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PubMed1983

IgE and IgG-immune mechanisms do not mediate occupation-related respiratory or systemic symptoms in hog farmers.

To determine the frequency and possible immunologic etiology of respiratory and other symptoms after hog barn exposure, we studied 41 hog farmers and their family members. Participants completed questionnaires and provided serum samples for measurement of IgE and IgG antibodies to hog-derived antigens, hog feed, and hog barn dust. Symptoms after hog barn exposure were reported by 85% of participants. Elevated IgE antibody levels to hog pelt, hog urine, and hog serum were found in only one individual; however, skin tests with these materials were negative. By radioimmunoassay, elevated IgG antibody levels to hog barn dust and/or hog feed were found in seven individuals; two of these sera contained precipitating antibodies to hog barn dust and hog feed. In no case could the presence of IgE or IgG antibodies be correlated with symptoms. Thus it appears that neither IgE nor IgG humoral immune mechanisms mediate respiratory or other symptoms in hog barn workers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

Characterization of ileal vitamin B12 Binding using homogeneous human and hog intrinsic factors.

Elucidation of the mechanism of intrinsic factor (IF)-mediated vitamin B(12) (B(12)) binding to ileal binding sites has been hampered by the use of crude or only partially purified preparations of IF in previous studies. We have used homogeneous human IF and hog IF isolated by affinity chromatography to study [(57)Co]B(12) binding to ileal mucosal homogenates. The following observations were made: (a) Human IF-B(12) and hog IF-B(12) were bound to human, monkey, hog, dog, rabbit, mouse, hamster, and guinea pig ileal, but not jejunal, homogenates in amounts significantly greater than free B(12) or B(12) bound to five other homogeneous B(12)-binding proteins; (b) only IF-mediated B(12) binding was localized to ileal homogenates and was inhibited by EDTA; (c) values for the association constant (K(a)) for the various ileal homogenates mentioned above and human IF-B(12) and hog IF-B(12) ranged from 0.3 x 10(9) M(-1) to 13.0 x 10(9) M(-1). Apparent differences in the K(a) for human IF-B(12) and hog IF-B(12) existed in most species; (d) the number of ileal IF-B(12) binding sites per gram (wet weight) of ileal mucosa ranged from 0.3 x 10(12) to 4.9 x 10(12). The same value was always obtained with human IF-B(12) and hog IF-B(12) for any given homogenate preparation; (c) 100-fold excesses of free B(12) or human IF and hog IF devoid of B(12) did not significantly inhibit human IF-B(12) and hog IF-B(12) binding to human and hog ileal homogenates. THESE EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED WITH HOMOGENEOUS IF INDICATE THAT: (a) gastric factors other than IF are not required for B(12) binding to ileal IF-B(12)-binding sites: (b) the mechanism of ileal IF-B(12) binding is different from that of free B(12) or of B(12) bound to non-IF-B(12)-binding proteins; (c) human IF and hog IF have different structures; (d) human IF-B(12) and hog IF-B(12) bind to the same ileal binding sites; and (c) human and hog ileal IF-B(12) binding sites bind free B(12) and human and hog IF devoid of B(12) poorly, if at all.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Responses of Beijing black hogs to porcine somatotropin.

Somatotropin treatment of U.S-breed finishing hogs improves feed efficiency, growth rate and carcass lean-to-fat ratio. Because Chinese-bred hogs have poorer feed efficiency, growth rate and lean-to-fat ratio than U.S. bred hogs, the characteristics affected by porcine somatotropin (PST) may respond differently to treatment. In the present experiment, Beijing Black finishing hogs (a composite of a local Chinese, Berkshire and Yorkshire breeds) were treated with PST for 28 d from average initial to final weights of 67.8 to 96.6 kg. In hogs individually fed as much as they would eat four times a day (n = 12/treatment group, six gilts and six barrows), feed efficiency was improved by 22.4 and 29.9% by 2 and 4 mg/d PST, respectively (P less than .01), primarily due to increased growth rate (22.1 and 32.6% greater than control, respectively, P less than .01); feed intake was not affected. Performance of group-housed and group-fed hogs (six/pen, four pens/treatment) administered 2 mg/d PST for 28 d (average initial and final weights of 66.5 +/- 1.7 and 94.0 +/- 2.4 kg, respectively) was similar (22.7% improved feed efficiency, P less than .01; 25% increased growth rate, P less than .01). At slaughter, last rib backfat thickness was decreased an average of 19.2% for hogs treated with 2 and 4 mg/d PST (P less than .01). Percentage of total muscle, obtained by physical separation of the half-carcass, was increased an average of 13.5% (P less than .01), whereas percentage of total fat was decreased 21.8% (P less than .01) in PST-treated hogs. The pH, water-holding capacity and meat color scores of longissimus muscle from PST-treated hogs did not differ from those of control hogs. Growth rate, feed efficiency and muscle weight responses to PST treatment were at least as large as those for U.S. breeds.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1988

Renal structural flexibility in response to environmental water stress in feral hogs.

Several morphological characteristics of the kidney were studied to determine the degree of acclimatization that may occur in three groups of feral hogs raised under different environmental conditions. Two groups of hogs were living in the wild, while another was raised in captivity for three generations and was directly descended from one of the wild-living groups. The two groups of wild hogs were living under two different types of water stress conditions. One group experienced periodic drought, and the other ate a high salt diet. The captive hogs were given food and water ad libitum. The captive-raised hogs had significantly lower relative medullary thickness (RMT) and relative medullary area (RMA) values (RMT of 2.35; RMA of 0.35) than either group of hogs living in the wild (RMT of 2.70 and 2.69; RMA of 0.41 and 0.44). Since the feral hogs living in the wild were exposed to a higher degree of water stress than the captive-raised hogs, it was concluded that the differences in observed kidney structure were due to acclimatization.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2000

Environmental injustice in North Carolina's hog industry.

Rapid growth and the concentration of hog production in North Carolina have raised concerns of a disproportionate impact of pollution and offensive odors on poor and nonwhite communities. We analyzed the location and characteristics of 2,514 intensive hog operations in relation to racial, economic, and water source characteristics of census block groups, neighborhoods with an average of approximately 500 households each. We used Poisson regression to evaluate the extent to which relationships between environmental justice variables and the number of hog operations persisted after consideration of population density. There are 18.9 times as many hog operations in the highest quintile of poverty as compared to the lowest; however, adjustment for population density reduces the excess to 7.2. Hog operations are approximately 5 times as common in the highest three quintiles of the percentage nonwhite population as compared to the lowest, adjusted for population density. The excess of hog operations is greatest in areas with both high poverty and high percentage nonwhites. Operations run by corporate integrators are more concentrated in poor and nonwhite areas than are operations run by independent growers. Most hog operations, which use waste pits that can contaminate groundwater, are located in areas with high dependence on well water for drinking. Disproportionate impacts of intensive hog production on people of color and on the poor may impede improvements in economic and environmental conditions that are needed to address public health in areas which have high disease rates and low access to medical care as compared to other areas of the state.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

Environmental injustice and the Mississippi hog industry.

The recent growth and restructuring of the swine industry in the state of Mississippi has raised various environmental and socioeconomic concerns. We spatially examined the location and attributes of 67 industrial hog operations to determine if African American and low-income communities have a high prevalence of industrial hog operations located near their neighborhoods at the census block group level. We used spatial data and cross-classification analysis to compare the prevalence of industrial hog operations in neighborhoods that are primarily African American and low income with the prevalence in neighborhoods that are African American and affluent. We also used logistic regression to evaluate the relationship between the environmental justice variables and the location of the industrial hog operations. The block group characterization showed a high prevalence of hog operations in the four highest quintiles compared with the lowest quintile for percentage African American and percentage poverty. At increasing levels of percentage African Americans and percentage of persons in poverty, there are 2.4-3.6 times more operations compared with the referent group; additionally, scale adjustment to only the hog counties reduces this to 1.8-3.1 more operations compared with the referent group. The inequitable distribution of hog-confined agricultural feeding operations in these communities may have adverse environmental impacts associated with industrial hog production, such as increased health risks and quality of life degradation, as have occurred in other areas having similar facilities.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2006

Activation of the HOG pathway upon cold stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

When Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are exposed to hyper-osmotic stress, the high-osmolarity glycerol response (HOG) pathway is activated to induce osmotic responses. The HOG pathway consists of two upstream osmosensing branches, the SLN1 and SHO1 branches, and a downstream MAP kinase cascade. Although the mechanisms by which these upstream branches transmit signals to the MAP kinase cascade are well understood, the mechanisms by which they sense and respond to osmotic changes are elusive. Here we show that the HOG pathway is activated in an SLN1 branch-dependent manner when cells are exposed to cold stress (0 degrees C treatment). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment, which rigidifies the cell membrane, also activates the HOG pathway in both SLN1 branch- and SHO1 branch-dependent manners. Moreover, cold stress, as well as hyper-osmotic stress, exhibits a synergistic effect with DMSO treatment on HOG pathway activation. On the other hand, ethanol treatment, which fluidizes the cell membrane, partially represses the cold stress-induced HOG pathway activation. Our results suggest that both osmosensing branches respond to the rigidification of the cell membrane to activate the HOG pathway.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed2003

Soil microbial populations, community composition, and activity as affected by repeated applications of hog and cattle manure in eastern Saskatchewan.

A field site near Humboldt, Saskatchewan, was annually treated with hog or cattle manure and cropped to canola, spring wheat, barley, and canola from 1997 to 2000. During each growing season, soil was analyzed for microbial populations in terms of activity and community structure, and crops were assessed for root rot and foliar diseases. Microbial activity in soils treated with cattle manure was higher than in soils treated with hog manure or urea. Similarly, nitrous oxide emissions from soil increased with increasing rates of hog and cattle manure. Potential human pathogens, including Rahnella, Serratia, Proteus, Leclercia, and Salmonella species, were identified in soils that received cattle manure, whereas pseudomonads were the dominant species in the hog-manure-treated soil. Fecal coliforms were confirmed in soils that received hog or cattle manure. However, Enterobacteriaceae populations were 10-fold higher in soils receiving cattle manure than in soils receiving the other treatments. Increasing cattle manure rates increased fecal coliform population, but there was no indication that increased hog manure rates increased fecal coliform populations. Addition of urea, hog manure, or cattle manure to the soil did not increase foliar disease in wheat, barley, and canola and had variable effects on root rot incidence in cereals.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of leucine aminopeptidase from human lens, beef lens and kidney, and hog lens and kidney.

Antisera specific for leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were prepared. Using these antisera in immunodiffusion tests, the identity of LAP isolated from beef lens and kidney is demonstrated. The same pertains to hog lens and kidney LAP. As indicated by only partial fusion of the immunoprecipitates in immunodiffusion plates, leucine aminopeptidases isolated from hog and beef are antigenically similar but not identical. These tests also indicate substantial similarity between a component in human lens homogenates and bovine or hog LAP. Microcomplement fixation tests corroborate these observations and indicate that, under these conditions, LAP from beef lens and kidney, or hog lens and kidney, are indistinguishable. However, there is an approximate 8.5% amino acid sequence difference between beef and hog LAP. Microcomplement fixation tests with human lens homogenate also corroborate immunodiffusion results and indicate an approximate 19% amino acid sequence difference between beef and human LAP. These data establish that LAP is a species-specific enzyme and they indicate that it is not organ specific. Maximal complement fixation occurs at approximately 0.1 microgram antigen per tube in those assays in which pure aminopeptidases were tested. This permits standardization of the microcomplement fixation assay for LAP under these conditions. Maximal complement fixation occurs at 160-200 micrograms human lens homogenate per tube. Assuming that in this quantity of homogenate there is 0.1 microgram LAP, then it can be calculated that LAP comprises about 0.05% of the lens protein. This agrees closely with the percentage of LAP in hog and beef lenses. Thus, the reduced LAP activity reported for human lens tissue appears not to result from an absence of the enzyme but rather, may be due to diminished catalytic competency of the enzyme in aged human lens tissue (see Taylor and Juhngen , 1984). The unit evolutionary period, 4.7-5.8 X 10(6) years, indicates that LAP has been highly conserved during evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Taenia solium: immunity in hogs to the Cysticercus.

Protection was induced in hogs against Taenia solium cysticercosis using an immunogenic complex obtained from its larval "bladder worm" form, Cysticercus cellulosae. Immunoelectrophoresis revealed that this complex contained at least eight antigens. In immunized hogs a total of 71 (mean 11.8) cysticerci were found, whereas in the control animals 397 (mean 74.9) were found. Histopathological studies showed that more than 40% of larvae obtained from immunized hogs were completely destroyed and the others were seen in various stages of degeneration. Eosinophils and mononuclear cells were observed infiltrating the internal structures of the larvae. Intense granulomatous reactions of eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, epithelioid cells, plasma cells, and fibroblasts surrounded the larvae. Larvae from control hogs were intact and surrounded by a small inflammatory reaction. The cellular response was measured by the macrophage migration inhibition test, which was higher in immunized hogs when compared with control animals, either before the infection with T. solium eggs or before slaughter. No significant difference was found in the humoral response of immunized and control hogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Tertiary amines related to brompheniramine: preferred conformations for N-oxygenation by the hog liver flavin-containing monooxygenase.

The metabolism of racemic, (D)- and (L)-brompheniramine, a widely used antihistamine, was studied with microsomes and with highly purified flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) from hog liver. In addition, a number of other similar tertiary amines were evaluated as substrates for FMO activity from hog liver and the kinetic constants obtained were compared with brompheniramine. Although some N-demethylation was observed, the major metabolite of brompheniramine and the other tertiary amines examined in hog liver microsomes was the metabolite containing an aliphatic nitrogen N-oxide. Brompheniramine was extensively N-oxygenated by the highly purified FMO from hog liver. N-Oxygenation of brompheniramine in both microsomes and with highly purified FMO from hog liver was enantioselective. The Km for N-oxygenation of (D)-brompheniramine was markedly lower than the Km for (L)-brompheniramine. (E)- and (Z)-zimeldine are less conformationally flexible model compounds of brompheniramine, and these compounds were also examined and were found to be stereoselectively N-oxygenated by the highly purified FMO from hog liver. The similarities and differences in Km and Vmax values were evaluated in terms of possible conformations of the substrates determined by SYBYL molecular mechanics calculations. Distance map data indicated that FMO preferentially accommodated selected conformations of tertiary amines. Thus, (D)-brompheniramine and (Z)-zimeldine presumably have the aliphatic tertiary amine nitrogen atom and aromatic ring center at a defined distance and geometry and were more efficiently N-oxygenated than their respective isomers.

Amines↗
PubMed1981

Simian virus 40 early mRNA's contain multiple 5' termini upstream and downstream from a Hogness-Goldberg sequence; a shift in 5' termini during the lytic cycle is mediated by large T antigen.

We have used primer-directed synthesis, separation, and sequencing of cDNA's to identify and localize the 5' termini of simian virus 40 early mRNA's. We have examined polyadenylated RNAs obtained from whole cytoplasm and polysomes of two transformed lines and from the cytoplasm of infected cells early and late in the lytic cycle, and we have attempted to correlate the results of our cDNA analyses with recent analyses of early cap structures. We have found that early mRNA's from transformed cells have three principal 5' termini, at residues 5,150, 5,154, and 5,155, with terminal transcribed sequences of CU, GC, and GG, respectively. These termini lie 21 to 26 nucleotides downstream from the early Hogness-Goldberg sequence. Transformed cell early mRNA's also contain a series of less abundant 5' termini that are copied from DNA sequences as far as 80 nucleotides downstream and a minimum of 70 to 75 nucleotides upstream from the Hogness-Goldberg sequence. The templates for the upstream 5' termini and the late simian virus 40 mRNA's overlap by a minimum of 60 to 65 nucleotides. Early mRNA's isolated from cells early in infection contain the same three principal 5' termini and downstream minor 5' termini as transformed cell mRNA's, but they lack 5' termini upstream from the Hogness-Goldberg sequence. With the onset of the late lytic phase, there is a progressive decreases in the utilization of the three principal 5' termini and additional downstream 5' termini and a progressive increase in the utilization of four major termini at residues 5,190 to 5,194, which are 10 to 15 nucleotides upstream from the Hogness-Goldberg sequence. With the onset of the late lytic phase, there is a progressive decrease in the utilization of the three principal 5' termini and additional downstream 5' termini and a progressive increase in the utilization of four major termini at residues 5,190 to 5,194, which are 10 to 15 nucleotides upstream from the Hogness-Goldberg sequence. This shift is evident in cells infected with a tsA mutant at the permissive temperature, but is aborted by growth at or shift-up to a restrictive temperature. Thus, this shift is mediated by the gene A product, large T antigen. We present two models, which are mutually exclusive, to account for the role of T antigen in the early-late shift. One involves transcription late in infection on a new DNA template synthesized during DNA replication. The second involves inhibition of initiation of early transcription at residues 5,150 to 5,155 and other downstream sites and a shift of transcription initiation principally to the upstream sites as a result of the binding of T antigen to two sites on simian virus 40 DNA downstream from the Hogness-Goldberg sequence.

Animals↗