What behaviors help nurses deliver quality critical care?
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Critical Care↗
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A staged-based approach to helping people change health behaviors.
Helping people change health-related behavior is a challenging part of CNS responsibilities. Behavior change is a cyclic phenomena where people progress through the typical stages of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and, if not successful in changing behavior, relapse. Several interventions are available to assist people with health behavior change, in addition to the typical education that CNSs provide. Appropriate nursing interventions for each change stage that assist people to change health behaviors successfully are described in this article.
Health Behavior↗
Assessing adolescents' prosocial behavior: the Family Helping Inventory.
This study examined the structure and psychometric properties of a self-report measure of adolescents' helping behavior within the family--the Family Helping Inventory (FHI)--and of its two scales, the Sibling Helping Scale (SHS) and the Parent Helping Scale (PHS). The FHI was administered to 202 adolescents along with several existing measures of prosocial tendencies and with a measure of Machiavellianism. Factor analyses yielded four internally consistent subscales for the SHS and five for the PHS, all of which were conceptually related to inventories reflecting family support among adults. Both convergent and discriminant validity were demonstrated as well.
Adolescent↗
A behavioral comparison of the helping styles of nursing students, psychotherapists, crisis interveners, and untrained individuals.
Helping styles of nursing students were compared with those of subjects in a prior study (17 psychotherapists, 12 crisis interveners, and 15 untrained people). Subjects were 30 junior-year college students in the second part of a two-course sequence in interpersonal relations. The subjects were videotaped in a 3-minute interaction with a simulated client. An experienced psychotherapist who was trained in the use of the Helping Skills Verbal Response System instrument rated each student. The helping behaviors of nursing students were found to resemble those of trained mental health practitioners; their behavior was significantly different from those of untrained individuals, who were highly verbose, directive, and used minimal reflection of affect or content.
Adult↗
An educational test of health behavior models in relation to emergency helping.
This study used a true experimental design to evaluate the quality and occurrence of emergency helping behavior among university first-aid students in response to a supplemental educational unit designed to improve bystander helping. The educational unit addressed the inhibitors of emergency helping behavior within the framework of bystander behavior models and was delivered using several behavior modification strategies. Using chi-square analysis, it was found that the 43 treatment students exposed to the supplemental unit responded appropriately to a simulated emergency more often than 41 similar control students not exposed to the unit (32.6% vs. 7.3%, p = .004) and that the effect was confined primarily to women (p = .001). Future emergency care education incorporating similar theory-based educational strategies might improve trained bystander responsiveness and thus enhance the efficiency of prehospital care. Theoretical and future research implications are discussed.
Curriculum↗
Help-seeking behaviors of people with sexual problems.
Help-seeking activities associated with the sexual problems of community respondents (N = 503) were studied. Major findings include (i) a majority of respondents reported some form of social help-seeking from predominantly informal rather than professional helpers; (ii) a significant increase over early adulthood in the likelihood of reporting a dyadic sexual problem was evidenced, however there was no parallel change in help-seeking behaviors with age; (iii) help-seeking from intimates was associated with obtaining help from other informal contacts; (iv) help-seeking from extrafamilial, but not familial, supports was found to covary with income, and (v) a "normative" sequence to help-seeking behaviors was identified. Also discussed is the present work's relevance to research on human immunodeficiency virus transmission.
Adult↗
Apportioning illness management authority: how diabetic individuals evaluate and respond to spousal help.
This study explores spousal helping behavior related to diabetes management as seen from the perspective of the person with diabetes. Individuals with diabetes described spousal behaviors considered helpful in one context that were considered intrusive or unhelpful in other situations. When the helpful and unhelpful situations were compared, two factors emerged that were fundamental influences in subjects' acceptance or rejection of help and the manner in which it was accepted or refused. These factors were perceived need for help and subjects' perception of spousal motivation for action. Combinations of these factors gave rise to four distinct response patterns: grudging acceptance of help, grateful acceptance of help, respectful rejection of help, and punitive rejection of help. The impact of these response patterns on diabetes management is discussed.
Adult↗
Perceptions of the most helpful nursing behaviors in a home-care hospice setting: caregivers and nurses.
The purpose of this study was to determine those nursing behaviors perceived as most helpful and least helpful by primary caregivers and by hospice nurses in a home-care hospice setting. A Q-sort of 60 nursing behaviors ranked from most to least helpful was completed by 20 caregivers, during the bereavement period and by five hospice nurses, who were currently employed by the hospice. These nursing behaviors were categorized as: Nursing behaviors related to the patient's physical needs; nursing behaviors related to the patient's psychosocial needs; and nursing behaviors related to the psychosocial needs of the caregivers.
Adult↗
Help-seeking behavior and attitude of Chinese Americans regarding psychological problems.
Investigated the help-seeking behavior and attitude regarding psychological problems as mediated by mental health status, acculturation level, and sociodemographic characteristics in a community sample of Chinese Americans. Of the 128 respondents, 17 (13.3%) had consulted professional help for a nervous or emotional problem. Compared to the others, they reported significantly poorer mental health status (i.e., had more physical symptoms, had once come close to experiencing a "nervous breakdown," and had a relative who had been in treatment), and were more likely to be American-born. For those who had not previously sought help, attitude toward help seeking was examined. A positive attitude was mediated by superior English ability, being younger, married, and from a lower SES background. The findings suggested help-seeking behavior is primarily mediated by presence of need, whereas attitude reflected a general propensity. Acculturation was an important predictor of both behavior and attitude, with the less acculturated most in need of education about the utility of mental health service.
Acculturation↗
[An analysis of decision-making process in help-seeking behavior].
The purpose of this study was to analyze decision-making process in help-seeking behavior with the information monitoring method. Four simulated situations were prepared in which help became necessary. Eight categories of further situational information were explained, and 67 subjects were asked to indicate which categories of information they would like to see before actually seeking others' help in each of the four situations. The number and categories of information requested, together with their order, were recorded. Also, questions were asked concerning the difficulty, hesitation, and confidence they had felt during the task, and ratings were made regarding how adequate the eight information categories and how real the four situations were. Results suggested that (1) only two steps were taken before a help-seeking decision was made in every situation, and (2) it was made in a fairly fixed pattern in term of the help's possible cost and probable attributions of why it became necessary.
Adult↗
Black unwed adolescent fathers: a comparative study of their problems and help-seeking behavior.
THIS RESEARCH EXAMINES THE KINDS OF PROBLEMS THESE YOUNG FATHERS ARE LIKELY TO SEEK HELP FOR AND ADDRESSES ITSELF TO THE QUESTION: Is there a difference in the help-seeking behavior of unwed adolescent fathers who reside in different cities? Despite the complexity and diversity of their difficulties, it was clear from the analyses that the young fathers were likely to have emotional as well as concrete needs. Additionally, it was found that the unmarried adolescent fathers in this research were more similar than they were different in their help-seeking behavior.
Adolescent↗
Parental facilitation of children's preparatory play behavior in a stressful situation.
Parental behavior has often been cited as a crucial factor in children's ability to cope with stress. However, there has been little study of ways parents help their children adjust to stressful life events. In the present study, 34 parents and children (ages 4-9) were observed preparing for a stressful life event (elective surgery). Parents were asked to prepare their children for the upcoming stress and were given stress-related hospital equipment to use with their child. Specific hypotheses were selected to study the relationships of five parent helping behaviors to children's active preparatory play with stress-relevant materials. Children's preparatory play alone and with an examiner were also observed to test for effects of children on their parents' helping behavior. As expected, parent helping behaviors were significantly related to children's active preparatory play. With the exception of highly directive behavior, however, the relationship of parent helping behavior to child play was dependent on the child's age. This study suggests the importance of further investigating parental involvement in studying the process of children's coping with stress.
Age Factors↗
Formal help-seeking behavior of adolescents identifying themselves as having mental health problems.
OBJECTIVE: In response to evidence of poorly met mental health needs, a study of formal help-seeking behavior of adolescents was conducted. METHOD: Responses (n = 17,193) to a school-based survey were examined. Overall, 24.9% identified themselves as having a serious problem. Students who felt they "needed professional help" were contrasted to those who did not. Among students who felt they needed help, those who did not seek it were contrasted to those who did. RESULTS: Deciding professional help was needed was most strongly associated with history of abuse, physical health, suicidal ideation, and gender. Obtaining help was associated with suicidal ideation, informal help-seeking behavior, the interaction between race and socioeconomic status, parental marital status, and having a checkup within the previous year. CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes that different factors influence adolescents' identifying a need and actually obtaining help.
Adolescent↗
Behavioral manifestations of social support: a microanalytic investigation.
This study was designed to examine the specific interpersonal behaviors that convey support from one person to another. Subjects were 41 undergraduate students who completed a general measure of perceived social support and, subsequently, kept daily records of their social interactions and stressful experiences for 14 days. In addition, they completed a brief depressive mood measure (DACL; Lubin, 1981) each day. Results showed that behaviors reflecting emotional support and informational support occurred as a specific response to stressful life events. Although esteem support was expressed with equal frequency in the presence and absence of stress, it was especially effective in preventing depressive reactions to stressful events. Subjects who perceived themselves as having high levels of perceived social support were more frequently the recipients of helping behaviors following stressful events than those low in perceived support. Perceived social support was only predictive of helping behaviors on days on which at least one stressful event occurred. The total number of helping behaviors received following stressful events was a significant negative predictor of level of depressive mood, although one helping behavior was associated with higher levels of depression. Results are interpreted within the framework of the buffering model of social support.
Depression↗
The relationship between social support, help-seeking behavior, and psychological distress in psychiatric clients.
A descriptive exploratory design was used to examine the relationship between the level of social support, the level of psychological distress, and the extent of help-seeking behavior in a nonprobability sample of 53 hospitalized adult psychiatric patients. The subjects completed the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, and a researcher-designed Help-Seeking Behavior Questionnaire. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficients and t test were used to analyze the data. No significant correlation was found between the level of psychological distress and either the level of social support or the extent of help seeking. Social support and help seeking were highly correlated. These results have an implication for nursing practice pertaining to the focus of patient treatment both during hospitalization and in postdischarge planning.
Adolescent↗
Help-seeking behavior among foreign-born and native-born Mexican Americans.
For many aspects of help-seeking behavior, generalizations about ethnic minorities obscure important intraethnic variations. This paper examines the distinction between foreign-born and native-born Mexican Americans and its impact on correlated traits which are significant in the help-seeking process: socioeconomic status, level of acculturation, intensity of religious affiliation, the presence of an extensive social support system, and familiarity with public agencies. Two case studies are presented to illustrate differences in the search for help for emotional problems. Intraethnic diversity is demonstrated with regard to attitude toward and availability of potential sources of help, selection of helping agents in times of emotional need, frequency of consultation, and the relationship between ethnicity and mental health.
Adult↗
Help-seeking behavior of adults with health problems in Saudi Arabia.
A questionnaire was designed to find out the help-seeking behavior of the adult population in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Five hundred sixty-six responders suffered a disturbance of health during the 4 weeks preceding the study. The majority (77%) of these "sick responders," typically married and educated subjects, sought help of medically trained practitioners, mainly from primary health centers. One hundred twenty-one (21.4%) cases had specialist treatment, 79% of which were by self-referral. Ninety-six (17%) cases consulted local healers. A high proportion of the "sick responders" were unaware of their diagnoses after consulting their physicians (29.4%), local healers (33%), or pharmacists (43%). There is still a need to increase health education about correct use of the referral system.
Adult↗
The origin of helping: the role of variability in reproductive potential.
We investigate the relationship between variation in reproductive potential among members of a family and genetic relatedness to determine which combinations favor natural selection for helping behavior. Conditions favoring helping are derived for the helper, the recipient, and the parents of these individuals. Our analysis reveals that a factor of general significance in the evolution of social organisms is variability in reproductive potential among offspring of a parent. To a limited extent this factor has already been appreciated because of its implicit role in "facultative altruism" and "parental manipulation", or suppression of offspring or sibs; however, the unifying role of variance per se and the ways by which it may act have not been widely appreciated. We show that suppression as a source of intra-brood variance is less powerful in the evolution of sociality than other, natural, sources of variance. The facts of natural history appear to be more consistent with a model utilizing natural variance than with a variance-enhancement model for most vertebrates. We present models for discrete and for overlapping generations. Fecundity of young potential helpers relative to adults is an important source of variance for the origin of helping.
Animals↗