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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Prevalence of cicatricial trachoma in an indigenous population of Central Australia: the Central Australian Trachomatous Trichiasis Study (CATTS).

BACKGROUND: Trachoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, resulting from conjunctival scarring, upper lid entropion and trichiasis, leading to corneal scarring and opacification. This study was designed to investigate the current prevalence of cicatricial trachoma in an indigenous population within Central Australia and help determine whether trachoma remains a public health issue. METHODS: Participants aged 40 and over were recruited from patients attending one of 16 remote ophthalmology clinics held at indigenous communities in Central Australia within the Northern Territory. Once informed consent had been obtained, each patient underwent examination for evidence of trachomatous scarring, trachomatous trichiasis and corneal opacities. Results were collated and compared with previous prevalence surveys. RESULTS: Among the sample (n = 181), there were 97 patients (54%; 95% CI 46.7-61.3) with trachomatous scarring, 15 patients (8%; 95% CI 2.8-13.2) with trichiasis and 5 patients (3%; 95% CI 0.5-5.5) with corneal opacities. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that, although the prevalence of the cicatricial and blinding consequences of trachoma may be decreasing in patients aged 40 years or greater, when compared with the current prevalence in other areas of Australia, trachoma still remains a public health issue in Central Australia.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Skin lesions in resettled and indigenous populations in Gambela, with special emphasis on the epidemiology of tropical ulcer.

An epidemiological survey of skin lesions was conducted in 1990 in Gambela Resettlement Scheme, Gambela, Ethiopia, as part of health status assessment of the resettlers. From seven resettlers and 3 indigenous villages, a sample population of 921 were selected by two stage random sampling. The overall prevalence rate of skin lesions was 11.5% in the resettlers and 16.0% in the indigenous population. The most prevalent type of skin lesion was ulcer in the lower limbs, with an overall prevalence rate of 6.3% and 7.4% in the resettled and indigenous population, respectively. The ulcers predominantly affected males and the age group 6 to 14 years. In this study, specific aetiology of the ulcer is not established but its clinical and epidemiological features were most compatible with those of tropical ulcer. Previous reports on leg ulcer, from resettlement schemes in Gambela and Welega, and observations made in refugee camps in Gambela, are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Polymorphism of noncoding regions of the mitochondrial genome in the indigenous population of Southeastern Tuva Republic].

Deletion-insertion polymorphism of the V region and restriction polymorphism of D-loop for seven restriction enzymes--AspS9I (Cfr3I isoschizomere), BamHI, Bme18I (AvaII), EcoRV, HaeIII, KpnI, and Kzo9I (Sau3AI)--in mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) were studied in the indigenous population of southeastern Tuva Republic. The results were compared with the data on Russians, Mongols, Buryats, and Altaians. Tuvinians significantly differed from Mongols in the frequency of the 9-bp deletion of the V region (1.89 and 8.07%, respectively). Additionally, significant differences between Tuvinians and samples of Mongols and Russians were obtained for frequencies of the AspS9I, HaeIII, and KpnI restriction sites. A comparison of the polymorphism of mitochondrial genome in individuals of different sexes and ages was performed in the studied sample.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Screening for diabetes in Indigenous populations using glycated haemoglobin: sensitivity, specificity, post-test likelihood and risk of disease.

AIMS: Screening for diabetes using glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) offers potential advantages over fasting glucose or oral glucose tolerance testing. Current recommendations advise against the use of HbA1c for screening but test properties may vary systematically across populations, according to the diabetes prevalence and risk. We aimed to: (i) characterize the properties of test cut-offs of HbA1c for diagnosis of diabetes relative to a diagnosis based on a fasting plasma glucose concentration of 7.0 mmol/l for high-risk Indigenous populations; and (ii) examine test properties across a range of diabetes prevalence from 5 to 30%. METHODS: Data were collected from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Australia and a Canadian First Nations community (diabetes prevalence 12-22%) in the course of diabetes diagnostic and risk factor screening programmes (n = 431). Screening test properties were analyzed for the range of HbA1c observed (3-12.9%). RESULTS: In separate and pooled analyses, a HbA1c cut point of 7.0% proved the optimal limit for classifying diabetes, with summary analysis results of sensitivity = 73 (56-86)%, specificity = 98 (96-99)%, overall agreement (Youden's index) = 0.71, and positive predictive value (for an overall prevalence of 18%) = 88%. For diabetes prevalence from 5 to 30% the post-test likelihood of having diabetes given HbA1c = 7.0% (positive predictive value) ranged from 62.7 to 93.2%; for HbA1c < 7.0%, the post-test likelihood of having diabetes ranged from 4.5 to 27.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The results converge with research on the likelihood of diabetes complications in supporting a HbA1c cut-off of 7.0% in screening for diabetes in epidemiological research. Glycated haemoglobin has potential utility in screening for diabetes in high-risk populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cyclospora cayetanensis among expatriate and indigenous populations of West Java, Indonesia.

From January 1995 through July 1998, we investigated the occurrence of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection associated with gastrointestinal illness or diarrhea in foreign residents and natives of West Java, Indonesia. We found that C. cayetanensis was the main protozoal cause of gastrointestinal illness and diarrhea in adult foreign residents during the wet season. The parasite rarely caused illness in the indigenous population or in children.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Pulmonary tuberculosis in the indigenous population in the Republic of Tyva: clinical and social aspects].

The Republic of Tyva is a most poor tuberculosis region in the Russian Federation. The main epidemiological indices of this disease are 2.5-3 times greater than the average indices in Russia. A clinicoepidemiological analysis was conducted in the Tuvinians suffering from tuberculosis. Overall, the clinical picture of the nosological entities of pulmonary tuberculosis among the indigenous population corresponds to the present views of the pathomorphism of the disease. Essential epidemiological factors, such as the duration of the disease, the method of its detection, and comorbidity, are responsible for the development of the clinical signs of tuberculosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Asthma in the Australian Indigenous population: a review of the evidence.

INTRODUCTION: In 2001 national health survey data, Indigenous Australians reported asthma as the second most commonly experienced health condition. This systematic review was undertaken to determine the current evidence concerning asthma in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. METHODS: The review was conducted according to Australian National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines. Relevant databases and Internet sites were searched with selection criteria inclusive of all study designs, outcome measures and interventions that investigated asthma in Australian Indigenous participants. Studies of Level 4 evidence were graded using the READER critical appraisal tool, in the absence of an instrument validated and specifically designed for the Indigenous Australian context. RESULTS: A total of 10 descriptive studies published in scientific journals were found, which were largely cross-sectional prevalence studies with rural and remote populations and retrospective reviews of hospitalisation data. There are no published scientific papers on the prevalence of asthma in Indigenous individuals dwelling in metropolitan areas. Other papers included a review, an editorial, and a number of abstracts and letters. Three national health surveys published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics were included. Inconsistency of results regarding the prevalence of asthma was common among studies. Asthma prevalence in rural children has been described as low as 0.5% and as high as 39.4%, and in rural adults in one study as 3.3%. In remote communities, asthma prevalence has been described as 15.8% for children, and for adults between 7% and 26%. National health survey data in the last 10 years has described overall prevalence of asthma in the Indigenous population in the range 15.3%-19%. Hospitalisation data for children with asthma in the Northern Territory showed that rural Indigenous children were admitted significantly less than urban non-Indigenous children, while a Western Australian study found that admissions for asthma were 3.1 times higher in Indigenous than non-Indigenous children, and rates were higher in non-metropolitan compared with metropolitan areas. A single descriptive study of an asthma management strategy utilised with good attendance rates on a remote Torres Strait Island has been published. It is unclear whether the divergence in research findings reflects a difference in prevalence of asthma across demographic regions and among different states and territories, or results from the lack of standardisation of epidemiological research methods used. CONCLUSIONS: Previous research efforts concerning asthma in the Australian Indigenous population are insufficient, although there has been an increasing number of studies published during the past decade. All studies undertaken reside at a low level on the hierarchy of evidence scale. There remains no consensus of scientific opinion around the prevalence and aetiology of asthma in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander individuals. Particularly lacking are quality studies on asthma management interventions. Extensive consultation with Indigenous communities is indicated in order to determine priorities for asthma research. Following this, well-funded studies of a high methodological quality and culturally appropriate design investigating asthma in the Indigenous population should be undertaken.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Modeling symbiotic performance of introduced rhizobia in the field by use of indices of indigenous population size and nitrogen status of the soil.

The ability to predict the symbiotic performance of rhizobia introduced into different environments would allow for a more judicious use of rhizobial inoculants. Data from eight standardized field inoculation trials were used to develop models that could be used to predict the success of rhizobial inoculation in diverse environments based on indices of the size of indigenous rhizobial populations and the availability of mineral N. Inoculation trials were conducted at five diverse sites on the island of Maui, Hawaii, with two to four legumes from among nine species, yielding 29 legume-site observations. The sizes of indigenous rhizobial populations were determined at planting. Soil N mineralization potential, total soil N, N accumulation and seed yield of nonnodulating soybean, and N derived from N(2) fixation in inoculated soybean served as indices of available soil N. Uninoculated, inoculated, and fertilizer N treatments evaluated the impact of indigenous rhizobial populations and soil N availability on inoculation response and crop yield potential. The ability of several mathematical models to describe the inverse relationship between numbers of indigenous rhizobia and legume inoculation responses was evaluated. Power, exponential, and hyperbolic functions yielded similar results; however, the hyperbolic equation provided the best fit of observed to estimated inoculation responses (r = 0.59). The fact that 59% of the observed variation in inoculation responses could be accounted for by the relationship of inoculation responses to numbers of indigenous rhizobia illustrates the profound influence that the size of soil rhizobial populations has on the successful use of rhizobial inoculants. In the absence of indigenous rhizobia, the inoculation response was directly proportional to the availability of mineral N. Therefore, the hyperbolic response function was subsequently combined with several indices of soil N availability to generate models for predicting legume inoculation response. Among the models developed, those using either soil N mineralization potential or N derived from N(2) fixation in soybean to express the availability of mineral N were most useful in predicting the success of legume inoculation. Correlation coefficients between observed and estimated inoculation responses were r = 0.83 for the model incorporating soil N mineralization potential and r = 0.96 for the model incorporating N derived from N(2) fixation. Several equations collectively termed "soil N deficit factors" were also found to be useful in estimating inoculation responses. In general, models using postharvest indices of soil N were better estimators of observed inoculation responses than were those using laboratory measures of soil N availability. However, the latter, while providing less precise estimates, are more versatile because all input variables can be obtained through soil analysis prior to planting. These models should provide researchers, as well as regional planners, with a more precise predictive capability to determine the inoculation requirements of legumes grown in diverse environments.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Three-dimensional technology for linear morphological studies: a re-examination of cranial variation in four southern African indigenous populations.

In order to compare linear dimensions made by traditional anthropometric techniques, and those obtained from three-dimensional coordinates, samples of four indigenous southern African populations were analysed. Linear measurements were obtained using mathematically transformed, three-dimensional landmark data on 207 male crania of Cape Nguni, Natal Nguni, Sotho and Shangaan. Univariate comparisons for accuracy of the transformed linear data were made with those in a traditional linear study by de Villiers (The Skull of the South African Negro: A Biometrical and Morphological Study. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg) on similar samples and equivalent landmarks. Comparisons were not made with her Penrose (Ann Eugenics 18 (1954) 337) analysis as an apparently anomalous 'shape'-'size' statistic was found. The univariate comparisons demonstrated that accurate linear measurements could be derived from three-dimensional data, showing that it is possible to simultaneously obtain data for three-dimensional geometric 'shape' and linear interlandmark analyses. Using Penrose and canonical variates analyses of the transformed three-dimensional interlandmark measurements, similar population distances were found for the four indigenous southern African populations. The inter-population distance relationships took the form of three separated pairs of distances, with the within-pair distances very similar in size. The cranial features of the four populations were found to be overall very similar morphometrically. However the populations were each shown by CVA to have population specific features, and using discriminant analyses 50% or more of the individual crania (with the exception of the Sotho) could be referred to their correct populations.

Africa, Southern↗
PubMed2006

Kidney transplant outcomes in the indigenous population in the Northern Territory of Australia.

BACKGROUND: Indigenous Australians develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD) at a significantly higher rate than nonindigenous Australians. Renal transplantation is the preferred treatment modality; however, they are underrepresented in the transplanted population. In addition, despite the morbidity and mortality gains demonstrated in other patient groups, it is unclear whether such an advantage is replicated for indigenous Australians. We have sought to identify some of the factors that lead to poorer outcomes within this group of recipients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort of renal transplant recipients (indigenous and nonindigenous) from the Northern Territory of Australia. RESULTS: Indigenous patients waited longer on dialysis, were more sensitized at the time of transplantation, and the number of human leukocyte antigen mismatches was greater. Overall renal allograft survival is poorer among indigenous Australians (HR 4.13, 2.0-8.5, P<0.0001) with the majority of grafts lost due to recipient death. The most common cause of death was septicemia. Graft loss due to any cause has not been influenced by the absence of full-time specialist staff at major treatment centers. Infection rates are greatly increased in indigenous patients (RR 4.1, 95% CI 3.5-4.7, P<0.0001), in addition to the incidence of rejection (RR 2.5 95% CI 1.8-3.5, P<0.001) and hospitalization (RR 3.9, 95% CI 3.2-4.9, P<0.0001). There is increased steroid exposure among indigenous recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Indigenous recipients of cadaveric kidney transplants have worse outcomes than nonindigenous recipients, mostly due to increased mortality and morbidity from infective causes.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Pharmacogenomic diversity in Amazonian Indigenous populations: implications for Berlin-Frankfurt-M&#xfc;nster acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to characterize pharmacogenomic variation in genes involved in the metabolism and transport of drugs used in Berlin-Frankfurt-M&#xfc;nster-based therapy in Amazonian Indigenous individuals and to compare allele frequencies with major continental populations. METHODS/PATIENTS: Whole-exome sequencing data previously generated from 64 healthy Indigenous individuals from 12 Amazonian ethnic groups were analyzed. A total of 120 genes associated with drugs used in Berlin-Frankfurt-M&#xfc;nster protocols were selected. Variants were annotated and filtered using bioinformatic quality-control criteria, and allele frequencies were compared with African, Admixed American, East Asian, European, and South Asian populations from the 1000 Genomes Project. Multidimensional scaling was used to assess population-level genetic similarity. RESULTS: After quality control, 648 variants were identified. Twenty-eight variants were observed exclusively in the Indigenous study population, including four nonsynonymous coding variants with moderate predicted impact. Significant allele-frequency differences were observed for ADA rs11555566, CBR3 rs881711, and CYP2B6 rs3745274; rs881711 and rs3745274 differed from all five reference populations. Multidimensional scaling showed a distinct Indigenous pharmacogenomic profile, with greater similarity to the Admixed American population. CONCLUSIONS: Amazonian Indigenous populations exhibit substantial pharmacogenomic diversity in genes relevant to Berlin-Frankfurt-M&#xfc;nster-based therapy. These findings identify candidate variants for functional and clinical validation and reinforce the importance of including underrepresented populations in pharmacogenomic research.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia↗
PubMed2000

Heterogeneity of Taiwan's indigenous population: possible relation to prehistoric Mongoloid dispersals.

Taiwan's 9 indigenous tribes (Tsou, Bunun, Paiwan, Rukai, Atayal, Saisiat, Ami, Puyuma, Yami) are highly homogeneous within each tribe, but diversified among the different tribes due to long-term isolation, most probably since Taiwan became an island about 12,000 years ago. Homogeneity of each tribe is evidenced by many HLA-A,B,C alleles having the world's highest ever reported frequencies, e.g. A24 (86.3%), A26 (18.8%), Cw10 (36.8%), Cw7 (66%), Cw8 (32.1%), B13 (27.9%), B62 (37.4%), B75 (18%), B39 (53.5%), B60 (33.3%), and B48 (24%). Also, all of these tribes have HLA class I haplotype frequencies greater than 10%, with A24-Cw7-B39 in Saisiat (44.5%) being the highest, suggesting Taiwan's indigenous tribes are probably the most homogeneous ( the "purest") population in the world. A24-Cw8-B48, A24-Cw10-B60 and A24-Cw9-B61 found common to many Taiwan indigenous tribes, have also been observed in Maori, Papua New Guinea Highlanders, Orochons, Mongolians, Inuit, Japanese, Man, Buryat, Yakut, Tlingit, Tibetans and Thais. These findings suggest Taiwan's indigenous groups are more or less genetically related to both northern and southern Asians. Principal component analysis and the phylogenetic tree (using the neighbor-joining method) showed close relationship between the indigenous groups and Oceanians. This relationship supports the hypothesis that Taiwan was probably on the route of prehistoric Mongoloid dispersals that most likely took place along the coastal lowland of the Asian continent (which is under the sea today). Cultural anthropology also suggests a relationship between Taiwan's indigenous tribes and southern Asians and to a lesser extent, northern Asians. However, the indigenous groups show little genetic relationship to current southern and northern Han Chinese.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Relationships among total lipid, lipid classes, and polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in two indigenous populations of ribbed mussels (Geukensia demissa) over an annual cycle.

Two indigenous ribbed mussel (Geukensia demissa) populations were sampled approximately every four weeks during 1997 to investigate the relationships among concentrations of total lipid, lipid classes, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). One population was located in a highly contaminated area near a Superfund site (New Bedford Harbor, MA, USA), while the other population was located at a relatively clean site (West Island, Fairhaven, MA, USA). Mussel tissue total PCB concentrations (quantified as the sum of 18 congeners) from the contaminated site were two orders of magnitude greater than those at the clean site. Total lipid and triacylglycerol (TG) also were higher at the contaminated site. No significant relationship (p > 0.05) was observed between total PCBs and total lipid at either location; however, the correlations at both sites increased when total PCBs were compared with total TG or, to a lesser extent, total nonpolar lipid. Principal component analysis and linear discriminatory analysis indicated that the two mussel populations could be distinguished by the proportions of their lipid classes, particularly the concentration of nonpolar lipids, which consisted mainly of TG. These results suggest that the standard method of normalizing organism PCB concentrations to total lipid may not be appropriate as a routine practice, especially when the organism has a relatively low total lipid content (<6% dry wt in this study).

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Gene flow and variation in stature and craniofacial dimensions among indigenous populations of southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras.

Populations with histories of outbreeding tend to be taller even in the face of seemingly unchanged health and nutritional circumstances, while inbreeding generally results in a negative correlation between body dimensions and level of inbreeding. Populations that have experienced a positive secular trend in stature and maturation typically have histories of higher outbreeding rates in combination with improved nutritional, health, and economic conditions, suggesting a genetic-environment interaction. In general, Middle American Indians have not experienced a secular trend in stature, nor a substantial increase in their standard of living, but they have experienced varying degrees of admixture with Spanish and African populations since the Spanish Conquest. The relationship between estimated gene flow and variation in several anthropometric dimensions is thus considered in indigenous Mesoamerican populations. Available data on height, sitting height, craniofacial dimensions, and admixture rate of Indian populations from southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras were assembled from the literature. The population mean data on 3,371 adults from 23 populations for males and 18 for females were analyzed by regression with anthropometry as the dependent variable, and log10 of admixture as the independent variable. Admixture was less than or equal to 28.9% in this study and is suggestive of a primarily traditional Indian cultural and economic base. The results suggest that populations with higher admixture tend to be taller, and that the increase in stature is due to greater subischial length in both sexes. A decrease in nasion-menton height, and an increase in nasal breadth, nasal height, and the nasal index is suggested for the dimensions of the craniofacial complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2004

Trends in neural tube defects in Western Australia in Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations.

Neural tube defects (NTD) were 43% more common in Indigenous than in non-Indigenous infants in Western Australia in the 1980s, and there has been a fall in NTD overall in Western Australia since promotion of folate and voluntary fortification of food has occurred. In order to investigate whether the fall had occurred in both indigenous and non-Indigenous infants, data on NTD (births and terminations) were obtained from the WA Birth Defects Registry, and on all births from the Maternal and Child Health Research Data Base. Knowledge of folate was asked in a survey of indigenous women interviewed postpartum. Before the promotion of folate (1980-92), there has been a 42% increase in NTD in Indigenous compared with non-Indigenous infants (prevalence ratio (PR)=1.42 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04, 1.94]); while in the most recent period (1996-2000), the prevalence in Indigenous infants was almost twice that of non-Indigenous infants (PR 1.98 [CI 1.25, 3.15]). Fifty-five per cent of Indigenous women knew about folate in pregnancy. Similar to sudden infant death syndrome, this study has highlighted health promotion that has been successful in reducing the risk of a childhood condition overall, but has failed to be effective for Indigenous children.

Adolescent↗