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PubMed1992

Condom use in anal intercourse amongst people who identify as homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual.

AIMS: to study condom use amongst those who practice anal intercourse. METHODS: a sample of 814 clients attending anonymously for pretest counselling for HIV infection at the Burnett Clinic, Auckland, gave detailed information about their sexual behaviour. RESULTS: insertive or receptive anal intercourse was reported in 39% of clients. This included 89% among homosexual men, 78% among bisexual men, 17% among heterosexual men and 21% among heterosexual women. In those practising anal intercourse concomitant condom use was reported by 71% of homosexual men, 53% of bisexual men, 16% of heterosexual men and 7% of heterosexual women. Those most likely to use condoms were homosexual men, prostitutes, those with multiple partners and those with an HIV infected partner. Those least likely to use condoms were heterosexual men or women. CONCLUSIONS: whilst substantial changes in sexual practices appear to have been made in the homosexual community, heterosexuals practising anal intercourse have made few such changes. More explicit AIDS education may be necessary which acknowledges that anal intercourse is practised by heterosexuals and advises condom use accordingly.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed1979

Ego development and sex attitudes in heterosexual and homosexual men and women.

A comparison was made of heterosexual and homosexual men and women utilizing Loevinger's concept of ego development and focusing on the relationships among ego levels and attitudes toward homosexuality and on personal sex guilt and other sociosexual variables. Previous comparative studies were critically analyzed with respect to the adequacy of definition and description of sampling procedures, and the appropriateness of research question. A pilot study reported here concerns the development of a measure of "attitudes toward homosexuality." The major study utilized 200 subjects who completed an anonymous and lengthy questionnaire. This sample was relatively young, well-educated, white, and Protestant. Self-ratings on the two Kinsey-type scales clearly differentiated the self-identified primarily heterosexual and homosexual groups. In this study there were no significant differences in ego levels between the heterosexual and the homosexual groups, suggesting that ego development and sexual orientation development are independent phenomena. Among both homosexual and heterosexual subjects there were low but significant correlations between higher levels of ego development and more positive attitudes toward homosexuality. More negative attitudes toward homosexuality were correlated with higher levels of personal sex guilt for heterosexual and homosexual men and for heterosexual women. Our measure of sex guilt proved to be related to ego level only for heterosexual males, although the measure of this construct requires additional research and refinement. Other correlates of these variables are also reported.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Heterosexually acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection and the United States blood supply: considerations for screening of potential blood donors. HIV Blood Donor Study Group.

The impact of heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on the United States blood supply was assessed, and deferral criteria that may exclude potential donors who are at high risk for heterosexually acquired HIV infection were evaluated. Interviews were conducted with 508 HIV-seropositive blood donors from May 1, 1988, to August 31, 1989 (Phase 1), and with 472 donors from January 1, 1990, to May 31, 1991 (Phase 2), at 20 blood centers. From Phase 1 to Phase 2, the overall HIV prevalence decreased from 0.021 to 0.018 percent (p < 0.001). HIV risk factors among HIV-1-seropositive donors were similar during both study phases. Eleven percent of the men and 56 percent of the women reported as their only risk that they had a heterosexual partner who was at increased risk for HIV or was known to have HIV. These percentages were similar during both study periods. During Phase 2, 13 percent of the men and 17 percent of the women with heterosexual transmission risk had a positive serologic test for syphilis, hepatitis B core antibody, or hepatitis C antibody. Among HIV-1-seropositive donors reporting heterosexual risk, the median numbers of previous-year and lifetime sex partners for men were 2 and 30, respectively; for women, those numbers were 1 and 7, respectively. Thirty-one percent of the men and 6 percent of the women reporting heterosexual transmission risk also reported having had syphilis or gonorrhea within 3 years of donation. It is concluded that the impact of heterosexual transmission of HIV infection on transfusion safety is not worsening at this time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Banks↗
PubMed2000

Use of preventive health behaviors by lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women: questionnaire survey.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether lesbians and bisexual women are less likely than heterosexual women to use preventive health measures. DESIGN: Written, anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. SETTING: 33 physicians' offices and community clinics mainly in urban areas of 13 states. PARTICIPANTS: 524 lesbians, 143 bisexual women, and 637 heterosexual women. RESULTS: Bisexual women were less likely than heterosexual women to have had appropriate cholesterol screening (odds ratio 0.29, 95% confidence interval 0.11 to 0.73) or appropriate mammography (0.33, 0.13 to 0.84). Human immunodeficiency virus testing was more common in lesbians (2.38, 1. 51 to 3.74) and bisexual women (1.99, 1.17 to 3.38) than in heterosexual women. Illicit drug use was higher in lesbians (2.04, 1. 14 to 3.70) and bisexual women (1.96, 1.07 to 3.57) than in heterosexual women. Lesbians were more likely than heterosexual women to practice safer sex (2.60, 1.23 to 5.49) and less likely to have ever been infected with human papillomavirus (0.48, 0.25 to 0. 89). CONCLUSION: There were important differences in the preventive health measures taken by lesbians and bisexual women and those taken by heterosexual women. All patients should receive standard health tests, such as cholesterol screening and mammography, regardless of their sexual orientation. Lesbians and bisexual women who report illicit drug use should receive counseling, as appropriate.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Evidence for a change in behaviour among heterosexuals in Amsterdam under the influence of AIDS.

In determining the effectiveness of AIDS preventive measures among heterosexuals, trends in visits to two clinics for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in Amsterdam between 1982 and 1989 are described. Also, data on sexual behaviour are presented that were collected in a sample of 635 heterosexual women and 947 heterosexual men at one of the clinics between September 1986 and December 1988. In 1987, when in The Netherlands for the first time extensive publicity was given to the risk of heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus, the numbers of male and female heterosexual attenders started to decline. Exceptions to this general decline were men of Turkish nationality and foreign prostitutes, each group showing a continuing increase. At the same time, the numbers of customers reported by prostitutes in the sample declined markedly between 1986 and 1988, from a median of 35 to 15 per month (p = 0.001). Condom use with casual contacts generally increased in the sample period. We conclude that the publicity given to "heterosexual AIDS"--contributed to by the national AIDS prevention campaign--apparently led to a considerable decrease in the number of risky contacts of heterosexuals in Amsterdam in 1987 and 1988. This does not seem to apply to men with Turkish nationality. In 1989 a change appeared in several subgroups when the number of visitors started to rise. Also, the probability of an STD diagnosis increased in male attenders. This may indicate a change in the tendency towards safer sexual behaviour.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

HIV prevalence among clients attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Amsterdam: the potential risk for heterosexual transmission.

INTRODUCTION: Patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in general have engaged in at risk sexual behaviour. Therefore they are at increased risk of acquiring HIV through sexual contact. OBJECTIVE: To determine the HIV prevalence among patients attending a STD clinic in Amsterdam. METHODS: An anonymous cross sectional study was conducted in two 5-week periods in Spring and Autumn 1991. RESULTS: Of the 2362 patients attending the clinic during the study period, 2292 (97%) consented to participate; of these, 2138 (93%) were interviewed and anonymously tested, while 154 (7%) consented to be interviewed but refused HIV antibody testing. The HIV prevalence was 4.2% (90/2138); 93% of seropositive participants reported homosexual contacts and/or intravenous use of drugs (IVDU). HIV prevalence among heterosexual non-IVDU men was 0.5% and among non-IVDU women 0.1%. Among all heterosexually active participants, including IVDU and bisexual men, the HIV prevalence was 1.5%. The 28 of 90 HIV infected participants that were heterosexually active reported together approximately 135 heterosexual partners in the six months preceding the study; 13 of these 28 heterosexually active participants had a STD diagnosed at their present clinic visit, while four (30%) of them already knew they were HIV infected. CONCLUSIONS: From these data we conclude that there is a substantial risk of further transmission of HIV through heterosexual contact. In order to try to reduce this potential for further sexual transmission of HIV, services offered by the STD clinic should not only include voluntary confidential counselling and HIV testing, but also notification of partners of HIV infected clinic-attendants. Finally, we conclude that anonymous HIV prevalence studies that link HIV test results to risk behaviour for HIV infection can be performed with a high rate of participation. Repeating such prevalence studies in time can help in monitoring the HIV incidence in the heterosexually active population.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The Freudian construction of sexuality: the gay foundations of heterosexuality and straight homophobia.

In developing his theory of male sexual preference, Freud asserted that heterosexual as well as homosexual preferences required explanation, that neither could be assumed to be innate. His theory of the oedipal complex, however, held that the heterosexual outcome was the "normal" resolution, while the homosexual outcome represented arrested sexual development. In the normal resolution the boy identifies as a male with the father, gives up the mother as a love object, and later substitutes another woman of his choice for the mother. The author of the following article, following the theorizing of Laplanche, claims that there is an unavoidable homosexual component or residue in the heterosexual resolution which is implicit in Freudian theory. In the resolution of the complex the boy has the choice of both parents as love objects or as persons with whom to identify. In the heterosexual resolution the boy identifies with the father as a rival for the mother's affection. But love and identification are not entirely discrete processes. The identification with the father involves love for the father. The heterosexual resolution of the oedipal conflict is bought at the price of the homosexual resolution which, however, is not completely surrendered. The homophobia of heterosexual males, the author asserts, is the result of the remnants of homosexuality in the heterosexual resolution of the oedipal conflict.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Sexual outlets among homosexually oriented medical students as compare to heterosexuals.

Sexual outlet of the homosexuals was rarely studied, any information obtained could give more understanding about their sexual development. This study aimed at exploring some sexual outlets among homosexually oriented medical students at Ramathibodi Hospital compared with the heterosexuals. Ninety per cent of male students and 85.71 per cent of female students voluntarily answered the questionnaires during the academic year 1982-1988. No difference was observed in the proportion of homosexuals and heterosexuals of both sexes. Most of the homosexuals were bisexual with predominant heterosexual feelings. Homosexual males performed similar sexual activities as heterosexuals. However, more homosexual males engaged in homosexual contact than heterosexual males while the proportion of engagement in heterosexual intercourse did not differ between these two groups. Among the females, solitary sexual activity occurred in the same proportion between both groups. These findings indicated the similarity in sexual development among the homosexuals and the heterosexuals of each sex but there was a certain difference in learning experience.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Heterosexual and mother-to-child transmission of AIDS in the hemophilia community.

Growing awareness of the potential modes of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has encouraged interest in the epidemiology of infection among sexual partners and children of HIV-infected persons. The authors reviewed data on two groups, the first being those with HIV infection acquired heterosexually from a person whose hemophilia, or other chronic bleeding disorder, was treated with blood products. The second group was children with HIV infection acquired from a mother (vertical transmission) who either had been treated for a chronic bleeding disorder or had been the heterosexual partner of a person being treated. Surveillance data were examined for cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, diagnosed before January 1, 1992, and for whom the only identified risk factor was being either the heterosexual partner or the child of a parent with a chronic bleeding disorder. Of the cases examined, 107 were in persons who were heterosexual partners of persons with chronic bleeding disorders. Of the 107, 98 (92 percent) were women and 87 (81 percent) were white; all were 17 years of age or older. In addition to the 107, there were 14 children, 10 (71 percent) of whom were diagnosed with AIDS in the first year of life. The rate of increase in such cases has not been as great in recent years as that observed early in the primary epidemic of AIDS among persons with hemophilia and other chronic bleeding disorders. These data underscore the risk of HIV transmission among heterosexually active couples, if one partner is seropositive, and the risk of transmission to offspring. Estimates of the prevalence of HIV infection among heterosexual women partners of HIV-infected men with hemophilia are comparable to estimates for women who had heterosexual contact with spouses infected with HIV from transfusions with cellular products. However, better data for estimates of persons at risk are needed to obtain more accurate comparisons.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in heterosexuals, homosexuals, and bisexuals.

Click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (CEOAEs) were previously shown to be significantly less strong in homosexual and bisexual females than in heterosexual females. Here it is reported that the spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) of those same 60 homosexual and bisexual females were less numerous and weaker than those in 57 heterosexual females. That is, the SOAEs of the homosexual and bisexual females were intermediate to those of heterosexual females and heterosexual males. The SOAE and CEOAE data both suggest that the cochleas of homosexual and bisexual females have been partially masculinized, possibly as part of some prenatal processes that also masculinized whatever brain structures are responsible for sexual orientation. For males of all sexual orientation, the SOAEs were less numerous and weaker than for the females, and there were no significant differences among the 56 heterosexual, 51 homosexual, and 11 bisexual males. All subjects passed a hearing screening test. When all SOAEs above 3000 Hz were excluded (as a control against incipient, undetected hearing loss) the same results were obtained as with the full range of data (550-9000 Hz). The differential use of oral contraceptives by the heterosexual and nonheterosexual females also could not explain the differences in their OAEs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health behaviors, health status, and access to and use of health care: a population-based study of lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women.

BACKGROUND: There is a dearth of validated information about lesbian and bisexual women's health. To better understand some of these issues, we used population-based data to assess variations in health behaviors, health status, and access to and use of health care based on sexual orientation. METHODS: Our study population was drawn from a population-based sample of women, the 1997 Los Angeles County Health Survey. Participants reported their sexual orientation and these analyses included 4697 women: 4610 heterosexual women, 51 lesbians, and 36 bisexual women. We calculated adjusted relative risks to assess the effect of sexual orientation on important health issues. RESULTS: Lesbians and bisexual women were more likely than heterosexual women to use tobacco products and to report any alcohol consumption, but only lesbians were significantly more likely than heterosexual women to drink heavily. Lesbians and bisexual women were less likely than heterosexual women to have health insurance, more likely to have been uninsured for health care during the preceding year, and more likely to have had difficulty obtaining needed medical care. During the preceding 2 years, lesbians, but not bisexual women, were less likely than heterosexual women to have had a Papanicolaou test and a clinical breast examination. CONCLUSIONS: In this first population-based study of lesbian and bisexual women's health, we found that lesbians and bisexual women were more likely than heterosexual women to have poor health behaviors and worse access to health care. These findings support our hypothesis that sexual orientation has an independent effect on health behaviors and receipt of care, and indicate the need for the increased systematic study of the relationship between sexual orientation and various aspects of health and health care. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:1043-1051

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Sexual assault and alcohol abuse: a comparison of lesbians and heterosexual women.

PURPOSE: To compare and contrast lesbians' and heterosexual women's experiences of sexual assault and to investigate relationships between sexual assault and alcohol abuse. METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted with 63 lesbians and a demographically matched comparison group of 57 heterosexual women. Lesbians' and heterosexual women's experiences of sexual assault, drinking levels, and alcohol-abuse indicators were compared using descriptive statistics. LISREL analysis was used to test the effects of sexual assault on a latent measure of alcohol abuse. RESULTS: Lesbians reported more childhood sexual experiences, were more likely to meet the study definition for childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and were more likely to perceive themselves as having been sexually abused as children. CSA was associated with lifetime alcohol abuse in both lesbian and heterosexual women. However, adult sexual assault (ASA) was associated with alcohol abuse only in heterosexual women. IMPLICATIONS: Sexual assault is a common experience among both lesbians and heterosexual women. Findings emphasize the importance of asking about sexual assault in health histories, and assessing clients for substance abuse and other sequelae of sexual assault.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

HIV-1 strains specific for Dutch injecting drug users in heterosexually infected individuals in The Netherlands.

OBJECTIVE: To study the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 subtype B amongst heterosexually infected individuals in The Netherlands. DESIGN: The study population comprised 54 individuals infected by subtype B viruses through heterosexual contacts. Serum samples were collected between 1988 and 1996. METHODS: Sequences of the gp120 V3 region were obtained from serum samples and analysed by using the signature pattern and phylogenetic methods. RESULTS: In 22 (41%) out of 54 subtype B sequences from heterosexually infected individuals, the synonymous nucleotide substitution in the second glycine codon at the tip of the V3 loop (the GGC pattern), previously identified as specific for Dutch injecting drug users (IDU), was found. The other previously described IDU sequence patterns were observed significantly more often among GGC- than among non-GGC-containing sequences. In addition, we identified another amino-acid change specific for the GGC sequences. In the phylogenetic and principal coordinate analyses, the GGC sequences from heterosexually infected individuals clustered separately from the non-GGC sequences and together with the IDU consensus sequence. Both the nonsynonymous and particularly the synonymous distances amongst the GGC sequences were significantly lower than amongst the non-GGC sequences. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide evidence for a common origin of the viruses in Dutch IDU and the GGC viruses in heterosexuals. We suggest that a considerable proportion of the viruses in heterosexually infected individuals in The Netherlands may have originated from Dutch IDU.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Identification of a high-risk heterosexual population for HIV prevention trials in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Projeto Praço Onze Study Group.

The study of interventions to prevent HIV transmission requires access to populations with a high rate of HIV transmission. We estimated HIV incidence among heterosexual males and females who were seen at an HIV testing site in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Stored sera from individuals who visited the site between March and December 1998 were analyzed using the sensitive/less sensitive (S/LS) assay and a chart abstraction was performed. During the study period, 6353 serum samples were tested. Of those tested, 1203 were found to be HIV-seropositive or indeterminate, of which 1050 (87%) remained available for further testing. In addition, 84 serum samples, representing 63 adults, were found to produce results suggesting early HIV infection. Of these, 14 were heterosexual and female (median age, 38 years), and 19 were heterosexual and male (median age, 25 years). The estimated HIV seroincidence was 1.9 (95% confidence limits (CL), 0.9%-3.9%) and 2.8 (95% CL, 1.4%-5.3%) per 100 person-years among heterosexual women and men, respectively. A survey on willingness to participate in future placebo-controlled HIV vaccine trials in this population indicated that 54.5% and 53.9% of heterosexual women and men, respectively, indicated that they would definitely be willing to participate. We have identified a heterosexual population in Rio de Janeiro with a high rate of HIV transmission willing to participate in placebo-controlled vaccine trials. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the newly described S/LS assay, which allows one to estimate HIV incidence from single serum specimens.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

HIV risk behaviors among African American men in Los Angeles County who self-identify as heterosexual.

There are limited data on high-risk behaviors among heterosexual African American men with HIV infection. Risk behaviors were examined in a case-control study of HIV-infected (n = 90) and uninfected (n = 272) African American men who self-identified as heterosexual. Of men who self-identified as heterosexual, 31% (n = 28) of the infected men and 16% (n = 43) of the uninfected men reported having had anal sex with men. Among the heterosexual men reporting anal sex with men, 100% of the infected and 67% of the uninfected men reported inconsistent condom use during anal sex with men. Few of the infected (12%) and uninfected (2%) men reported oral sex with other men. Of the men who self-identified as heterosexual, 46% of those who were HIV-positive and 37% of those who were HIV-negative reported anal sex with women with infrequent condom use. An increasing risk for HIV was associated with decreasing age at first sexual experience (chi2, 9.3; p = .002). A history of injecting drugs (odds ratio [OR], 3.1; 95% confidence intervals [CIs], 1.8, 5.4) and amphetamine (OR, 4.3; 95% CIs, 1.1, 16.7) and methamphetamine (OR, 2.9; 95% CIs, 1.4, 6.3) use were associated with HIV. Innovative HIV prevention strategies are needed that move beyond the traditional gay versus straight model to effectively access hard-to-reach African American men who self-identify as heterosexual.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Voluntary confidential HIV testing of STD patients in Switzerland, 1990-5: HIV test refusers cause different biases on HIV prevalences in heterosexuals and homo/bisexuals. Swiss Network of Dermatovenereology Policlinics.

OBJECTIVES: To monitor the prevalence of HIV infection among heterosexual and male homo/bisexual STD patients and assess the effect of HIV test refusers on the HIV prevalences. METHODS: A voluntary confidential HIV test was offered to all people diagnosed with an STD at the Swiss Network of Dermatovenerology Policlinics (SNDP) between July 1990 and June 1995. Anonymous sociodemographic and behavioural information was collected for each patient regardless of whether s/he accepted or refused the HIV test. RESULTS: The prevalence of HIV was 1.6% among heterosexuals and 22.4% homo/bisexual men and remained stable between July 1990 and June 1995. Refusal rates were 17.5% among heterosexuals and 16.0% among homo/bisexual men and did not change significantly over time. To assess the potential effect of HIV test refusers on the monitored HIV prevalences, we analysed test refusers by multivariate logistic regression. Among heterosexuals, refusal rates were significantly higher among patients with relatively low risk behaviours (patients reporting 0-1 sexual partners in the previous 6 months) while among homo/bisexual men they were significantly higher in those with high risk behaviours (patients reporting 10 or more sexual partners in the previous 6 months). CONCLUSIONS: We found high and stable HIV prevalences among patients treated for an STD at the SNDP. It appears that HIV test refusers biased HIV prevalences among heterosexuals and homo/bisexual men in different directions: in heterosexuals HIV prevalences were overestimated and in homo/bisexuals they were underestimated. A regular analysis of the characteristics of HIV test refusers should be an integral part of surveillance systems which use voluntary confidential HIV testing.

Bias↗
PubMed2004

Heterosexual men and women with HIV test positive at a later stage of infection than homo- or bisexual men.

The current strategy of offering HIV testing to individuals with known risk has had no impact on the reduction in the number of patients diagnosed with immune suppression of infection. A prospective observational study to compare the baseline CD4+ T-cell counts in HIV-infected homosexual/bisexual men, intravenous drug users, heterosexual men and women diagnosed in GUM/RIDU and that of patients diagnosed during routine maternal screening for HIV between December 1999 and January 2003 was carried out at the Departments of Genitourinary Medicine (GUM), Regional Infectious Disease Unit (RIDU) and Obstetrics in Edinburgh. Late presentation was defined as positive HIV test with baseline CD4+ T-cell count of less than 200 cells/mL. During the study period, 189 patients tested in GUM/RIDU setting and 13 screened women were diagnosed with HIV infection. Thirty-four percent of the former and 38% of the latter group had CD4+ T-cell count of less than 200 cells/mL by the time of diagnosis. Heterosexual individuals contributed to 78% of HIV tests in the GUM/RIDU setting. Amongst the 78 HIV-infected heterosexual individuals diagnosed in GUM/RIDU 45% were late presenters. Significantly fewer homosexual men were late presenters. There was no difference between the proportion of late presenters amongst women screened at the antenatal (5/13) compared to heterosexual patients diagnosed in GUM/RIDU (35/78). A significant number of HIV infected heterosexual patients are late presenters in the HIV testing at GUM/RIDU. HIV screening programmes for heterosexual individuals in any medical encounter may reduce the number of late presenters.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2001

Heterosexual identity and heterosexism: recognizing privilege to reduce prejudice.

We propose that heterosexuals' attitudes toward their own heterosexual identity evolve in a manner similar to the development of racial identity attitudes among Whites-another dominant group with privileged social status. A more developed heterosexual identity, we hypothesized, would be associated with diminished levels of negative attitudes toward non-heterosexuals. To test our hypotheses, we administered to 154 heterosexual students Herek's (1988) Attitudes Toward Gays and Lesbians scale measuring heterosexist (i.e., anti-gay) attitudes and a version of Helms and Carter's (1990) White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (WRIAS) modified to assess heterosexual identity attitudes. Hierarchical regression analyses controlling demographic indicators partially confirmed the hypothesized associations between evolving identity stages and less heterosexist attitudes. The role of recognizing one's social privilege is proposed (though not empirically examined) as a potential mediator between developing a dominant group identity and decreasing prejudicial attitudes towards non-privileged groups. Finally, implications and recommendations for future research and addressing heterosexism are presented.

Gender Identity↗