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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

[Ataxic hemiparesis with ipsilateral cheiro-oral syndrome due to a single lacunar infarct at the border between the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the corona radiata].

A patient with ataxic hemiparesis and ipsilateral cheiro-oral dysesthesia (tingling) due to a single lacunar infarct at the border between the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the corona radiata is described. A 47-year-old hypertensive man was admitted because of weakness of the right upper and lower limbs with ipsilateral peri-oral and palmar dysesthesia, which developed during bathing in the morning. Upon admission, neurological examination revealed right hemiparesis with ipsilateral limb ataxia and ipsilateral peri-oral and palmar dysesthesia. Based on neurological finding, he was diagnosed as having ataxic hemiparesis with ipsilateral cheiro-oral syndrome. Brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a small lesion at the border between the posterior limb of the left internal capsule and the corona radiata, which was enhanced with gadolinium-DTPA administration. It has been reported that the disturbance of the cortico-pontine tract causes ataxic hemiparesis and that of the thalamo-cortical projection causes cheiro-oral syndrome. These findings of the present case, therefore, suggest that both of these pathways run closely together at the border between the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the corona radiata.

Ataxia↗
PubMed1984

Electrical stimulation of the posterior limb of the internal capsule for treatment of thalamic pain.

Electrical stimulation of the posterior limb of the internal capsule was performed in 7 patients with thalamic pain who had developed dysesthesia, hyperpathia and/or spontaneous burning pain. Ramped bipolar stimulation elicited sensory responses, such as warm or comfortable sensation. Follow-up from 9 months to 2 years and 7 months showed that 3 patients had a good result, two had fair and the remaining two had poor results. No serious side effects were seen. The mechanism of pain relief by the internal capsule stimulation is discussed.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1991

[Persistent amnestic syndrome due to infarction of the genu of the left internal capsule].

An 85-year-old housewife was admitted owing to the sudden onset of amnestic syndrome on June 27, 1986. There was no history of abulia or somnolence. Though she showed severe amnesia, her understanding was not impaired. There was no aphasia, no dysarthria or other focal sings. The CT showed a low density area in the genu of the left internal capsule. The patient's amnestic syndrome did not improve during the following four years and thus she was readmitted for further examination in July, 1990. Although her WAIS scores were fairly good and intelligence was considered normal, she showed very poor performance on the Wechsler memory scale-R and Benton visual retention test. MRI of the brain showed infarction which extended from the genu to the anterior limb of the left internal capsule. The longstanding amnesia in the present case was induced probably by the infarction of the genu of the left internal capsule, where some fibers of memory pathways, such as the anterior thalamic peduncle, ansa peduncularis, and stria terminalis, may pass.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Aphasia with nonhemorrhagic lesions in the basal ganglia and internal capsule.

Atypical aphasia syndromes were associated with circumscribed nonhemorrhagic infarctions of the anterior limb of the internal capsule and of the striatum, in the dominant hemisphere. None of the several cases could be classified in terms of the classic cortical aphasia syndromes, nor did they correspond to the description of aphasia produced by hemorrhage in the thalamus or putamen. Control subjects without aphasia had lesions in the same structures of the nondominant hemisphere, or they had comparably circumscribed damage, which was located lateral or caudal to the previously indicated locus. The findings raise the question of participation of the dominant striatum, and of the connectional systems that course in the anterior limb of the internal capsule, in language processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[CT-guided stereotaxic implantation of a deep brain electrode for the stimulation of the internal capsule--a case report].

A 47-year-old man was admitted to our clinic because of the pain of left extremities for four years. The patient developed dysesthesia, hyperpathia and spontaneous pain 2 months after the onset of cerebrovascular accident with left hemiparesis. Using Toshiba TCT-20A CT scanner and Leksell's CT-stereotaxic system, stimulation electrode (by Medtronic Co.) was implanted in the posterior limb of the internal capsule which was 25 mm lateral to the posterior commissure. Ventriculography was not necessary because the target point was directly measured from the axial CT and midsagittal reformatted CT based on 18 axial CT images (2 mm thick slices). Anterior commissure, pineal calcification, posterior commissure and Sylvian aqueduct were demonstrated on the midsagittal reformatted CT by this method. The pain was relieved by the ramped square pulse stimulation (2 V, 0.6 msec, 50 Hz) and receivor system was internalized. The patient was free from pain by 30 minutes-long stimulation four to six times a day. Precise electrode placement was possible by CT images alone using high resolution CT and CT-stereotaxic system. CT-guided stereotaxic technique seemed to have an advantages especially for the implantation of electrode in the posterior limb of the internal capsule. The reason is as follows: The target is just lateral to the posterior commissure which could be recognized easily on the midsagittal reformatted CT. The internal capsule is advantageously demonstrated on the axial CT.

Brain↗
PubMed1977

Thalamic projections of the hippocampal formation: evidence for an alternate pathway involving the internal capsule.

Experiments were performed using [3H]leucine radioautography and horseradish peroxidase histochemistry to determine the origin and distribution of the projection from the hippocampal formation to the thalamus in the rat. The results confirm recent findings that postcommissural fornix fibers which project to the anterior thalamus arise exclusively from the subicular cortex and not from hippocampal pyramidal cells. A second significant feature of this pathway is that it arises from cells situated in the deepest layer of subicular cortex at dorsal and posterior levels of the hippocampal formation. Thirdly, one component of this projection involves the internal capsule instead of the fornix. Fibers which pass through this fiber bundle arise from the lateral portion of the subicular complex adjacent to field CA1 of the hippocampus (i.e., prosubiculum) and terminate bilaterally throughout the anteromedial thalamic nucleus. In contrast, fibers from the region of subicular cortex adjacent to the retrosplenial cortex (i.e., presubiculum) pass through the postcommissural fornix and terminate in the ventral portion of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus. Fibers from central portions of the subicular complex (i.e., subiculum) project through both the internal capsule and postcommisural fornix and terminate in the anteromedial and adjacent ventral portion of the anteroventral thalamic nuclei. Fibers which project to the dorsal portion of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus arise from adjacent portions of retrosplenial cortex and project through the internal capsule.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Vascularization of the brain in guinea pig. V. Angioarchitectonics of the thalamus, telencephalon and internal capsule.

The main blood supply of the thalamus constitute internal branches of the posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, middle, and choroid arteries. Branches of these arteries from three groups of vessels: medial, lateral, and posterior. Considering the number of vessels, their diameter and direct origin from the cerebral arterial circle, the thalamus is best vascularized structure of the brain. The telencephalon is supplied by rami of the anterior and middle cerebral, choroid, posterior communicating, and posterior cerebral arteries. The internal capsule and telencephalic nuclei are supplied by the internal branches of the same vessels as the telencephalon as well as by the cortical rami of the middle and posterior cerebral arteries. All these vessels from anteromedial, anterolateral, and superolateral groups. Between the internal and cortical branches anastomotic vessels are seen.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Volume reduction of the right anterior limb of the internal capsule in patients with schizotypal disorder.

We have previously reported bilateral volume reductions in the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC) in patients with schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to extend the volumetric measurements of ALIC to subjects with schizotypal features to explore the neurobiology underlying schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in view of the fronto-thalamic connectivity. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance images were acquired from 24 patients with schizotypal disorder (ICD-10) and 47 healthy volunteers matched for age, gender, handedness, and parental education. Volumetric analyses of the ALIC and anterior parts of the caudate and lentiform nuclei were conducted using consecutive 1-mm thick coronal slices rostral to the anterior commissure. Compared with the comparison subjects, the schizotypal patients had significantly decreased volume in the right ALIC, but there was no significant group difference in the left ALIC volume. Volumes of the anterior part of the caudate or lentiform nucleus did not differ between groups. Volume deficit confined to the right ALIC suggests that limited involvement of the fronto-thalamic connectivity may have some relevance to the sparing of schizotypal patients from the development of overt psychosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Transient responses to load perturbations of the forearm in a monkey with a chronic lesion in the internal capsule.

Small electrolytic lesions were produced in the internal capsule of a monkey. The changes in muscle tone were quantified by studying the EMG responses of elbow muscles and the mechanical responses of the forearm to pseudo-random torque perturbations applied to the elbow joint. Immediately following the lesion, the EMG responses of both biceps and triceps muscles were depressed. Subsequently, biceps responses recovered and became eventually greater than in the control. Triceps responses, instead, remained low throughout the follow-up period (3 months). The mechanical behavior of the forearm was characterized in terms of the dynamic relationship between the applied torque perturbations and the resulting changes in elbow angle. After the lesion, the damping of the elbow responses decreased relative to the control. Possible mechanisms for the observed changes in the EMG and mechanical behavior are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Inhibition of nociceptive neurons by internal capsule stimulation.

The mechanism of pain relief by internal capsule (IC) stimulation was investigated in 32 adult cats. Nociceptive neuronal activity of the nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), responding to contralateral pulp stimulation, was suppressed by IC stimulation to a greater extent than activity in the posterior nuclear group (PO) or centre-median nucleus. On the contrary, suppression of neuronal firing by intraventricular morphine-HCl predominated in PO neurons. These results suggest that pain relief by IC stimulation may be mediated through inhibitory effects on nociceptive neurons of the thalamic sensory relay nuclei.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1980

Reversibility of chronic neurologic deficits. Some effects of electrical stimulation of the thalamus and internal capsule in man.

Stimulation of the thalamus and internal capsule with Medtronic deep brain stimulation electrodes produced improvement in pain, hemiparesis, dystonia, torticollis, tremor. speech impairment and epilepsy. Stimulation at voltages above or below clinically effective levels (e.g., 6 V, 0.3 ms, 74 Hz) resulted in a loss of clinical efficacy. Somatosensory evoked responses (short and long latency) and depth electrode recordings were helpful in localisation and 'biocalibration' of electrical stimulation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

NADPH-diaphorase-positive cells in the thalamic nuclei and internal capsule in humans.

The nuclei of the dorsal thalamus and reticular nucleus in humans were found to contain separated NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-positive neurons. Staining of NADPH-d-positive neurons and all their processes, along with previous studies of neurons in the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus based on the Golgi method, allowed the type of these cells to be identified as sparsely branched. The main, densely branched, efferent neurons did not contain NADPH-d. NADPH-d-positive neurons included reticular cells and cells of one of the types of short-axon interneurons. The internal capsule contained large numbers of NADPH-d-positive reticular neurons. NADPH-d-positive neurons were found in contact with vessels. Thus, NADPH-d-positive cells of the dorsal thalamus, reticular nucleus, and internal capsule were evolutionarily more ancient and less structurally complex cells.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[Adrenoleukodystrophy with high signal intensity areas in bilateral pyramidal tracts from internal capsule through medullary pyramids on MRI].

We reported a case of adrenoleukodystrophy in which MRI showed high signal intensity areas in the pyramidal tracts from the internal capsule through the medullary pyramids. A 20-year-old man was admitted with complaints of slowly progressive spastic paraparesis of one and a half year duration. He had no mental deterioration, visual disturbance or sensory impairment. His maternal cousin died of adrenoleukodystrophy at the age of 13 years old, after showing progressive visual disturbance, dementia and quadriplegia. On admission, neurological examination revealed spastic tetraparesis and exaggerated deep tendon reflexes with pathological reflexes. Examination of the mental function and cranial nerves were normal. There were no sensory abnormalities in all modalities. Routine laboratory data including hematological studies, urinalysis, serum electrolytes and enzymes were all normal. Endocrinological examinations showed no adrenocortical insufficiency, and testicular function was normal. Cerebrospinal fluid, EEG, needle EMG and nerve conduction studies were also normal. CT scan showed a mild ventricular enlargement and no low density areas were seen in the cerebral white matter. Spin-echo MRI (SE 2,000/100, 2,000/40) revealed continuous high signal intensity areas in the pyramidal tracts from the internal capsule through medullary pyramids bilaterally. There were no abnormal findings in the spinal cord on MRI. Electrophysiologically, the brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were abnormal and suggested the presence of bilateral dorsal brain stem lesions. Short latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) obtained by the bilateral tibial nerve stimulation revealed slowing of the central conduction time, showing delayed P37 latency and normal peripheral conduction time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenoleukodystrophy↗
PubMed1980

Localization of the pyramidal tract in the internal capsule by whole brain dissection.

Six human brains were dissected by blunt technique and sectioned horizontally to establish the three-dimensional relationships of the pyramidal tract and the internal capsule. In all instances, the pyramidal tract entered the rostral capsule in the anterior half of the posterior limb and progressively shifted into the posterior half of the posterior limb in the more caudal horizontal sections. These observations resolve the current controversy about the exact anatomic location of the pyramidal tract in the posterior limb of the internal capsule. This controversy arose because previous authors failed to consider the changing rostrocaudal/anterior-posterior anatomy of the pyramidal tract as it courses through the posterior limb.

Dissection↗
PubMed2005

Deep brain stimulation of the anterior internal capsule for the treatment of Tourette syndrome: technical case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Medical treatment of Tourette syndrome is often ineffective or is accompanied by debilitating side effects, therefore prompting the need to evaluate surgical therapies. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 37-year-old woman with severe Tourette syndrome since the age of 10 years. Her symptoms included frequent vocalizations and severe head and arm jerks that resulted in unilateral blindness. Trials of more than 40 medications and other therapies had failed to relieve the tics. INTERVENTION: We implanted bilateral electrodes in the anterior limb of the internal capsule, terminating in the vicinity of the nucleus accumbens. At 18-month follow-up, optimal stimulation continued to lower her tic frequency and severity significantly. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that stimulation of the anterior internal capsule may be a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of Tourette syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Late blink reflex changes in lesions of thalamus and internal capsule.

A 60-year-old man suddenly suffered from left hemiplegia with sensory loss on the left side of his face, trunk, and extremities. Brain CT disclosed hemorrhage in the right thalamus and internal capsule. Blink reflex with electrical stimulation on the left supraorbital nerve showed normal early response (R1) on the left side but absent late response (R2) on both sides, while stimulation of the right supraorbital nerve showed normal R1 on the right side and normal R2 on both sides. This observation suggests that the impulses of R2 from stimulation of the supraorbital nerve on the affected side may be blocked by contralateral lesions of the thalamus and internal capsule.

Blinking↗
PubMed1998

Somatosensory evoked potential studies in internal capsule and corona radiata infarction.

To document the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) changes in capsular and corona radiata infarction and correlate these with clinical and radiological findings, 15 patients with corona radiata and 16 with internal capsular infarction were studied. The mean age of the patients was 55 years (range 26-80), and 6 of them were female. In the patients with corona radiata infarction, median N9-N20 conduction time was abnormal in 4 cases, which correlated with sensory abnormalities in 1. In 3 of these patients, infarction was located in the anterior two-thirds and in 1 there was total corona radiata infarction. The amplitude of N20 potential on the affected side was reduced in 1 patient. In the capsular infarction group, N9-N20 conduction time was abnormal in 1 patient only who had total involvement of the posterior limb of the internal capsule. The amplitude of N20 was reduced in another patient. There were 4 patients who had abnormal sensory findings, but their SEPs were normal. At 3 months, the SEP changes remained stable in all of the patients who were followed up. The SEP changes did not correlate with changes in sensation or 3-month outcome as assessed by the Barthel index score. The lack of clinicoradiological and SEP correlation may be owing to variation on the organisation of sensory pathways in the corona radiata and internal capsule.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The position and organization of motor fibers in the internal capsule found during stereotactic surgery.

Data gathered from exploratory stimulation of the diencephalon in 130 stereotactic operative procedures have been studied, with the aid of a computer graphic technique, to show the position and topography of motor responses in the internal capsule. The results obtained indicate that pyramidal fibers are organized into a rostral-caudal face-arm-leg sequence and occupy a short compact band in the caudal third of the posterior limb of the internal capsule. This is in contrast to previous concepts of the position of these fibers in the capsule.

Adolescent↗