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PubMed2001

Use of GC-olfactometry to identify the hop aromatic compounds in beer.

This paper describes a sensorial aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) approach to the analysis of beer aromas derived from hops. To obtain an extract with an odor representative of the original product, the XAD extraction procedure was applied and the experimental conditions were optimized. The aromagrams of three beers were compared: one brewed without hops, one brewed with Saaz hop pellets, and one brewed with Challenger hop pellets. One spicy/hoppy compound, unmodified from hop to beer, proved responsible for the most intense odor in both hopped beer extracts. Another flavoring compound in hops, linalool, also survives through the process to the final beer. Other compounds such as gamma-nonalactone and humuladienone, although not found in our extracts of hop, significantly modify beer aromagrams after hopping. Sulfur compounds characteristic of Challenger hops proved to be at least partially responsible for the unpleasant flavor found in the corresponding beer.

Beer↗

PubMed2002

The assembly and intermolecular properties of the hsp70-Hop-hsp90 molecular chaperone complex.

The highly coordinated interactions of several molecular chaperones, including hsp70 and hsp90, are required for the folding and conformational regulation of a variety of proteins in eukaryotic cells, such as steroid hormone receptors and many other signal transduction regulators. The protein called Hop serves as an adaptor protein for hsp70 and hsp90 and is thought to optimize their functional cooperation. Here we characterize the assembly of the hsp70-Hop-hsp90 complex and reveal interactions that cause conformational changes between the proteins in the complex. We found that hsp40 plays an integral role in the assembly by enhancing the binding of hsp70 to the Hop complex. This is accomplished by stimulating the conversion of hsp70-ATP to hsp70-ADP, the hsp70 conformation favored for Hop binding. The hsp70-Hop-hsp90 complex is highly dynamic, as has been observed previously for hsp90 in its interaction with client proteins. Nonetheless, hsp90 binds with high affinity to Hop (K(d) = 90 nm), and this binding is not affected by hsp70. hsp70 binds with lower affinity to Hop (K(d) = 1.3 microm) on its own, but this affinity is increased (K(d) = 250 nm) in the presence of hsp90. hsp90 also reduces the number of hsp70 binding sites on the Hop dimer from two sites in the absence of hsp90 to one site in its presence. Hop can inhibit the ATP binding and p23 binding activity of hsp90, yet this can be reversed if hsp70 is present in the complex. Taken together, our results suggest that the assembly of hsp70-Hop-hsp90 complexes is selective and influences the conformational state of each protein.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2004

Multiple domains of the co-chaperone Hop are important for Hsp70 binding.

The Hop/Sti1 co-chaperone binds to both Hsp70 and Hsp90. Biochemical and co-crystallographic studies have suggested that the EEVD-containing C terminus of Hsp70 or Hsp90 binds specifically to one of the Hop tetratricopeptide repeat domains, TPR1 or TPR2a, respectively. Mutational analyses of Hsp70 and Hop were undertaken to better characterize interactions between the C terminus of Hsp70 and Hop domains. Surprisingly, truncation of EEVD plus as many as 34 additional amino acids from the Hsp70 C terminus did not reduce the ability of Hsp70 mutants to co-immunoprecipitate with Hop, although further truncation eliminated Hop binding. Hop point mutations targeting a carboxylate clamp position in TPR1 disrupted Hsp70 binding, as was expected; however, similar point mutations in TPR2a or TPR2b also inhibited Hsp70 binding in some settings. Using a yeast-based in vivo assay for Hop function, wild type Hop and TPR2b mutants could fully complement deletion of Sti1p; TPR1 and TPR2a point mutants could partially restore activity. Conformations of Hop and Hop mutants were probed by limited proteolysis. The TPR1 mutant digested in a similar manner to wild type; however, TPR2a and TPR2b mutants each displayed greater resistance to chymotryptic digestion. All point mutants retained an ability to dimerize, and none appeared to be grossly misfolded. These results raise questions about current models for Hop/Hsp70 interaction.

Amino Acid Motifs↗

PubMed2000

Dynamic stability after ACL injury: who can hop?

Single-leg hops are used clinically to assess knee function in patients following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture and reconstruction. Researchers study ACL-deficient individuals in order to identify movement strategies in the absence of a major knee stabilizer, thereby providing information to clinicians regarding treatment options. Single-leg hops represent an activity which places higher demands on the knee than walking or jogging. Hops are thought by some to represent demands that are more comparable to those found during high level sports. Therefore hopping might provide more information about knee stability during dynamic activities than less strenuous activities. This paper reflects one component of a larger study involving comparisons of joint motions and muscle activity patterns in uninjured individuals (n=10) and two groups of athletes who had complete ACL ruptures; one group had substantial knee instability (noncopers, n=10), and the other had no signs of knee instability (copers, n=11). In this paper we report the findings from the single-leg hop activity. The results indicate that coper subjects move in a manner nearly identical to uninjured persons. Kinetic data suggest that copers stabilize their knees with greater contributions from the ankle extensor muscles. Muscle activity data demonstrate that there is no reduction in quadriceps femoris activity in the coper subjects. In the group of ten subjects with knee instability (noncopers) who participated in the overall study involving walking, jogging, hopping, and a step activity only four were willing to hop. Work in our laboratory has established that when high level athletes rupture their ACL, the majority of them cannot return to high level sports. The small number of noncopers in this study who were willing to hop supports our previous findings. Those noncopers who did hop displayed reduced knee range of motion and external knee flexion moments, a movement strategy remarkably similar to that found during other activities. Neither the copers nor the noncopers showed evidence that quadriceps activation was diminished.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Evidence of Hop Japanese pollinosis in Korea: IgE sensitization and identification of allergenic components.

BACKGROUND: Hop Japanese (Hop J) pollens are abundant in the air of Korea during the autumn season. Their significance as a source of allergic sensitization is still unclear. OBJECTIVES: We sought to detect the sensitization rate to Hop J pollen as an inhalant allergen and to identify its allergenic components. METHOD: We carried out skin prick tests with Hop J pollen extract in 1287 patients with respiratory allergy who visited our hospital over the course of 1 year. The serum-specific IgE antibody to Hop J pollen antigen was detected by ELISA, and its binding specificity was confirmed by the ELISA inhibition test. To confirm the respiratory sensitization, bronchoprovocation tests were performed in 16 asthmatic patients sensitive to this pollen. To characterize allergenic components, Hop J pollen extract was analyzed by means of sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by IgE immunoblotting. RESULTS: A positive result on the skin prick test (> or = 2+ of the antigen to histamine ratio) was noted in 79 (6.1%) patients. The serum-specific IgE antibody was detected in 18 (41.9%) patients among 43 positive reactors tested. The ELISA inhibition test with the addition of Hop J pollen extract showed a dose-dependent response. Minimal inhibitions were noted with addition of ragweed and mugwort pollen extracts. Nine asthmatic patients showed significant bronchoconstriction after inhalation of the Hop J pollen extract (five early and four dual asthmatic responders), and all of them had high specific IgE binding. Immunoblot analysis revealed 12 IgE-binding components ranging from 13 to 89 kd. Three bands (13 kd, 74 kd, and 80 kd) were bound to the IgE among the sera tested from more than 50% of the patients. CONCLUSION: We believe that the Hop J pollen should be considered as a relevant allergen during the autumn season and thus included in skin test batteries in Korea. Some patients diagnosed as having "intrinsic" asthma or rhinitis might be sensitized to this pollen and other previously unknown allergens.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by hop bitter acids (beer aroma) through induction of apoptosis mediated by Fas and caspase cascades.

The bitter acids of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) mainly consist of alpha-acids, beta-acids, and their oxidation products that contribute the unique aroma of the beer beverage. Hop bitter acids displayed a strong growth inhibitory effect against human leukemia HL-60 cells, with an estimated IC(50) value of 8.67 microg/mL, but were less effective against human histolytic lymphoma U937 cells. Induction of apoptosis was confirmed in HL-60 cells by DNA fragmentation and the appearance of a sub-G1 DNA peak, which were preceded by dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, and subsequent induction of pro-caspase-9 and -3 processing. Cleavages of PARP and DFF-45 were accompanied with activation of caspase-9 and -3 triggered by hop bitter acids in HL-60 cells. The change in the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), and Bax in response to hop bitter acids was studied, and the Bcl-2 protein level slightly decreased; however, the Bcl-X(L) protein level was obviously decreased, whereas the Bax protein level was dramatically increased, indicating that the control of Bcl-2 family proteins by hop bitter acids might participate in the disruption of mitochondrial integrity. In addition, the results showed that hop bitter acids promoted the up-regulation of Fas and FasL prior to the processing and activation of pro-caspase-8 and cleavage of Bid, suggesting the involvement of a Fas-mediated pathway in hop bitter acids-induced cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that a certain intimate link might exist between receptor- and mitochondria-mediated death signalings that committed to cell death induced by hop bitter acids. The induction of apoptosis by hop bitter acids may offer a pivotal mechanism for their chemopreventive action.

Acids↗

PubMed2006

Molecular phylogeny of wild hops, Humulus lupulus L.

We have analysed wild hops collected widely from the Northern Hemisphere, assessing the genetic diversity and the geographical distribution of haplotypes, to investigate the evolution and phylogeny of hops, Humulus lupulus. The haplotypes were characterized by the nuclear ribosomal DNA spacer region (length and DNA sequence) and chloroplast DNA noncoding regions (DNA sequences). The results indicated that primary divergence into European (including Caucasus and Altai hops), and Asian-North American types, was 1.05+/-0.28 to 1.27+/-0.30 million years ago. Although an Eastern boundary for European nuclear haplotype distribution was unclear due to the ambiguous origin of Northern Chinese samples, the European hop group showed a wide geographical distribution across Eurasia from the Altai region to Portugal. The low genetic variation in this group suggested rapid and recent expansion. The North American hop group showed high diversity, and is considered to include hops that have migrated from Asia. Japanese and Chinese hops were identified as genetically distinct. This study has shown that wild hops in each growing region are genetically differentiated with considerable genetic diversity. It gives insights into the evolution and domestication of hops that are discussed.

DNA, Chloroplast↗

PubMed2004

Microsatellite variability among wild and cultivated hops (Humulus lupulus L.).

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a dioecious perennial plant native to the northern hemisphere cultivated for its use in the brewing industry. To investigate the genetic diversity present in wild hop accessions in comparison with cultivated hops, microsatellite marker variation was assessed at four loci in 124 accessions of wild (from Europe, Asia and from North America) and cultivated (varieties and breeding lines) hops. A total of 63 alleles were identified, with an average of 15.7 alleles per locus and an average PIC of 0.64 over four loci. The average number of alleles per locus in groups of accessions ranged from 5.75 to 8.30, with the highest number detected in groups of wild hops either of European (EU) or North American (NA) origin. Accessions from NA revealed the highest number of unique alleles indicating the high diversity present in this gene pool. Cluster analysis based on the D(D) or D(sw) distance matrix divided accessions into 10 different clusters, which reflect the relationship among geographically diverse wild accessions and hop cultivars. The highest genetic differences were found between NA wild accessions, forming one distant cluster, and all the other accessions. The differentiation between European wild and cultivated accessions was revealed by PCoA based on the D(D) distance matrix and by AMOVA results. Cultivated hops differ significantly from wild ones, although most of the variability was found within groups. The molecular variances within groups of cultivated and wild hops were homogeneous, suggesting that a similar level of molecular variability is found in both groups of accessions. The analysis of allele polymorphism and of allele sequences showed that hop germplasm can be differentiated to NA and EU geographic types according to the differences of allele sizes at three loci or by the specific microsatellite repeat type at one locus. The analysis also indicates the different evolutionary dynamics and complex mutations of microsatellite sequences within loci that can be followed in the two biogeographically separated germplasms.

Alleles↗

PubMed2003

Comparison of the carboxy-terminal DP-repeat region in the co-chaperones Hop and Hip.

Functional steroid receptor complexes are assembled and maintained by an ordered pathway of interactions involving multiple components of the cellular chaperone machinery. Two of these components, Hop and Hip, serve as co-chaperones to the major heat shock proteins (Hsps), Hsp70 and Hsp90, and participate in intermediate stages of receptor assembly. In an effort to better understand the functions of Hop and Hip in the assembly process, we focused on a region of similarity located near the C-terminus of each co-chaperone. Contained within this region is a repeated sequence motif we have termed the DP repeat. Earlier mutagenesis studies implicated the DP repeat of either Hop or Hip in Hsp70 binding and in normal assembly of the co-chaperones with progesterone receptor (PR) complexes. We report here that the DP repeat lies within a protease-resistant domain that extends to or is near the C-terminus of both co-chaperones. Point mutations in the DP repeats render the C-terminal regions hypersensitive to proteolysis. In addition, a Hop DP mutant displays altered proteolytic digestion patterns, which suggest that the DP-repeat region influences the folding of other Hop domains. Although the respective DP regions of Hop and Hip share sequence and structural similarities, they are not functionally interchangeable. Moreover, a double-point mutation within the second DP-repeat unit of Hop that converts this to the sequence found in Hip disrupts Hop function; however, the corresponding mutation in Hip does not alter its function. We conclude that the DP repeats are important structural elements within a C-terminal domain, which is important for Hop and Hip function.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2003

Effect of added mass on human unipedal hopping at three frequencies.

Although more commonly done by children, hopping appears to be a rich source of neuromuscular and biomechanical information on adults. Given prior research on the independent effects of hopping frequency and added mass, this study assessed whether these would interact to affect vertical stiffness, contact duration, and lower extremity kinematics during unipedal hopping. Vertical force and two-dimensional kinematics were measured in 10 healthy males hopping at three frequencies: their preferred hopping frequency and frequencies 20% higher and 20% lower, in two conditions with added mass (body mass+10% and body mass+20%). Vertical stiffness was directly related to hopping frequency, while hip flexion, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion were inversely related to hopping frequency. Additional mass significantly increased ankle dorsiflexion and contact duration but did not significantly affect hip flexion, knee flexion, or vertical stiffness. The differential response of vertical stiffness to hopping frequency and added mass was consistent with predictions based on a mass-spring model. The interactive effect of frequency and added mass on the kinematics of the lower extremity and contact period were consistent with earlier studies of the independent effects of hopping frequency and added mass.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Occupational airborne and hand dermatitis to hop (Humulus lupulus) with non-occupational relapses.

We report a case of a 57-years-old female farmer with occupational airborne dermatitis and hand dermatitis to hop (Humulus lupulus). The disease appeared at the age of 46, after 30 years of working with hop without any health problems. The patient had skin erythema of the face, neck and décolleté , oedema of the eyelids, conjunctivitis, as well as acute dermatitis of the hands. The symptoms were provoked both by fresh and dried hop, appeared after half-an-hour of working and persisted over 1-2 days. There were no other skin or allergic problems. Skin tests were carried out with hop leaves (saline extract: prick positive, patch negative; glycerol extract: prick positive, patch negative) and hop cones (saline extract: prick positive, patch negative; glycerol extract: prick negative, patch positive after 48 and 72 hours). Despite discontinuing work, the patient experienced several relapses of her dermatitis. We identified new sources of hop allergens: a beauty cream and a herbal sedative, both containing hop extract. During the next hop cultivation period it also turned out that sleeping in one bed with her husband was provoking relapses of the patient's dermatitis. The husband admitted that sometimes he felt too tired to wash thoroughly after working on the plantation. Our case shows that connubial contacts with husband working in the same workplace may cause relapses of occupational dermatitis. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the concurrent occupational and connubial dermatitis to hop.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗

PubMed1998

Evaluation of functional deficits determined by four different hop tests in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the validity of the newly designed functional ability test (FAT) for the normal population and patients with deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The FAT consists of four tests: the figure-of-eight hop, the up-down hop, the side hop, and the single hop. Sixty control subjects and 50 patients with unilateral ACL deficiency were tested. In the control group, the values measured were significantly different between males and females in all of the tests. On the other hand, when left/right difference values were compared, no significant difference was found between males and females in any of the tests. More than 95% of control group exhibited symmetrical function in each part of the FAT, whereas in the ACL-deficient group, the percentage of patients who showed abnormal symmetry was 68% in the figure-of-eight hop, 58% in the up-down hop, 44% in the side hop, and 42% in the single hop. The percentage of ACL-deficient patients with functional asymmetry in at least one of the four tests was 82%. The FAT was found to be useful in evaluating lower limb function in ACL-deficient patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Antimicrobial activity of hop extracts against Listeria monocytogenes in media and in food.

Growth of Listeria monocytogenes was inhibited in culture media and in certain foods by four hop extracts (I-IV) containing varying concentrations of alpha-and beta-acids. Extracts (II and III) containing the highest concentrations of beta-acids were inhibitory at 0.01 mg/l in trypticase soy broth. In food, these hop extracts showed varying magnitudes of inhibition. In coleslaw, hop extract III at 1 mg/g enhanced the rate of inactivation of L. monocytogenes Scott A. Hop extract II was inhibitory at 0.1 and 1 mg/ml in skim and 2% milk, and was inhibitory at 1 mg/ml in whole milk. Hop extract II was listericidal in cottage cheese at 0.1 to 3 g/kg. No inhibition of L. monocytogenes by hop extract III was observed in Camembert cheese. Overall, the antimicrobial activity of hop extracts in food appeared to increase with acidity and lower fat content. Our results indicate that hop extracts could be used to control L. monocytogenes in minimally processed food with low fat content.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Detection of DNA adducts in declining hop plants grown on fields formerly treated with heptachlor, a persistent insecticide.

Hop decline was observed in Alsace, eastern France, in reparcelled sugar beet fields formerly abundantly treated with an insecticide, heptachlor. Leaves were collected from 'declining hops' grown in an heptachlor-contaminated area and from 'healthy hops' grown in a soil not contaminated by heptachlor. These two samples came from hop vines treated with other usual pesticides. 'Control' hop leaves came from soil neither treated with pesticide nor contaminated with heptachlor. Hypermodified nucleotides (DNA adducts) were detected using the (32)P-postlabelling method. No detectable DNA adducts were found in the 'control' specimen, whereas eight adducts were detected in the 'healthy hops' specimen, probably due to the usual pesticide treatment. However, 16 adducts, nine of which were new adducts, could be detected in the 'declining hops' specimen. It may therefore be supposed that the presence of these hypermodified nucleotides perturbs gene expression and so contributes to the hop decline. In addition, to confirm the genotoxicity of heptachlor, it is shown that it induces DNA adducts in bean-cell suspension culture as well. Finally, it is proposed, in the case of alternate cultures scheduled in fields which were formerly treated with pesticides, adapted to other cultures, that particular attention should be given to the history of the soils.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Antiviral activity of hop constituents against a series of DNA and RNA viruses.

We investigated whether crude hop extracts and purified hop components representing every major chemical class of hop compound have antiviral activity. These hop constituents were tested for antiviral activity against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) as a surrogate model of hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A virus (FLU-A), influenza B virus (FLU-B), rhinovirus (Rhino), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), yellow fever virus (YFV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). The extracts all failed to prevent the replication of HIV, FLU-A, FLU-B, RSV and YFV. A xanthohumol-enriched hop extract displayed a weak to moderate antiviral activity against BVDV (therapeutic index (TI)=6.0), HSV-2 (TI=>5.3), Rhino (TI=4.0) and HSV-1 (TI=>1.9) with IC(50) values in the low microg/ml range. Pure iso-alpha-acids demonstrated low to moderate antiviral activity against both BVDV (TI=9.1) and CMV (TI=4.2) with IC(50) values in the low microg/ml range. No antiviral activity was detected using beta-acids or a hop oil extract. Ultra-pure preparations (>99% pure) were used to show that xanthohumol accounted for the antiviral activity observed in the xanthohumol-enriched hop extract against BVDV, HSV-1 and HSV-2. Xanthohumol was found to be a more potent antiviral agent against these viruses than the isomer iso-xanthohumol. With Rhino, the opposite trend was observed with iso-xanthohumol showing superior antiviral activity to that observed with xanthohumol. Xanthohumol also showed antiviral activity against CMV, suggesting that it might have a generalized anti-herpesvirus antiviral activity. Again, superior antiviral activity was observed with the xanthohumol isomer against CMV. In summary, iso-alpha-acids and xanthohumol were shown to have a low-to-moderate antiviral activity against several viruses. These hop constituents might serve as interesting lead compounds from which more active anti-HCV, anti-Rhino and anti-herpesvirus antiviral agents could be synthesized.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Gender differences in active musculoskeletal stiffness. Part II. Quantification of leg stiffness during functional hopping tasks.

Leg stiffness was compared between age-matched males and females during hopping at preferred and controlled frequencies. Stiffness was defined as the linear regression slope between the vertical center of mass (COM) displacement and ground-reaction forces recorded from a force plate during the stance phase of the hopping task. Results demonstrate that subjects modulated the vertical displacement of the COM during ground contact in relation to the square of hopping frequency. This supports the accuracy of the spring-mass oscillator as a representative model of hopping. It also maintained peak vertical ground-reaction load at approximately three times body weight. Leg stiffness values in males (33.9+/-8.7 kN/m) were significantly (p<0.01) greater than in females (26.3+/-6.5 kN/m) at each of three hopping frequencies, 3.0, 2.5 Hz, and a preferred hopping rate. In the spring-mass oscillator model leg stiffness and body mass are related to the frequency of motion. Thus male subjects necessarily recruited greater leg stiffness to drive their heavier body mass at the same frequency as the lighter female subjects during the controlled frequency trials. However, in the preferred hopping condition the stiffness was not constrained by the task because frequency was self-selected. Nonetheless, both male and female subjects hopped at statistically similar preferred frequencies (2.34+/-0.22 Hz), therefore, the females continued to demonstrate less leg stiffness. Recognizing the active muscle stiffness contributes to biomechanical stability as well as leg stiffness, these results may provide insight into the gender bias in risk of musculoskeletal knee injury.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Hop as an adaptor in the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and hsp90 chaperone machinery.

Hop, an abundant and conserved protein of unresolved function, binds concomitantly with heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and Hsp90, participates with heat shock proteins at an intermediate stage of progesterone receptor assembly, and is required for efficient assembly of mature receptor complexes in vitro. A largely untested hypothesis is that Hop functions as an adaptor that targets Hsp90- to Hsp70-substrate complexes; if true, then loss of either Hsp70 binding or Hsp90 binding by Hop should equally disrupt its ability to promote assembly of mature receptor complexes. To generate Hop mutants that selectively disrupt heat shock protein interactions, highly conserved amino acids in the previously mapped Hsp70 and Hsp90 binding domains of Hop and in a conserved C-terminal domain were targeted for small substitutions and deletions. In co-precipitation assays, these mutants displayed selective loss of association with heat shock proteins. In assays using Hop-depleted rabbit reticulocyte lysate for the cell-free assembly of receptor complexes, none of the Hop mutants inhibited Hsp70 binding to receptor, but all mutants were defective in supporting Hsp90-receptor interactions. Thus, Hop has a novel role in the chaperone machinery as an adaptor that can integrate Hsp70 and Hsp90 interactions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Proposed guidelines for a unified nomenclature and phylogenetic analysis of type III Hop effector proteins in the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae.

Pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae interact with their plant hosts via the action of Hrp outer protein (Hop) effector proteins, injected into plant cells by the type III secretion system (TTSS). Recent availability of complete genome sequences for a number of P. syringae pathovars has led to a significant increase in the rate of effector discovery. However, lack of a systematic nomenclature has resulted in multiple names being assigned to the same Hop, unrelated Hops designated by the same alphabetic character, and failure of name choices to reflect consistent standards of experimental confirmation or phylogenetic relatedness. Therefore, specific experimental and bioinformatic criteria are proposed for proteins to be designated as Hops. A generic Hop name structure, HopXY#pv strain, also is proposed, wherein family membership is indicated by the alphabetic characters, subgroup membership numerically, and source pathovar and strain in subscript. Guidelines are provided for phylogenetic characterization and name selection for Hops that are novel, related to previously characterized Hops, chimeras, pseudogenes, truncations, or nonexpressed alleles. Phylogenetic analyses of previously characterized Hops are described, the results of which have been used to guide their integration into the proposed nomenclature.

Bacterial Proteins↗