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PubMed1978

Studies on bilharzial dysentery: the relation among the egg count, the number of bowel motion and the antibody titre and the relation between the schistosomal antibody titre as detected by indirect haemagglutination test and the size of the wheal area of the intradermal test.

The authors studied the relation among the egg count, the number of motions and the antibody titer in 185 patients suffering from bilharzial dysentery. They found that no significant relation between the level of antibody titre and the number of ova and also no relation between egg count and number of motions but a significant relation between the number of bowel motions and the level of antibody titre was recorded. An auto-immune mechanism in Schistosoma mansoni has also been shown in this work but it needs further proof. On the other hand two diagnostic tests were performed namely the intradermal test and the indirect haemagglutination test. The former gave 84% positivity while the latter gave 94% positivity. In comparing the wheal size of the intradermal test and the titre of haemagglutination, it has been found that the wheal increases in size with rise of the titre. Therefore the wheal size can roughly suggest the level of immunity of the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[BHV-1 intradermal test in cattle].

Investigations concerning an intradermal test for the diagnosis of BHV 1 infection were carried out in 221 cattle. In 16% of cases the result of the test was dependent on the time the test was read (48 or 72 h). Fifteen per cent of the animals older than 9 months showed no reaction to the intradermal test though humoral antibodies against BHV 1 were detectable by ELISA. Intradermal injection of test antigen resulted in seroconversion in seronegative cattle. The antibodies remained detectable in the ELISA for about 3 to 6 weeks.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Open, closed and intradermal testing in nickel allergy.

Open, closed and intradermal testing with NiCl2 was performed in 15 subjects with patch-test-proven allergy to 5% NiSO4 in pet. Intradermal testing proved to be a reliable method in confirming nickel sensitivity within 24 h. Open testing with non-toxic concentrations of NiCl2 in alcohol resulted in 73% and 93% positive reactions at 24 h and 48 h readings, respectively. This test method can be used as a reliable screening method in nickel allergy. Open testing often resulted in positive reactions within a few hours. This makes it possible to investigate pathogenetic events of acquired allergic contact dermatitis at a much earlier stage than with the usual 48-h occlusion. 24-h occlusion with Finn Chambers is not sufficient if one is to avoid false negative reactions in nickel allergy. Occlusion with Finn Chambers seems to delay the reaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Predictive value of intradermal tests using muscle-relaxing drugs].

A retrospective postal inquiry was carried out to find out a possible relation between the results of intradermal tests carried out for a previous anaesthetic and the course of a second anaesthetic performed afterwards. This study included 350 patients who have had an intradermal test to vecuronium, alcuronium, suxamethonium, gallamine, pancuronium, thiopentone, fentanyl and droperidol between March 1984 and November 1986. Eighty-nine did not reply (25.4%), 183 (52.3%) did not undergo new general anaesthetic since the skin tests, whilst 78 (22.3%) did. The inquiry was then sent to the 73 anaesthetists corresponding to the last group of patients. The 51 complete answers included 62 anaesthetics. Twenty-four patients had negative intradermal tests before the new anaesthetic, the other 27 having had a test positive to at least one muscle relaxant. Of these latter, 16 were given a muscle relaxant during their general anaesthetic, selected among those resulting in a negative intradermal test. Thirteen had undergone skin testing because of an anaphylactic reaction during induction. No new anaphylactic reaction was observed. Three anaesthetists only were not aware of the results of the intradermal tests at the time of the new anaesthetic. These data tend to demonstrate that a muscle relaxant could be injected in a patient who has had a previous anaphylactic reaction with positive intradermal tests, provided that the drug chosen for the new anaesthetic does not give a positive intradermal reaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Intradermal test in contact allergy to metals.

Variations of intradermal test results were studied in a group of patients with clinically evident contact dermatitis and with the history suggestive of contact with metals and with negative patch tests reactions to the latter. The positive reactions obtained in several cases indicate that intradermal tests may reveal specific sensitivities, which patch tests using standard concentrations are not always capable of demonstrating.

Chromium↗
PubMed1989

[The detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV 1) using an intradermal test. I. Field studies].

An intradermal test (delayed hypersensitivity test) for the diagnosis of BHV1 infection was evaluated in 791 cattle of 16 dairy farms. The skin reactions were compared with the results of serological examinations using a commercial BHV1 ELISA kit (Trachitest). As antigen concentrated, purified and inactivated BHV1 was used. The skin reaction (increase of the skin fold thickness) was used for the interpretation of test results. The best results were obtained with the control of the skin reaction on the third day after injection of the antigen. From 393 serologically BHV1 negative cattle with an age of more than 6 months 391 (99.5%) had a skin reaction up to 1.0 mm and 2 animals (0.5%) had a reaction of 1.3 and 1.9 mm, respectively. The mean increase of skin fold thickness was 0.2 mm. Out of 291 serologically BHV1 positive cattle with an age of more than 6 months 270 had antibodies from natural infection and, partially, from additional vaccination with inactivated BHV1 vaccine. 266 (98.5%) of these animals showed a skin reaction of more than 2.0 mm, in 3 animals (1.1%) a skin reaction up to 1.0 mm was observed and 1 animal (0.4%) had a reaction of 2.0 mm. The mean increase of the skin fold thickness was 6.3 mm. 21 animals had BHV1 antibodies only because of vaccination with inactivated BHV1 vaccine. Only 4 animals had a skin reaction of more than 2.0 mm. Among 107 animals with an age up to 6 months 30 were serologically BHV1 positive and 77 were BHV1 negative. In all animals the skin reaction was less than 1.0 mm, the mean was 0.2 mm.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Studies on the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica. (3) An immediate intradermal test on the inhabitants of an endemic area and an epidemiologic study based on the analysis of a dermal reaction (author's transl)].

The intradermal test of this disease was performed by injecting 0.02 ml of the antigen into the middle third of the volar surface of the forearm; the reaction was judged after 15 minutes and a diameter of 9 mm or more in wheal and/or 20 mm or more in erythema were regarded as the positives. The following results are presented on this basis. (1) The percentages of the dermal reactors for the subgroup by age were shown in Table 1. Age was important in the sensitivity of the intradermal test with schistosome antigen; the percentage of positive reactors was significantly higher in the adult group compared with the younger three groups as Minor 1, 2 and 3. The rates of dermal reactors were reduced in the adult group from 40.5% in 1973 to 17.8% in 1976. Lowering the concentration of nitrogen to 10 micrograms per ml in the antigen showed a decrease of the sensitivity in the intradermal test in all age groups. (2) Sex was important in the sensitivity of the intradermal test and males had a higher positive rate than did females; there was a significant difference in the percentage of the positive reactors between the sexes in the same age groups in both West and East parts of the survey area (Table 2). (3) It was noted that the percentages of the dermal reactors were higher for those in the West part than those for the East part as shown in Tables 3 and 4 and Figures 1 to 5. There was a close correlation between the distribution pattern of the wheal diameter and the positive rate for the intradermal test in the same area; this was shown in Figure 6 and also evidenced by a shift to the right of the frequency distribution curves in Figure 9. (4) These results indicate that the intradermal test with schistosome antigen proved to be satisfactory for observing epidemiological status of this parasitic disease in the endemic areas. It was also suggested that such snail-control practices as cementing irrigation ditches and periodic application of molluscicide, and the mass-treatment of infected persons might be effective in reducing transmission among peoples over a considerable area in Yamanashi Prefecture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

A study of skin diseases in dogs and cats. V. The intradermal test in the diagnosis of flea allergy in dogs and cats.

A group of 143 dogs and cats with pruritic skin disease was tested by intradermal injection of a dilute whole cat flea extract. The test results were correlated with the clinical diagnosis (Table I, III), with previous or present findings of fleas on the animals (Table II, III), with the presence or absence of blood eosinophilia (Table IV), and, in animals with clinical flea allergy, with the histological findings in a skin biopsy excised from a clinically affected skin site (Fig. 1). The predictive value of a positive and a negative outcome of the test was assessed graphically by means of calculations described in the Appendix (Figs. 2, 3). It is concluded that the test is sufficiently specific to justify its use in animals where flea allergy is suspected but cannot be proved by routine clinical examination. The histological findings and the nature of the skin reactions suggest that a positive outcome of the test is indicative of an immediate, type I hypersensitivity towards components of the oral secretion of fleas and that this hypersensitivity is mediated by reaginic antibody which to some extent is produced by plasma cells located in skin areas where flea saliva is deposited.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Nationwide intradermal test with chironomid midge extract in asthmatic children in Japan].

Chironomidea (Insecta) is recently considered one of the most common inhalant antigen in Japan. Intradermal tests with Chironomus plumosus (CP) extract were undertaken on seven hundred and eighteen asthmatic children aged from 6 to 15 years in 10 areas (11 medical institutions) in Japan. The number of cases who showed positive intradermal tests with CP extract was 200 (27.9%) and the positive rate increased in proportion to their age (p less than 0.005). In each of the 11 medical institutions the positive rates ranged from 12.6% in Akita to 45.5% in Okinawa. There were no significant correlations between the results of the intradermal test with CP and those of RAST, prick test and intradermal test with mite, HD and silk, whereas correlation was noted in the prick test with silk (p less than 0.01). The CP positive asthmatics had significantly more attacks than the CP negative ones in the summer (p less than 0.01). The positive rate of asthmatics living near paddy or farm fields was significantly higher than that of those in urban residential areas (31.3% vs 23.8%, p less than 0.05). Chironomid midge is one of the most common and important allergen in Japan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Intradermal testing in the diagnosis of acute anaphylaxis during anaesthesia--results of five years experience.

Intradermal testing has been used in the diagnosis of acute anaphylactic reactions during anaesthesia in 51 patients. Positive results occurred in 32 patients and confirmation was possible in 26. Only in one case did a combination of history and intradermal testing not give a diagnosis. Nine of the negative results were confirmed. Intradermal testing is of no value in the diagnosis of reactions to local anaesthetics or colloids but has great value in determining the cause of reactions due to induction agents or muscle relaxants if performed under controlled conditions. It is safe, and requires no expertise in performance or interpretation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1975

Nonspecific reactions with the intradermal test for hydatidosis in persons with other helminth infections.

A partially purified Echinococcus antigen solution, prepared by boiling hydatid cyst fluid, was used in the intradermal test for hydatid disease in a Peruvian population. An unexpectedly high rate of positive reactions and poor agreement with serological tests suggested the presence of some agent(s) which produced cross-reactions with Echinococcus granulosus antigens in the intradermal test. Testing of hospital patients infected with a variety of helminths demonstrated nonspecific reactions in persons with Hymenolepis nana, Taenia spp., and Fasciola hepatica infections, mixed parasitisms, and several non-helminth pathological conditions. The findings contraindicated the use of the intradermal test for epidemiological surveys of hydatid disease. It is pointed out that intradermal test positivity rates cannot be used as synonymous with infection prevalence and regional differences do not necessarily reflect differences in the prevalence of E. granulosus infection. The greater specificity of some serological tests favor their use for epidemiological purposes.

Antibodies, Heterophile↗
PubMed2004

Diagnosis of flea allergy dermatitis: comparison of intradermal testing with flea allergens and a FcepsilonRI alpha-based IgE assay in response to flea control.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of in vivo and in vitro tests in the diagnosis of flea allergy dermatitis in comparison with history, clinical signs and response to flea control. Intradermal testing using four different sources of flea allergens and FcepsilonRIalpha-based immunoglobulin (Ig)E assays were performed in 15 flea-allergic dogs, 15 atopic dogs and 15 dogs infested with fleas but showing no clinical signs of skin disease. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and accuracy were calculated for all five tests and results varied greatly. Sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy were 27, 83 and 64%, respectively, for one extract (Isotec), 67, 90 and 82% for another extract (Greer), 93, 90 and 91% for flea saliva, 40, 90 and 73% for the recombinant Cte f 1 both produced by Heska Corp. and 87, 53 and 64% for a FcepsilonRIalpha-based IgE assay. These results indicate that intradermal testing with flea extracts is more accurate in the diagnosis of flea allergy dermatitis than in vitro tests. Moreover, pure flea saliva used as a reagent for intradermal testing provided the best results in terms of sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy although the Greer extract, a whole body flea extract, also allowed a good correlation between intradermal testing results and clinical approach to flea allergy dermatitis diagnosis.

Allergens↗
PubMed1982

Intradermal tests in Behçet's disease.

Intradermal tests were compared among 4 groups of Behçet's disease, other uveitis caused by unknown agent, sarcoidosis and SLE. The size of indurations of PPD, SK-SD and Candida was the largest in Behçet, followed by other uveitis, sarcoidosis and SLE in a descending order. Pustule formation was frequently seen in Behçet and other uveitis, in contrast to low incidence in sarcoidosis and not at all in SLE. Using saline solution or phosphate-buffered saline reaction, however, Behçet group shows erythema formation rather frequently which differentiate Behçet disease from other uveitis, sarcoidosis and SLE.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[The correlation analysis of the reactive intensity of intradermal test for allergens and the concentration of specific IgE in serum].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the reactive intensity of allergen intradermal test and the concentration of specific IgE (sIgE) in serum. METHOD: Intradermal test of six kinds of allergens was done in 192 cases of allergic rhinitis, including house dust, mite in powder and dust, poly mould, spring pollen, summer autumn pollen and Artemisia pollen. The serumic study of these kinds of allergens was also done with Pharmacia CAP system. RESULT: The total accordance rates of these six kinds of allergens with IgE in serum respectively are: house dust 65.93%, mite in powder and dust 68.1%, poly mould 55.6%, spring pollen 66.7%, summer autumn pollen 60.0% and Artemisia pollen 74.4%. The correlation index of them respectively are: house dust 0.4235 (P < 0.01), mite in powder and dust 0.4029(P < 0.01), poly mould 0.4932, spring pollen 0.3277 (P < 0.05), summer autumn pollen 0.2412 (P > 0.05) and Artemisia pollen 0.5000 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The intradermal test of five kinds of allergens except for summer autumn pollen correlates with the concentration of IgE in serum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A prospective study into the value of patch and intradermal tests in identifying topical corticosteroid allergy.

We have prospectively performed patch and intradermal tests on 105 consecutive patients, attending for patch testing, to determine the optimum method of screening for corticosteroid hypersensitivity. Patch tests with Pivalone and a corticosteroid series (all 1% in ethanol) detected all the patients with steroid sensitivity. However, intradermal tests were essential to exclude false positive reactions and detect all relevant steroid allergies in any individual patient.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1987

[Reproducibility of intradermal tests after anaphylaxis caused by muscle relaxants].

Intradermal tests with 5 muscle relaxants were performed on two occasions in 56 patients who had experienced an adverse event during general anaesthesia: anaphylactoid reaction with at least one positive test 19.5 +/- 13.5 months previously in 50 cases; adverse reaction unrelated to muscle relaxants and with negative tests 21 +/- 6.4 months previously in 6 cases. Sixteen healthy subjects who had never been tested served as controls; their tests were all negative. The reproducibility of 244 assessable tests in the 56 patients reached 88.1%. Twenty-three (9.4%) of the tests previously positive had become negative and six (2.5%) of the tests previously negative had become positive. Tests performed with pancuronium or vecuronium had more often become negative (47% and 40% respectively) than those performed with the other 3 muscle relaxants tested (P less than 0.001). These results suggest that skin tests should be repeated prior to general anaesthesia in all patients who previously developed an anaphylactoid reaction to muscle relaxants.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effects of propofol-induced sedation on intradermal test reactions in dogs with atopic dermatitis.

We compared the effect of propofol and saline control on intradermal test reactions in dogs with atopic dermatitis undergoing outpatient intradermal testing (IDT). Nineteen dogs were used in this clinical study. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either intravenous (IV) propofol or IV 0.9% saline, and IDT was performed on the right or left (randomized) lateral thorax. One investigator, unaware of the treatments, interpreted all IDT results. Injection sites were analysed using a subjective and objective method. A value of P or= 1+ on all dogs, significantly more positive sites were apparent during propofol sedation than during saline administration. In addition, the greater number of individual dogs experiencing more positive reactions >or= 1+ during propofol sedation was significant. When subjectively analysing reactions >or= 2+, the greater number of positive reactions and the greater number of dogs with more positive reactions observed during propofol treatment was not significantly different from the saline control. When analysed objectively, the greater number of positive reactions observed during propofol sedation was not significant. A greater number of dogs had higher subjective scores and larger objective measurements during propofol sedation compared with saline administration. In summary, propofol sedation was associated with an overall greater number of positive IDT reactions compared with the saline control. Although not always significant, this difference should be considered when choosing propofol for skin testing dogs with atopic dermatitis.

Anesthetics, Intravenous↗