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PubMed1980

Further experience with glucagon enhanced cholangiography.

A series of infusion cholangiograms was obtained using a standard infusion technique of ioglycamide infused at a rate of 0.57 g min-1 over 30 min. Alternate patients were given either 1 or 2 mg of intravenous glucagon and a comparison of the cholangiograms obtained was then made. It has been shown that a dose of 1 mg of glucagon is equally as effective as 2 mg in improving visualisation of the biliary tract during infusion cholangiography. The possible mechanism of the extra opacification is discussed.

Cholangiography↗
PubMed1976

[Animal experiments on the distribution and excretion of an intravenously injected biliary contrast medium (Ioglycomate) (author's transl)].

The distribution and excretion of an intravenously injected, radioactive biliary contrast medium (Ioglycomate) were studied in the mini-pig after the induction of choledochal, thoracic duct and gall bladder fistulae. The investigations were carried out with free lymph and bile flow during artificial cholestasis and after occluding both ureters. Following intravenous injection of 0.24 to 1.0 ml. Bilivistan, there was a cholersis up to six times original value. Ther thoracic duct lymph showed only a small volume rise. The lymphatic circulation played no significant quantitative role in contrast distribution of Ioglycomate in the animal, nor did it influence the blood clearance curves. During normal bile flow, only 1.3% of the injected dose appeared in the thoracic duct within three hours, and during acute biliary obstruction, only 2.6%. The investigations have indicated a biliary transport maximum Ioglycomate in the mini-pig of 2.9 mg./min./kg. body weight. If the excretory capacity of the liver is exceeded and during cholestasis there is compensatory excretion of the biliary contrast medium through the kidneys.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Intravenous cholangio-cystography during childhood (author's transl)].

Twenty-five intravenous cholangio-cystograms were carried out in children aged 2 to 15 years (10 by injection, 15 by infusion). Total bilirubin, GOT, GPT, GLDH and alkaline phosphatase were determined before and after injection of the contrast medium. The contrast media used were "Biligram for infusion" (17%) and "biligram for injection" (35%). Contrast dose per kilo body weight depends on the age of the patient: a) For infusion: infants 1.6 ml/kg/KG, small children 1.2 ml/kgKG, older children 0.8 ml/kg/KG. b) for injection: infants 0.8 ml/kg/KG, small children 0.6 ml/kg/KG, older children 0.4 ml/kg/KG. Both methods, in the above doses, provided good demonstration of the biliary tree and gall bladder. Films were taken at 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes after the end of the injection, and 40 minutes after a fatty meal. No allergic reactions were observed, nor any effect on the liver enzymes.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1978

[Dose-effects of the contrast medium Iotroxinate on biliary excretion of contrast media during infusion cholegraphy (author's transl)].

In the anaesthetized pig we studied the influence of the dosage of the contrast medium Iotroxinate on the following parameters of bile secretion: bile flow, bile salt excretion, concentration, and excretion of Iotroxinate. The results demonstrate that high doses of Iotroxinate inhibit the bile salt independent fraction of bile flow in a dose-dependent manner, by analogy to organic anions like Rose Bengal, Indocyaningreen, Ioglycamite. The biliary concentration of Iotroxinate however increases slightly. That means, that high doses of Iotroxinate do not impair the quality of opacification of bile ducts in x-ray examinations, as the contrast medium concentration represents the decisive parameter for a valid cholegraphy.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Sensitivity of ultrasonography in the demonstration of common bile duct stones and its ranking in comparison with intravenous cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

A series of 75 patients with surgically verified common bile duct (CBD) stones were re-examined in retrospect, in order to ascertain the sensitivity of ultrasonography (US) in the detection of CBD. The sensitivity of US turned out to be 19%. US detected bile duct dilatation in 58% and all the CBD stones detected or suspected were seen in cases with bile duct dilatation. The sensitivity of intravenous cholangiography (IVC) proved to be 24%. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), however, was found to be by far the most sensitive method, since it demonstrated 84% of the CBD stones.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Glucagon in intravenous cholangiography--an experimental study on dogs.

The present study reports on the effect of glucagon on the excretion of ioglycamate in experimental intravenous cholangiography on dogs. Glucagon increased the bile flow rate highly significantly (p < 0.001). At the same time the concentration of the contrast medium decreased highly significantly (p < 0.001). The biliary tree output of the contrast medium also increased, this increase was not statistically significant. This investigation suggests that glucagon seems to have effect on the bile flow as well as on the output of contrast medium in experimental cholangiography.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The biliary and urinary excretion and the choleretic effect of ioglycamide in dogs.

The biliary and urinary excretion and the choleretic effect of ioglycamide were studied in unanesthetized bile fistula dogs using stepwise increasing infusion rates to obtain multiple steady states. The results are compared with data from previously reported experiments in the same animals using iodoxamate and iodipamide. The rate of biliary excretion and the choleretic effect of ioglycamide are similar to those of iodipamide and iodoxamate. Like iodipamide and iodoxamate, the relation between infusion rate or plasma concentration and biliary excretion or concentration of ioglycamide are hyperbolic and can be fitted to saturation kinetics. Quantitatively, the excretion of ioglycamide and iodipamide are virtually identical. However, for any equimolar infusion rate or plasma concentration, more iodoxamate than ioglycamide is excreted in the bile. Despite the greater biliary excretion of iodoxamate, the maximum biliary concentration of ioglycamide, iodipamide, and iodoxamate is the same at low basal bile flow because the choleretic effects of the three compounds are equal. The data suggest that, theoretically, with any equimolar dose ioglycamide will be identical to iodipamide as a contrast material for intravenous cholangiography, but that iodoxamate may be superior to ioglycamide because more iodoxamate is excreted in the bile. This advantage of iodoxamate might become apparent clinically in patients with high basal bile flow or if smaller doses of the contrast material are used. However, at the presently recommended doses of the two compounds, it is unlikely that the use of ioglycamide for intravenous cholangiography will be any different than iodoxamate.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Osmotic effect and solubility of amipaque (metrizamide) in the gastrointestinal tract.

Loops of small intestine in seven rabbits were resected with intact pedicle and ligated at both ends after instillation of 0.5 ml of Gastrografin, Urografin 76%, Amipaque 370 mg I/ml, Amipaque 170 mg I/ml or physiologic saline. After half an hour, the amount of fluid in the loops containing Gastrografin and Urografin 76% increases about twice as much as in the loops containing Amipague with the same iodine concentration because of their greater osmolality. The differences between the loops with isotonic Amipaque (170 mg I/ml) and physiologic saline are not significant. Precipitation occurs when sodium and meglumine salts of diatrizoate, metrizoate, iothalamate, iocarmate and ioglycamate are mixed with 0.05 N HCl. No precipitation occurs with Amipaque, not even when the HCl concentration is as high as 1.2 N. Precipitation occurs when Gastrografin is added to gastric juices with low pH, but is not seen with Amipaque should be a suitable contrast medium for gastrointestinal examinations because of its low osmolality and toxicity and good solubility in gastric juice.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toxicity of X-ray contrast media in cell cultures.

Monolayer cell culture techniques for neuronal and glial cells and fibroblasts were used for the investigation of the direct toxicity of x-ray contrast media. The effect of various concentrations of sodium diatrizoate, methylglucamine salts of diatrizoate, iothalamate, iodamide, metrizamide, iocarmate, ioserate, and ioglycamate were studied. The intravenous biliary contrast medium--ioglycamate--was most toxic to all cell types. All the contrast media studied were somewhat toxic to neurons in the concentration of 50 mmol/l and showed variable glial toxicity. In equiosmolar concentrations the contrast media studied showed toxicity on neurons in the following order: iothalamate, diatrizoate, iodamide, ioserate, iocarmate, ioglycamate. Fresh metrizamide solution in equimolar concentrations showed the least toxic effects on neurons but interfered considerably with the growth and survival of glial cells. Metrizamide solution proved to be highly toxic to neurons when refrigerated for two weeks. Methylgucamine iocarmate produced a peculiar swelling of fibroblasts.

Cell Survival↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of radiographic contrast media on leukocyte locomotion.

It has been shown that radiographic contrast media activate the complement system and release C3A and C5A, which, among other things, are chemotactic factors; ie, they increase the locomotion of leukocytes. The authors have examined the effects of contrast media on plasma, serum, neutrophilic (polymorphonuclear) leukocytes, and several standard chemoattractant proteins using modified Boyden chambers and micropore filters. Contrary to the results of others, which showed that contrast media increased the locomotion of neutrophils toward standard chemoattractants, the authors have shown that contrast media uniformly reduced neutrophil locomotion towards chemoattractant proteins by a combined effect on the proteins and on the neutrophils themselves. The exact inter-relationship between reduction in neutrophil locomotion and any possible adverse effects of radiographic contrast media remains to be clarified.

Caseins↗
PubMed1986

Contrast, coagulation, and fibrinolysis.

Some adverse clinical effects of intravascular radiologic contrast agents have been attributed to their interference with the normal hemostatic processes. This study compares the effects of the low osmolality agents with those of the conventional agents by in vitro studies of platelet function, fibrin formation, and fibrinolytic activation. In various degrees, all the contrast agents studied inhibit platelet aggregation and fibrin formation but show virtually no direct activation of fibrinolysis. The new low osmolality agents generally show lesser inhibitory effects on the hemostatic mechanisms. Some clinical implications are discussed.

Blood Coagulation↗
PubMed1976

Use of tissue culture to examine neurotoxicity of contrast media.

The effect of small concentrations of diatrizoate, ioglycamate, and iopanoate salts on cultured sympathetic ganglia was studied. Biliary contrast media in clinical blood concentrations caused severe degeneration of cultured neurons, but similar concentrations of diatrizoate caused no effect. This technique may be used to measure the direct neurotoxicity or general cytotoxicity of contrast media.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effect in vitro of ioglycamide on blood proteins and paraproteins.

No modification of plasma or serum viscosity was observed after in vitro addition of ioglycamide in a series of 160 healthy subjects and 1 467 patients including 33 cases of IgM paraproteinemia, 20 with Waldenström's disease. The labelled contrast medium never bound to paraproteins. These results are contradictory to the statements in the literature, that plasma gel formation occurs in Waldenström's disease.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1978

Effects of steroid hormones on the binding of ioglycamide (bilivistan) to human blood serum.

The binding relationships between ioglycamide and steroid hormones were determined in a liquid two-phase system with labelled ioglycamide and by direct measurement of ultraviolet light absorption. It was found that an interaction between ioglycamide and steroid hormones, particularly progesterone, existed, relative to the binding to human serum protein.

Binding, Competitive↗