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PubMed1986

Intergenerational solidarity: an examination of a theoretical model.

This study provided an empirical test of a widely cited proposed model of intergenerational solidarity. The model emphasizes that association, affect, and consensus are interdependent dimensions of solidarity and offers an explanatory rationale for parent-child solidarity. Path analysis techniques were used with a sample of 279 older rural-transitional parents. The results showed little support for the model, but the data indicated that residential propinquity and mutual helping behavior were strong predictors of intergenerational association. The importance of the indirect effect of sex linkage via mutual help to associational solidarity also received strong support. The results showed that the proposed model was useful in explaining objective solidarity (association) but not subjective solidarity (consensus and affection) and that these variables were not dimensions of one construct.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Self-reports of "positive" childhood and adolescent sexual contacts with older persons: an exploratory study.

An exploratory, descriptive study of 37 male and 26 female subjects reporting childhood or adolescent intergenerational sexual contacts about which subjects maintained, at least in part, "positive" feelings is reported. An informal comparison group of 7 female victims of sexual abuse also participated. Subjects were administered a 21-page, 130-item questionnaire designed to explore and evaluate childhood functioning and development, the nature of the sexual experience, and its possible impact on adult life. Eight subjects also participated in subsequent in-depth telephone interviews. A wide range of characteristics and possible effects of the experiences were reported, suggesting that intergenerational sexual contacts may represent a continuum of experience rather than a unitary and discrete pathological phenomenon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Intergenerational Partners Project: a model linking elementary students with senior center volunteers.

Age-integrated programming has become an effective way to bring the young and old closer together. This paper describes a 9-month intergenerational program designed to establish a more intimate involvement between a group of 4th graders and elderly volunteers from Senior Neighbors. The format used to organize the project is presented, and ongoing activities and program benefits are identified. The goals of this project have been richly met, reducing students' fears and misconceptions about aging and providing a satisfying experience for the seniors.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Family influences on family size preferences.

Several studies have demonstrated important effects of parents' childbearing behavior on their children's childbearing preferences and behavior. The study described here advances our understanding of these family influences by expanding the theoretical model to include parental preferences, siblings' behavior, and changes in children's preferences through early adulthood. Using intergenerational panel data from mothers and their children, we test the effects of both mothers' preferences for their own fertility and mothers' preferences for their children's fertility. Although both types of maternal preferences influence children's childbearing preferences, mothers' preferences for their children's behavior have the stronger and more proximate effects. Mothers' preferences continue to influence their children's preferences through early adulthood; siblings' fertility is an additional determinant of children's family size preferences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

An extension of the acquaintanceship procedure in family studies of mental disorder.

The acquaintanceship procedure is a method for obtaining a control group matched to relatives of probands on demographic variables. Relatives are asked to name six acquaintances who are the same gender, and who are about the same age and social class as themselves. An acquaintance is randomly selected from this list and contacted for recruitment. Rates of mental disorder in this group are assumed to approximate general population rates in a group with these demographic characteristics. This report focuses on an extension of the acquaintanceship procedure in which "super-normal" controls are used in a family study design. Two questions were addressed: (1) Does the acquaintance group (n = 166), as a whole, show a higher rate of illness than the relatives of acquaintances with no mental disorder (n = 129)? (2) Is there a relationship between mental disorder in acquaintances and in providers of acquaintance names? The prevalence of mental illness was significantly greater among acquaintances compared to relatives of "never ill" acquaintances. There was no evidence of assortative selection. We concluded that using the relatives of well acquaintances is a cost-effective control selection methodology which maximizes the detection of intergenerational transmission in family studies of mental disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Young women's antisocial behavior and the later emotional and behavioral health of their children.

OBJECTIVES: Antisocial and criminal behavior are increasing among US youth, especially among females. Thus, questions arise concerning whether youthful female deviant behavior eventually will have negative behavioral and emotional consequences for the later children of these women. METHODS: Associations between the severity of early female antisocial behavior (including both drug-related and non-drug related offenses) and the later behavioral and emotional health of the children of these women were examined among 1425 mother-child pairs of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. RESULTS: Multiple linear regression procedures indicated a significant positive relationship between the severity of the mothers' early non-drug-related offenses and the later severity of the children's scores on the Antisocial, Hyperactive, Anxious/Depressed, Headstrong, Peer Conflict/Social Withdrawal, Immature Dependency, and Total Problem subscales of the Behavior Problem Index. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated an association between the antisocial behavior of female youth and the later behavioral and emotional problems of the children of these women. Future research needs to determine the mechanisms underlying the intergenerational transmission of these types of problems so that effective preventive and therapeutic public health practices may be designed and implemented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Intergeneric crossing: P1 phage transduction of the malB region in crosses between E. coli and S. typhimurium].

In the intergeneric crossing of E. coli and S. typhimurium, no effective transduction of the malB gene was observed. The absence of effective transduction suggests the low homology of the malB chromosomal areas in E. coli and S. typhimurium. To carry out the transduction of the MalB gene together with the lexA gene from E. coli to S. typhimurium, a hybrid having no restriction of phage P1 and incorporating the malB area of E. coli should be previously created.

Coliphages↗
PubMed1994

[Use of a plasmid with integrative function of phage phiC31 for transfer of cloned genes into Streptomyces strains].

Opportunities for application of integrative vectors carrying the attP site and the int gene of the temperate actinophage phi C31 for cloning genes in Streptomyces strains were demonstrated. The behavior of the integrative vectors pZAT22 and pTO1 in the model strain S. lividans TK64 and in the bialaphos-producing strain S. hygroscopicus, respectively, was characterized. Restriction maps of the S. lividans and S. hygroscopicus chromosomal regions containing attB sites were constructed. The bar gene of resistance to bialaphos was incorporated into the chromosome of the model strain S. lividans via the integrative pZAT22 vector, the level of expression of this gene within the chromosome of a heterologous host was determined. The possibility of amplification of the bar gene in the chromosome of the strain S. lividans was shown. The conjugative integrative vector pTO1, which carried the cloned bar gene, was introduced into the bialaphos-producing strain by intergeneric matings of Escherichia coli and S. hygroscopicus. The effect of an additional copy of the gene in the chromosome of S. hygroscopicus on strain resistance and productivity was studied.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Aging in one's occupation: occupational and life's perspectives of elderly male and female employees].

The consequences of social change for the workforce are discussed. In our society of the future we will have to deal with an aging industry as a result of the increasing number of older employees. Furthermore, we expect changes in relation to mandatory retirement in establishing the "Rentenreform 1992" (Retirement age policy). The necessity of intergenerational exchange to avoid "ageism" is explained. The impact of technology on life-long learning and qualifications of older workers is pointed out. Finally, we describe the pluralism of life courses as a characteristic of social change in relation to gender-effects.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Do close parent-child relations reduce the mortality risk of older parents?

This analysis examines the association between affectional solidarity in older parent-child relationships, and the parents' length of survival over a 14-year interval. It is hypothesized that close intergenerational relations have the capacity to reduce pathogenic stress among elderly parents, thereby enhancing their ability to survive. Direct and buffering effects of affectional solidarity, as expressed by 439 elderly parents, are tested using data from the U.S.C. Longitudinal Study of Generations collected between 1971 and 1985. Buffering effects are examined in the context of social decline and social loss experienced by the older parent. Hazard regression models indicate that greater intergenerational affect increases survival time among parents who experienced a loss in their social network, particularly among those who were widowed less than five years. Neither a direct effect of affection nor a buffering effect in the presence of social decline were found. It is concluded that the mortal health risks associated with the stress of being widowed can be partially offset by affectionate relations with adult children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Early family relationships, intergenerational solidarity, and support provided to parents by their adult children.

This research investigated the effects of early family experiences on the quality of the adult child-parent relationship and on the extent of instrumental and emotional support provided elderly parents by their adult children. The analysis was based on adult children's reports regarding 1,135 aging parents. Panel data were used to reduce method effects attributable to transient mood states. Health of aging parent, geographical proximity of parents and children, and parent's living situation were controlled in the models. The findings indicated that the propensity of adult children to provide instrumental support (e.g., transportation and health care when parents were ill) and emotional support was indirectly affected by the influence of the early parent-child relationship on contemporary filial concern and relationship quality.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Transduction of chromosomal genes between enteric bacteria by bacteriophage P1.

We have used P1 transduction to create intergeneric hybrid strains of enteric bacteria by moving the genA and hut genes between Klebsiella aerogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The use of E. coli as the recipient in such transductions permits the construction of episomes and specialized transducing phage containing non-E. coli material. The effect of host restriction modification and deoxyribonucleic acid homology on the frequency of intergeneric transduction of these loci has been examined.

Chromosomes, Bacterial↗
PubMed1978

A multi-generation toxicity evaluation of P,P'-DDT and dieldrin with Japanese quail. II. Tissue residues analyses.

Selected tissues and egg yolks of Japanese Quail fed diets containing DDT or dieldrin in a four-generation (parental, F1, F2 and F3) study were analyzed for residues of parent compound and/or specific metabolites. Diets containing DDT (5 and 50 ppm) or dieldrin (0.1 and 1.0 ppm) were fed to each generation for 10 wks followed by a 12-wk recovery period in order to determine generation-accumulative effects, maximum residue levels and decline of residues during recovery. Tissue-residue storage and intergeneration transmission for DDT and dieldrin were generally similar and were related to dietary levels. Tissue residues in newly hatched birds were elevated initially for each generation subsequent to the parents, but any cumulative effects between generations were transitory, as residues after 5-to-10 wks were similar in each generation. Tissue residues in all groups showed a decline during the 12-wk recovery period. Decline during recovery was greater for females than males, probably attributable to egg production. Egg yolk residues for birds fed 5.0-ppm DDT declined to near control levels during the recovery period; at 50 ppm, residues declined but remained elevated above controls. For the quail fed dieldrin, residue levels were above those in controls; as with DDT the subsequent decline was more marked in the females.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Genetic and cultural inheritance of plasma fibrinogen concentration.

Genetic and cultural heritability of plasma fibrinogen concentration was estimated by path analysis with environmental indices in 85 families identified by means of probands with early myocardial infarction and in 85 families randomly selected from the general population. A substantial proportion of the variance of the plasma fibrinogen level, 51%, was accounted for by genetic heritability, whereas the cultural heritability was negligible. No intergenerational differences were indicated in genetic or cultural heritability. The combined effect of obesity and smoking was found to explain 3% of the variance of the plasma fibrinogen level. The demonstration of such substantial genetic control further supports the view that plasma fibrinogen is a primary risk factor for CHD rather than a reflection of the severity of manifest disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis adhesion to Streptococcus gordonii by human submandibular-sublingual saliva.

Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 adheres in vitro to biofilms of Streptococcus gordonii G9B. This phenomenon is believed to facilitate the initial colonization of the oral cavity by P. gingivalis and to contribute to the maturation of dental plaque. In this report, we describe the modulating effects of human submandibular-sublingual saliva (HSMSL) on this in vitro model of intergeneric bacterial adhesion (coaggregation). HSMSL inhibited P. gingivalis adhesion to S. gordonii by 50% at a concentration of 57 micrograms of protein per ml. Maximum inhibitory activity was associated with a 43-kDa protein obtained by sequential Sephadex G200 gel filtration and CM52 ion-exchange chromatography of HSMSL. Pools of other column fractions of HSMSL showed no effect or were slightly stimulatory for bacterial adhesion. The binding of radioiodinated column fractions containing the 43-kDa protein by P. gingivalis was accompanied by their rapid enzymatic degradation. Treating P. gingivalis at 60 degrees C for 30 min or with protease inhibitors (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and sodium iodoacetate) reduced adherence to streptococcal biofilms. These treatments did not prevent P. gingivalis from binding soluble HSMSL saliva components, although subsequent proteolysis was nearly eliminated. These observations indicate that surface-associated proteases of P. gingivalis, either independently or in concert with adjacent surface adhesins, interact with surfaces of oral streptococci to facilitate interbacterial adhesion. The adhesion-blocking properties of HSMSL, particularly the 43-kDa protein, may represent an important host defense mechanism in the oral cavity.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed1989

Alcoholism and family factors. A critical review.

This chapter provides a critical review of empirical research in the area of alcoholism and family psychosocial factors. The review describes the early conceptualizations of the alcoholic family system as a unitary phenomenon and summarizes a series of laboratory studies using simulation games that sought to identify salient characteristics of alcoholic family interaction. The chapter traces the evolution of family psychosocial research and highlights the current interest in the field in articulating alcoholic family typologies. The discussion focuses on two major bodies of research: (1) a collection of studies that form the basis for a theory of alcoholism and family development; and (2) an ongoing series of projects that address the relationship between different patterns of alcohol consumption and family interaction. Topics addressed in the research include the possible adaptive functions of alcohol in family systems, the relationship between phasic drinking patterns and family regulatory dimensions, and the effects of family response style on long-term family functioning and intergenerational transmission of alcoholism.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1978

The role of kin-structured migration in genetic microdifferentiation.

Most current models of human population structure view migration solely as a deterministic force reducing the variance in gene frequencies among the local colonies of a subdivided population. By an empirical example and through simulation experiments, it is shown that migration structured along kinship lines (by analogy to the lineal or 'kinship' effect) does not always reduce the variances of gene frequencies arising through intergenerational random genetic drift. Thus populations experiencing high rates of migration may not be genetically homogenous.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed1984

Parents with children in care--II. Intergenerational continuities.

Intergenerational continuities in parenting problems were studied through a retrospective comparison between families multiply admitted to residential care in one London borough and a comparison group from the same geographical area. The childhoods of the parents differed mostly in the frequency of severe family discord and harsh parenting. When both parents were considered intergenerational continuities looking backward were virtually complete. Possible linking mechanisms involving either effects on personality development or the transmission of social/material disadvantage are discussed.

Adolescent↗