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PubMed1981

Iron availability from infant food supplements.

Radioiron absorption tests are performed in human volunteer subjects to measure iron absorption from five infant food supplements. These products included corn-soya-milk, corn-soy blend, wheat-soy blend, wheat protein concentrate blend, and whey-soy drink mix. In iron replete adult males, mean percentage absorption ranged from 0.6 to 1.4%. By relating these results to absorption from a reference dose of inorganic iron, it was estimated that iron-deficient infants would absorb between 1.7 and 4.1% of the iron contained in the infant foods. These results indicate that this fortification iron is poorly absorbed, and probably supplies only about half of the daily iron requirement for iron deficient children between 6 months and 3 yr of age.

Absorption↗
PubMed1989

Iron absorption from infant foods.

To determine the bioavailability of iron from iron-fortified infant foods, we have determined erythrocyte incorporation of the stable isotope, 58Fe, after feeding the following foods extrinsically labeled with 58Fe: 1) rice cereal with apples and bananas ("cereal-fruit product"), 2) Mead Johnson Enriched Baby Food (MJEBF), a vitamin, mineral, and protein-enriched rice cereal, 3) vegetables and beef ("vegetable-beef product"), 4) grape-juice, and 5) MJEBF. Foods 1-4 were fortified with ferrous sulfate, and food 5 was fortified with ferrous fumarate. Blood was obtained at ages 140, 168, and 196 d of age, and the test meal was fed under standardized conditions at 154 d of age. Erythrocyte incorporation of the 58Fe label was determined from the increase in the mass isotope ratio, 58Fe/57Fe, from the baseline value (at 140 d of age) to the follow-up values. The mass isotope ratio was determined by inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Geometric mean total iron incorporation into erythrocytes from the test meal of MJEBF fortified with ferrous sulfate (food 2) was 0.05 mg, and from the vegetable-beef product test meal (food 3) was 0.08 mg. The low value for MJEBF is presumably explained by the low level of iron fortification. The low value for the vegetable-beef product may reflect the presence of inhibitors of iron absorption. Geometric mean erythrocyte incorporations of iron from the test meals with foods 1, 4 and 5 were 0.15, 0.14, and 0.18 mg, respectively. These erythrocyte incorporation values are 20 to 26% of the estimated 0.7 mg requirement for absorbed iron, and therefore seem nutritionally important.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed2001

Determination of free amino acids in infant food by capillary zone electrophoresis with mass spectrometric detection.

A method for the quantitative determination of free amino acids in infant food samples using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrospray-mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) detection is presented. According to the zwitterionic nature of the analytes, two different modes of separation as well as detection were tested; highly acidic carrier electrolytes combined with MS detection in the positive ion mode proved to be the optimum solution. Sensitivity as well as linearity of the method were sufficient to allow the analysis of all solutes of interest in a single run. In this way, free amino acids could be analyzed in a variety of infant food preparations without any sample pretreatment or derivatization step.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

Infant foods as a potential source of diarrhoeal illness in rural West Africa.

It is common practice in rural areas of The Gambia to prepare infant foods in quantities which are sufficient to meet the needs of the day rather than one meal. These are then stored at ambient temperatures for periods up to 12 hours for feeding to the child on demand. The total viable counts and levels of Bacillus cereus, Clostridium welchii, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were determined in 294 infant foods samples from nought to eight hours after preparation. The presence of Salmonella was determined in 10 g samples of food. In the first hour after preparation the proportion of foods dangerously contaminated was high during the rainsy season, significantly more so than during the dry season. Foods not consumed fresh were very often hazardous and almost always so after 8 hours. This problem may be a causal factor in weanling diarrhoea which also shows marked seasonal variation in prevalence.

Diarrhea, Infantile↗
PubMed2003

Multi-analyte optimisation of uncertainty in infant food analysis.

The Optimised Uncertainty (OU) methodology has been developed to optimise multi-analyte situations. It has then been applied to a retail survey of infant food for trace elements, classifying the food as compliant or non-compliant with the regulatory thresholds or specification limits that are appropriate for each element. The large-scale survey of infant foods was successfully adapted to allow the estimation of uncertainties, from both primary sampling and chemical analysis, for elemental concentrations in infant formula (milk) and wet meals. The analytes included in this investigation comprised both contaminants (Pb and Cd) and elements essential for child development (Zn and Cu). Optimisation of the measurement process for a 'single analyte' demonstrated the potential financial benefits of optimising future surveys for a false compliance scenario. Uncertainty estimates for the measurement of elemental concentrations in infant formula were dominated by uncertainty from the analytical method. Large potential savings (up to pounds 575,000 per batch) are predicted for both Pb and Zn by increasing the expenditure on chemical analysis to the optimal level. In comparison the uncertainty estimates for elemental concentration in wet meals showed a dominance of sampling as a source of uncertainty for Cd and Cu due to the increased heterogeneity. The feasibility of 'multi-analyte' optimisation is demonstrated for the case study of infant milk. Single analyte optimisation of the four analytes for a false compliance scenario indicated a decrease in expectations of financial loss of between 99% and 8%. An overall decrease in the total expectation of financial loss of 99% is indicated following multi-analyte optimisation.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2002

The nutritional quality of an infant food from quinoa and its effect on the plasma level of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in undernourished children.

An infant food product was manufactured by drum drying a pre-cooked slurry of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd) flour. The chemical composition shows that the product is a potential source of valuable nutrients, like protein (16%), vitamin E (19 mg/kg), thiamine (0.7 mg/100 g), iron (70 mg/kg), zinc (48 mg/kg) and magnesium (1.8 g/kg), all the values expressed on dry basis, to pre-school children (of 5 years of age). The animal feeding experiments with rats showed a net protein utilisation (NPU) of 68, digestibility (TD) 95 and biological value (BV) 71. The level of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the plasma of the children who consumed a supplementary portion of 2 x 100 g of the above infant food product showed an increase after a period of 15 days, while the plasma level of IGF-1 in the children of the control group as well as the reference group did not show any significant increase.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1998

Phytoestrogens in soy-based infant foods: concentrations, daily intake, and possible biological effects.

Exposure to estrogenic compounds may pose a developmental hazard to infants. Soy products, which contain the phytoestrogens, genistein and daidzein, are becoming increasingly popular as infant foods. To begin to evaluate the potential of the phytoestrogens in these products to affect infants, we measured total genistein and daidzein contents of commercially available soy-based infant formulas, infant cereals, dinners, and rusks. We also assayed phytoestrogens in dairy-based formulas and in breast milk from omnivorous or vegetarian mothers. In most cases, the glucoside forms of the phytoestrogens were hydrolyzed before separation by HPLC. Mean (+/-SEM) total genistein and daidzein contents in four soy infant formulas were 87+/-3 and 49+/-2 microg/g, respectively. The phytoestrogen content of cereals varied with brand, with genistein ranging from 3-287 microg/g and daidzein from 2-276 microg/g. By contrast, no phytoestrogens were detected in dairy-based infant formulas or in human breast milk, irrespective of the mother's diet (detection limit = 0.05 microg/ml). When fed according to the manufacturer's instruction, soy formulas provide the infant with a daily dose rate of total isoflavones (i.e., genistein + daidzein) of approximately 3 mg/kg body weight, which is maintained at a fairly constant level between 0-4 months of age. Supplementing the diet of 4-month-old infants with a single daily serving of cereal can increase their isoflavone intake by over 25%, depending on the brand chosen. This rate of isoflavone intake is much greater than that shown in adult humans to alter reproductive hormones. Since the available evidence suggests that infants can digest and absorb dietary phytoestrogens in active forms and since neonates are generally more susceptible than adults to perturbations of the sex steroid milieu, we suggest that it would be highly desirable to study the effects of soy isoflavones on steroid-dependent developmental processes in human babies.

Child Development↗
PubMed1983

Survey of infant foods for Clostridium botulinum spores.

A total of 236 samples of infant foods, including honey, dry cereal, nonfat dry milk, evaporated milk, canned formula, and canned baby food, were collected in the New York City area and tested for the presence of Clostridium botulinum spores. Methods for recovery of spores were validated using foods spiked with 4 spores/mL or g. None of the products contained C. botulinum spores, indicating that their incidence in these commercial foods is not widespread. This limited study did not identify any food types that could be suspected of being involved in the transmission of infant botulism.

Clostridium botulinum↗
PubMed1995

Estimation of fluoride intake in relation to F, Ca, Mg and P contents in infant foods.

The purposes of this present study were to determine F, Ca, Mg and P contents of infant foods available in Thailand and Japan in relationship to ionization of F from dietary sources and also to estimate the daily F intake of infants during the first six months of life. Samples of 31 and 24 foods from Thailand and Japan were analysed. Microdiffusion technique was used to separate F from food samples. The combination of an F electrode with an ion analyzer was used to determine F. Determination of Ca and Mg of ashed samples were carried out by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry and Chen, Toribara and Warner method was used in P analysis. F content found in infant formulas and supplemented foods were generally low, especially in infant foods in Thailand, while Ca, Mg and P contents were high in various food items tested. The estimation of daily F intake showed that foods cannot provide an infant with a daily F intake at the optimal level. The results of this study indicate that some food constituents play significant roles in daily F intake by influencing F absorption.

Calcium↗
PubMed1981

Microdiffusion and fluoride-specific electrode determination of fluoride in infant foods: collaborative study.

Twelve laboratories analyzed (1 replicate) 12 samples of infant foods--milk, pears, and peas--containing 0.2-5 ppm F. There was one laboratory outlier. Mean coefficients of variation were 7.06% for intralaboratory determination of 3 sets of blind duplicates and 21.6% for interlaboratory determination of 12 samples. Variance analysis for all samples yielded a reproducibility standard deviation of 0.41 ppm; for 3 sets of blind duplicates, repeatability standard deviation was 0.26 ppm and reproducibility standard deviation was 0.32 ppm.

Diffusion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the International Organization for Standardization-International Dairy Federation (ISO-IDF) draft standard method for detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant food formulas.

As a result of the growing recognition of Enterobacter sakazakii as an emergent pathogen, the International Dairy Federation (IDF) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) have standardized a reference method for the detection of E. sakazakii in milk powder products and powdered infant food formulas (IFF). The objectives of this study were to assess the applicability of the ISO-IDF draft standard, and to compare several chromogenic selective media for E. sakazakii [ready-to-use ESIATM, homemade E. sakazakii isolation agar, and Druggan-Forsythe-lversen (DFI) agar], and a selective media for Enterobacteriaceae Violet Red Bile Glucose (VRBG). We found that the method is sensitive, selective, and applicable to the analysis of powdered IFF, provided that some modifications are added. In particular, definition of typical colonies on chromogenic media should be less restrictive, and the possibility of using chromogenic media other than ESIA should be introduced. Any of the chromogenic media tested here could be used initially, since their performances were similar. In these media, alpha-glucosidase-positive but non-yellow-pigmented isolates should be also considered. Consequently, the yellow pigmentation test should be abandoned, or completed with another test in order to select colonies to confirm. Although the specificity of VRBG was relatively poor, it could be used as a second nonchromogenic medium.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2005

Adult-infant food transfer in common marmosets: an experimental study.

Infant marmosets and tamarins obtain solid food items from adults during and after the time of weaning. In addition to providing nutrients, food transfers may provide infants with the opportunity to learn about diet. The aim of this study was to investigate patterns of begging and food transfer in captive groups of common marmosets during tests with 1) palatable novel food, 2) unpalatable novel food, and 3) familiar food. Infants may gain an opportunity to learn about diet breadth by preferentially begging for novel rather than familiar items, while adults may facilitate infant learning by differing in their willingness to transfer food depending upon the food's novelty or palatability. In this study, infants exhibited more interest and begging with novel food items than with familiar ones. However, food transfers were not more likely to occur with novel foods than with familiar ones, and in fact adults were more likely to refuse infant begging attempts with novel foods. The palatability of the food also did not influence the rates of refusal and transfer: adults transferred palatable and unpalatable novel foods with similar frequencies. These results suggest that infant marmosets gain an opportunity to learn about diet breadth by begging for novel foods, but adults do not preferentially transfer novel or palatable food items.

Analysis of Variance↗