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PubMed1984

Phenobarbital prophylaxis for hyperbilirubinemia in preterm infants. A controlled study of bilirubin disappearance and infant behavior.

Phenobarbital (PB) has been used at several pediatric centers for prophylaxis against neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. However, few attempts have been made to evaluate this procedure quantitatively, and a variety of dose schedules has been proposed. Therefore, a randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed in which the effects on bilirubin disposition and on neonatal behavior was quantitated. Forty-three preterm infants were randomized into one of four dose groups and given 0, 4, 8, or 12 mg of PB per kg in a single dose within the first few hours after birth (mean 2.2 h). The total serum bilirubin disappearance rate was found to be significantly increased (p less than 0.01) only in the 12 mg/kg group. This effect was not evident until postnatal day 7. The 4 and 8 mg/kg groups were not significantly different from the control group at any time. Infant behavior was monitored by a non-invasive time-lapse filming technique. The time spent in quiet sleep was found to be proportional to the plasma PB concentration at one day of age (r = 0.61). The infants in the 12 mg group spent a larger proportion of time in quiet sleep than the other groups (p less than 0.05). The plasma half-lives, plasma clearances and volumes of distribution of PB were similar in the three dose groups. No correlation was found between the pharmacokinetics and the gestational age of the infant. It is concluded that in order to enhance the bilirubin disappearance rate, PB has to be administered in doses that will affect behavior.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed1980

Bayley's infant behavior record: behavioral components and twin analyses.

Factor analysis of 25 rating scales from Bayley's infant behavior record were performed for a sample of about 300-400 infant twins tested at 1 or more of the following ages: 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months. The analysis provided 5 major factors and 2 minor factors that were considerably consistent at all ages. As defined by the scales with the strongest loadings, the major factors were denoted as task orientation, affect-extraversion, activity, auditory-visual awareness, and motor coordination, and the minor factors were denoted as kinds of mouthing behaviors. Further analyses by twin pairs generally provided higher concordance for identical pairs than for same-sex fraternal pairs, and the differences in concordance became more evident with an increase in age. Among the factors, task orientation showed the most persistent differences between identical and fraternal pairs. Profile analyses for all factors extracted at each age indicated that the profiles within identical pairs were more similar than profiles within fraternal pairs. Overall, the findings delineate some of the dimensions of temperament observed during testing and suggest that there are genetic influences on several behavioral characteristics and the organization of those characteristics during infancy.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1986

Infant behavior and development in relation to fetal movement and habituation.

Fetal movement and habituation were examined in relation to behavior and development in early infancy. 39 fetuses were evaluated between 28 and 37 weeks gestation. A vibrating stimulus was repeatedly applied to the maternal abdomen until the fetus habituated (i.e., ceased moving in response). Fetal movements were observed on an ultrasound monitor by 2 observers who recorded their observations onto a strip chart. Using a median split, fetuses were placed into high- or low-movement groups and fast- or slow-habituating groups. The groups were compared after birth on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Preliminary evidence is presented that fetal rate of habituation predicts some aspects of infant behavior and development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Exogenous oxytocin attenuates suckling-induced prolactin release but not maternal or infant behavior in lactating rats.

The influence of exogenous oxytocin (OT) on maternal and infant behavior over 60 min of suckling, which followed 6 h of isolation, was investigated on Day 12 of lactation in rats. Mothers administered 1 IU of OT or saline through an indwelling atrial catheter and their litters indicated a similar nursing and suckling pattern, which was estimated by the crouching time of the mothers and the number of stretch reactions performed by the litters during a suckling period. To assess the alteration of the suckling intensity by OT administration, the plasma prolactin (PRL) level was determined by an Nb2 lymphoma cell bioassay. In the control group, the plasma PRL level increased and reached a peak at 45 min after the onset of suckling in 60% of the animals. The suckling-induced PRL release was completely inhibited and/or markedly delayed by OT administration. The difference in body weight of the litters before and after a suckling period was estimated as an index of the amount of milk suckled by the litters. There was no difference in the amount of milk between the control and OT-treated groups during a 60-min suckling period. However, it was significantly greater in the OT-treated group during the first 20 min of the suckling period. These results indicate that a dose of OT is a factor in the attenuation of the intensity of suckling done by the pups, whereas the nursing and suckling behavior is not influenced by OT administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Premature infant behavior: an ethological study in a special care nursery.

The Social and Sensory Environment Studies of very low birthweight infants have quantified the amount and quality of social interaction with staff and parents and described the sound environment in an incubator. The present study concerns preterm infant behavior and reactions to these stimuli with particular reference to approach and withdrawal and vocalization. Among the findings are that while intermittent vocalization increases, infant cry decreases over the first three weeks in the incubator. Approach activities take place with some consistency whereas withdrawal differs from child to child. The ethnographic focus on interactive components of the intensive care experience documents the process of intersubjective development for the purpose of locating and isolating points of vulnerability in language and cognitive skills of infants born at very low birthweight.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1992

Validity and reliability of the infant behavioral summarized evaluation (IBSE): a rating scale for the assessment of young children with autism and developmental disorders.

The Infant Behavioral Summarized Evaluation (IBSE) is a rating scale adapted from the Behavioral Summarized Evaluation (BSE) and specifically related to the assessment of behaviors of young children having autistic disorders. Content validity and reliability studies described in the paper were made from behavior ratings of videotapes for 89 children aged from 6 to 48 months. Results show a significant group of 19 items including some characteristic early autistic behaviors (communicative and social abnormalities) and some that are less commonly described in the syndrome (attentional, perceptive, and adaptive disorders). The value of the use of this scale for clinicians and professionals involved in behavioral evaluations and treatment of young children with developmental disorders and the necessity for further psychometric investigations are discussed.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1975

A comparison of live and videorecord viewing of infant behavior under sound stimulation. II. Six-week-old infants.

Ten clinically normal 6-week old infants were presented with a series of sound stimuli while their behavior was assessed live by 2 sound-masked observers and simultaneously videorecorded. Two weeks later the same observers assessed the behavior from the videorecords. In both situations, observers were permitted to see the babies for 10 sec at each trial. The first 5 sec was a prestimulus observation period, and the second 5 sec might have contained a sound stimulus. Between trials the observers were allowed 20 sec in which to note (1) prestimulus activity, (2) confidence in response, and (3) facial, digit, and limb movements, and "wholistic" impressions (e.g., "stilling"). The agreement between the live and video situations was fair for prestimulus activity, modest for confidence in response, and fair to good for movement items. The use of videorecorded material for 6-week old infants generally caused rather small losses of relevant information and apparently will not overly distort the findings of experimental or clinical work. This outcome was rather similar to that of our earlier study of neonates.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Infants' behavioral reenactment of "failed attempts": exploring the roles of emulation learning, stimulus enhancement, and understanding of intentions.

Two studies were conducted to examine whether infants' reenactment of intended but unconsummated acts in A. N. Meltzoff's (1995) failed-attempt paradigm is due to reading the adult's underlying intention or to the effects of nonimitative social learning processes. Two novel conditions that emphasized the object affordances and the spatial contiguity of the object sets were devised. When infants' first actions only were counted, infants who observed the full-demonstration model produced more target acts. When all target acts produced within the 20-s response period were counted, infants in the emulation-learning and spatial contiguity conditions produced as many target acts as infants in the full-demonstration and failed-attempt conditions. This pattern of findings suggests that nonimitative social learning processes may influence infants' response in the behavioral reenactment paradigm.

Attention↗
PubMed1987

Prenatal alcohol exposure and infant behavior: immediate effects and implications for later development.

Infants exposed to alcohol prenatally, even when they do not suffer from fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), may be at high risk for many of the negative outcomes typically found among children of alcoholics including hyperactivity and other behavioral and learning problems. A series of studies are described designed to investigate the incidence and persistence of central nervous system (CNS) related behavioral alterations in three groups of infants born to low SES black women: (1) those who never drank in pregnancy; (2) those who drank at an average of 12 ounces of absolute alcohol (AA) per week throughout pregnancy; and (3) those who drank an equivalent amount but stopped by the second trimester of pregnancy. Only healthy, full-term infants were examined for the physical dysmorphic features associated with FAS and for behavioral alterations that could be assessed using the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. One hundred and three neonates were examined at three days; those who had been exposed to alcohol were found to be less optimal in neurobehavioral responses. Infants whose mothers continued to drink were significantly lower on their orientation toward auditory and visual stimuli, motor performance, and autonomic regulation than the nonexposed infants. Although a second study found that some of these effects were related to neonatal withdrawal syndrome, a follow-up to 30 days of age in a subsample of the original group found that there were persistent behavioral alterations. Infants in the stopped-drinking group showed more recovery over the first month than did those in the continued-drinking group in reflexive behavior and autonomic control. A reassessment at six months of 60 of the infants who had been tested at three days indicated that differences in orientation, motor performance, reflexive behavior and autonomic control were predictive of mental and motor performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. This series of studies supports the contention that the negative effects on infant behavior of prenatal alcohol exposure are both immediate and persistent.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1995

Effectiveness of individualized developmental care for low-risk preterm infants: behavioral and electrophysiologic evidence.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the effectiveness of individualized developmental support in the special care nursery for low-risk preterm infants. SETTING: A university-affiliated teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Twelve healthy full-term infants, and 24 low-risk preterm infants randomly assigned to a control or an experimental group. DESIGN: The preterm control group received standard care and the preterm experimental group received individualized developmental care at the same special care nursery. OUTCOME MEASURES: Medical, behavioral (Assessment of Preterm Infants' Behavior and Prechtl's Neurological Examination of the Full-Term Newborn Infant), and electrophysiologic outcome (using quantitative electroencephalography with topographic mapping) of all three groups was assessed 2 weeks after the expected due date. RESULTS: No between- or among-group medical differences were seen for this low-risk, healthy sample. The preterm experimental group showed behavioral and electrophysiologic performances comparable to those of the full-term group, whereas the preterm control group performed significantly less well. Behavioral measures suggested significantly poorer attentional functioning for the preterm control group. Electrophysiologic results implicated the frontal lobe. CONCLUSIONS: Individualized developmental intervention supports neurobehavioral functioning as measured at 2 weeks post-term. It appears to prevent frontal lobe and attentional difficulties in the newborn period, the possible causes of behavioral and scholastic disabilities often seen in low-risk preterm infants at later ages.

Child Development↗
PubMed1986

The effects of maternal anemia on infant behavior.

Little is known about the adverse consequences of anemia during infancy or maternal anemia during pregnancy on the behavioral development of the infant. The present research investigates one aspect of these relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Breastfeeding patterns: comparing the effects on infant behavior and maternal satisfaction of using one or two breasts.

In the Western world advice given by breastfeeding consultants about the use of one or two breasts at each feed has resulted in apparently arbitrary changes over time. This study compared 1-month-old breastfed infants' reactions to single- and two-breast feeds in terms of restlessness, crying, sleeping, and frequency of feeds, wet diapers, and loose stools. Eighty mothers were randomly assigned at the maternity ward, 44 to the single-breast group and 36 to the two-breast group. At one-month follow-up no differences between the groups were seen regarding any infant behavior variables, or in terms of maternal satisfaction, confidence, and mood throughout the full 24-hour observation period or during a 6-hour period in the evening. Compliance with the assigned feeding method was better in the two-breast than in the one-breast group. This may partly be due to tradition, since the two-breast practice has been recommended by child health nurses in Sweden for over 50 years. It seems reasonable that a baby should be allowed to finish the first breast and, if still hungary, be offered the second breast. The baby's appetite is the deciding factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of infant behavior identified by neonatal nurses.

Nurses observe that the behavior of an occasional full-term healthy newborn is "unusual," "different," "funny," or "not like the others." This study was designed to determine whether infants identified by nurses as suspect behaved differently from those identified as normal. Suspect infants scored significantly lower on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale than their matched controls. No dysfunction was common across the entire suspect group. Although nurses accurately predicted suspect infant behavior, they did not identify the specific Brazelton dimensions on which infants demonstrated worrisome behavior. The results indicated that nurses are reliable sources of information about infant behavior and can be valuable aids in screening infants in need of further assessment. In addition, the data provided tentative insight into the methods nurses use to make clinical judgments. Finally, the results pointed to the possible limitations of the medical model of infant assessment and demonstrated that nurses' empirical knowledge is amenable to measurement and testing. Additional research is necessary to determine if and under what circumstances infants who behave suspiciously are at risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Intuitive parenting and infant behavior: concepts, implications, and empirical validation.

On the basis of the concept of intuitive parenting, the expectation was formulated that a mother's tendency to reflect on her parenting behavior would impede intuitive responses to infant signals. Also, a high quality of parental interactional behavior was expected to be related to fewer problems of the child (e.g., less crying, fewer reported difficulties, fewer health problems). An observational study with 62 mothers and their 3-month-old children confirmed the assumption that reflection about parenting during face-to-face interactions interferes with intuitive behavior. However, in contrast to initial expectations, a high quality of parenting was related, not to fewer, but rather to more health and behavioral problems of the child. Conceptual differentiations of the initial assumptions are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The relationship of obstetric ultrasound to parent and infant behavior.

There is inconsistency in the obstetric literature regarding the relationship between the mother's knowledge of fetal health gained by ultrasound and maternal psychological attachment to the fetus. To evaluate the relationship more precisely, this study assessed variables of physician-patient interaction, parental mental health in pregnancy and infancy, and 3-month infant and parent behavior. The results show that maternal mental health scores increased as a function of the stress associated with an "at risk" pregnancy necessitating ultrasound assessment. As the parent received more definitive information, scores on measures of anxiety, depression, and hostility decreased. There was no significant relationship, however, between definitive information gained through ultrasound and later parent and infant behavior in play interaction. Shifts in fetal and neonatal health status and the positive interaction between physician and parent suggest the need for further analysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Cocaine and infant behavior.

Prenatal and early postnatal cocaine exposure may have lasting effects on brain development. Whereas adverse behavioral outcomes in exposed infants are plausible, they have not yet been well defined, due to methodological limitations of published studies. Improved research and clinical programs are needed to serve drug-exposed infants and their families.

Animals↗