121 patients to assess the intensity and impact of cancer-related pain. After an analysis of the instrument's reliability and validity, this study tested the utility of the new measure in an analysis of the adequacy of analgesic prescription. Results were compared with predictive models from studies using non-Japanese patient groups. Factor analysis of the BPI items resulted in two factors, pain severity and pain interference, showing consistency with other language versions of the tool. Coefficient alphas of greater than 0.80 for the items comprising these two subscales indicate a reliable self-report pain instrument. After establishing the validity and reliability of the BPI-J, we examined possible predictors of inadequate pain management in these Japanese cancer patients. Similar to studies done in other countries, women patients and those whose pain severity was underestimated by their physician were more likely to be undermanaged for pain. The results of this study support the utility of the Japanese BPI for studies of the epidemiology of cancer pain in Japan, as well as for the assessment of pain treatment outcome in Japanese-speaking patients.
Adult↗
Genetic or cultural determinants of drinking: a study of embarrassment at facial flushing among Japanese and Japanese-Americans.
Facial flushing after the ingestion of alcohol is common among Asians. Flushers are genetically less able to tolerate alcohol than nonflushers and are less likely to become alcoholics. This study examined whether lower consumption of alcohol among flushers was correlated with cultural factors such as embarrassment over flushing as well as with biological factors among Japanese in Japan and Japanese-Americans using data from a joint Japan-U.S. collaborative survey. Eight hundred forty-six Japanese and 737 Japanese-American current drinkers with known flushing status were studied. The mean alcohol intake differed significantly between groups: (1) habitat--Japanese versus Japanese-Americans, (2) flushing status--flushers versus nonflushers, and (3) embarrassment about flushing. Among men, ethnicity was the major determinant of alcohol consumption, followed by flushing status and embarrassment about flushing. Among women, differences were not significant. Lower alcohol consumption by flushers than by nonflushers has been attributed to differences in physiological reactions to alcohol. However, this study demonstrated that cultural factors such as embarrassment also contribute to lower alcohol consumption by flushers. The lack of interaction between habitat and flushing status and between habitat and embarrassment status suggests that flushing status and embarrassment status associated with drinking levels are independent of habitat.
Adult↗
Health attitudes and behaviors: comparison of Japanese and Americans of Japanese and European Ancestry.
Adults living in Japan (N = 357) and the US (N = 223) completed semi-structured interviews assessing health-related attitudes and practices. The US respondents were of Japanese (N = 106) and European (N = 117) ancestry. Results indicated considerable similarity between the two US groups and significant differences between the Japanese and American respondents. The Japanese respondents placed less priority on health, had less belief in the efficacy of health screening tests, lower levels of internal health locus of control (HLOC), and higher levels of chance and powerful-others HLOC. While Japanese and Americans had similar overall levels of healthy behaviors, the Japanese were less likely to have obtained health screening tests (especially gynecologic exams). The findings have implications for adapting health promotion programs in the context of Japanese and American cultures.
Asian People↗
Differences in health characteristics between native Japanese and Japanese-Americans.
Health characteristics were compared among 1193 Japanese in Hiroshima, and 2306 Japanese-Americans in Hawaii. Japanese women experienced later menarche, earlier menopause, and a shorter interval between menarche and menopause than Japanese-Americans. Japanese men and women were shorter and lighter and the men bad lower body mass index than Japanese-Americans. Differences between populations were also found for the prevalence of artificial menopause, number of live births, lactation period, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Within one or both populations, significant trends with birth year were found for age at menarche, age at menopause, interval between menarche and menopause, lactation period, height, weight, and body mass index, suggesting the existence of cohort effects. Some of these trends may also reflect age-related changes. Environmental factors likely contribute to the differences in physique and reproductive factors, which may explain differences in frequency of osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer between the two populations.
Journal Article↗
IgE reactivity and cross-reactivity of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) to Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) pollen allergens.
BACKGROUND: The natural occurrence of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica, CJ) pollinosis has been reported in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). However, the reactivity to Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa, CO) pollen allergens in these monkeys has not yet been reported. OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to investigate the reactivity to CO pollen allergens in monkeys sensitized to CJ pollen allergens. METHODS: Serum samples from 40 monkeys naturally sensitized to CJ pollen allergens were collected from four troops. We measured the specific IgE to CO pollen allergens and examined the reactivity to the allergens by intradermal test. Cross-reactivity between CJ and CO pollen allergens was examined by ELISA inhibition method. Furthermore, we examined the sensitivity to the allergens by histamine release assay from leucocytes. RESULTS: All 40 monkeys had specific IgE to crude and purified major allergens (Cha o 1) of CO pollen. The monkeys showed a positive reaction to CO pollen allergens in the intradermal test. Allergenic cross-reactivity between Cha o 1 and Cry j 1 (a major allergen in CJ pollen) was also observed. Specific histamine release to both the major allergens was noted in two monkeys with CJ pollinosis. CONCLUSION: Japanese monkeys sensitized to Japanese cedar pollen allergens also demonstrate reactivity to Japanese cypress pollen allergens.
Allergens↗
Ethnic differences between Japanese and Caucasians in the expression levels of mRNAs for CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and CYP3A7: lack of co-regulation of the expression of CYP3A in Japanese livers.
Using a newly developed real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method, mRNAs were quantitated for CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 in adult livers from 24 Japanese and 24 Caucasian subjects to elucidate the potential ethnic differences in the expression levels of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3As. The expression level of CYP3A4 mRNA in Japanese livers (n = 24) was approximately three times higher than that in Caucasian livers (n = 24, p < 0.001). The mean level of CYP3A5 mRNA was approximately twice higher in Japanese (n = 9) than in Caucasians (n = 5) heterozygous for the CYP3A5 *1 allele (p = 0.057). The CYP3A7 mRNA level was twice higher in Japanese (n = 24) than in Caucasians (n = 22) carrying the CYP3A7 *1A/ *1A genotype (p = 0.042). The level of CYP3A4 mRNA did not correlate with those of CYP3A5 (r = 0.044, n = 24) or CYP3A7 (r = 0.21, n = 24) mRNAs in Japanese livers in contrast to co-regulatory expression of CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 in Caucasian livers. The results indicate that there are ethnic differences in the expression levels of adult liver CYP3A mRNAs between Japanese and Caucasians, and that the mechanism(s) regulating the hepatic CYP3A expression may be different between these ethnic groups.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases↗
Reference genomes of Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes viverrinus) and a Japanese red fox (Vulpes vulpes japonica).
We established primary fibroblast cultures from a Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes viverrinus) and a Japanese red fox (Vulpes vulpes japonica) and generated highly contiguous reference genome assemblies using Oxford Nanopore Technologies PromethION long-read sequencing. The Japanese raccoon dog assembly spanned 2.69 Gb in 813 scaffolds, with a scaffold N50 of 52 Mb and a Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) completeness score of 98.2%. The Japanese red fox assembly spanned 2.47 Gb in 903 scaffolds, with a scaffold N50 of 139 Mb and a BUSCO completeness score of 97.5%. Phylogenomic analysis placed the Japanese raccoon dog in a lineage distinct from the continental raccoon dog, supporting its evolutionary differentiation within Nyctereutes. The Japanese red fox formed a distinct lineage within the red fox clade, consistent with its recognized regional differentiation. These genome assemblies and associated fibroblast cultures provide resources for studies of canid systematics, population history, local adaptation, comparative genome evolution, and conservation genetics.
Canidae↗
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in healthy Japanese individuals and Japanese families with Gaucher disease.
We analysed the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of 30 unrelated, healthy Japanese individuals and the members of seven Japanese families with Gaucher disease (5 Type I, 2 Type III) with the cDNA for human glucocerebrosidase, to investigate the frequency of the RFLP among healthy Japanese individuals and to determine the feasibility of the use of this probe DNA for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis in Japanese families with Gaucher disease. In the Pvu II polymorphism, the common allele reported by Sorge et al was the rare allele for healthy Japanese individuals. The frequency of the common allele (+) in Japanese was 0.75 and the rare allele (-) was 0.25. The RFLP study was informative for carrier detection in the family in which both parents were heterozygous for the Pvu II polymorphism. Even in the family in which only one parent was heterozygous, carrier detection was feasible by combining the clinical history and the RFLP, although prenatal diagnosis was not feasible. The Kpn I polymorphism was not detected. It is necessary for precise carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis to investigate other restriction endonucleases which reveal the RFLP.
DNA↗
The effect of acculturation on drinking attitudes among Japanese in Japan and Japanese Americans in Hawaii and California.
Data from a joint Japan-U.S. collaborative study were examined to determine the relationship of acculturation to drinking attitudes among Japanese in Japan and Japanese Americans in Hawaii and California. Drinking attitudes (i.e., self-reported acceptable or appropriate levels of drinking) among ethnic groups differed significantly for the nine situations studied: (1) at a bar with friends, (2) at a party at someone else's house, (3) as a parent, spending time with small children, (4) during working hours, (5) visiting in-laws, (6) with friends at home, (7) with friends after work, (8) with people at sports events and (9) before driving a car. Factor analysis was used to determine the differences in drinking attitudes among these ethnic groups. Japanese and Japanese Americans differentiated drinking situations into different categories. The major difference between the two groups was that the Japanese associated spending time with small children with a situation appropriate for drinking, such as being with friends at home, whereas Japanese Americans associated spending time with small children with a situation inappropriate for drinking, such as before driving.
Acculturation↗
Scores on morningness-eveningness and sleep habits of Korean students, Japanese students, and Japanese workers.
The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and Life Habits Inventory were given to three groups of the same mean age: 533 Korean students, 468 Japanese students, and 311 Japanese workers. The distributions of scores on the questionnaire for these three groups are normal; however the Japanese students' distribution was slightly skewed towards the Evening type. The self-reported waking times and bedtimes for the three groups were late in the order of Morning, Intermediate, and Evening types. It is noteworthy, however, that the Korean students woke earlier than the Japanese students, and the workers always went to bed and woke earlier than the students. For the groups the variations in bedtime, waking time, and length of sleep were large, the sleep latency was long, and mood of the participants upon waking was bad in the order of the Morning. Intermediate, and Evening types. The scores of the Korean students were distributed more highly in the Morning type than were the Japanese students', but the students' sleep habits in both countries were quite similar. The subjects categorized as Evening types had more irregular sleep habits than those of the Morning type. In comparison with the student groups, Japanese workers of the same mean age had higher scores and slightly different sleep habits. The change in sleep habits could be seen as a result of the demands of employment, and the probable basis for difference in scores.
Adolescent↗
Alcohol-related problems encountered by Japanese, Caucasians, and Japanese-Americans.
Using population-based survey data, personal-problematic and socioproblematic factors were examined among Japanese in Japan, Japanese-Americans in Hawaii, and Japanese-Americans; Caucasians in California were analyzed as a control group. Caucasian males were more likely to exhibit drinking-related social problems, whereas Japanese males showed more personal-problematic symptoms. Japanese-American men, both in Hawaii and California, were least likely among the three ethnic groups to have personal-problematic symptoms and were more likely to have socioproblematic symptoms than Japanese men. These differences might be explained by differences in the perception of social problems.
Adult↗
Coping with stress in a cross cultural setting: the case of Japanese and American employees of a Japanese plant in the United States.
The purpose of this pilot study was to compare the psychosocial distress of Japanese auto workers with that of the American employees working in a Japanese managed plant, to describe mediating factors related to their distress, and recommend interventions. Japanese and American workers and spouses responded to five questionnaires and two open ended questions about changes in health, function, and time, and needs, problems, and recommendations for stress reduction. Japanese men had higher General Health Questionnaire scores than American workers. Psychosocial distress was related to work self confidence and individual responsibility for Japanese men, with social support for Japanese women, and with individual responsibility for American men and women. Stress was related to communication problems and misunderstanding about the management practices and cultural norms. Culturally appropriate worksite and community interventions are discussed.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Bone mineral density of the spine, hip and distal forearm in representative samples of the Japanese female population: Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Study.
Low bone mineral density (BMD) is one of the most important elements for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and screening people with higher risk of fractures. To establish the criterion value of BMD for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and to estimate the prevalence rate of osteoporosis in Japanese women, we performed a Japanese population-based osteoporosis (JPOS) study. The subjects were 4550 women aged 15 through 79 years randomly selected from seven municipalities throughout Japan. The sample size was determined to ensure that the observed mean BMD would remain within 2.5% from the real value with a probability of 0.95 in each of the 5-year age groups. The study comprised bone mass measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the spine (L2-4), hip and distal forearm, body size measurements and detailed interviews on medical and gynecologic history. After excluding those subjects with apparent or suggested abnormalities affecting bone mass from 3985 women (87.6%) who completed the study, 3465 women remained and served as the subjects. We present 5-year age-specific mean values of BMD and cut-off values for the diagnosis of osteoporosis according to World Health Organization (WHO) and the Japanese Society of Bone and Mineral Research (JSBMR) criteria. The cut-off levels at the spine and the distal radius proposed in this study were similar to those proposed by the JSBMR but the cut-off level at the femoral neck in this study was 4.7% higher than that of the JSBMR. The prevalence rates of osteoporosis according to WHO criteria in the present subjects aged 50 through 79 years were calculated as 38.0% at the spine, 11.6% at the femoral neck and 56.8% at the distal one-third site of the radius, and those in the Japanese female population of the same age were estimated to be 35.1%, 9.4% and 51.2%, respectively. A fivefold difference was observed among the prevalence rates at different skeletal sites, which suggests that the different definitions of osteoporosis should be established for the different skeletal sites. The prevalence rate diagnosed at the femoral neck seemed to be lower in the present study than those reported for Caucasians. This might account for a lower incidence rate of hip fracture in Japanese women.
Absorptiometry, Photon↗