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PubMed2002

Activity of octylthiotrifluoropropan-2-one, a potent esterase inhibitor, on growth, development, and intraspecific communication in Spodoptera littoralis and Sesamia nonagrioides.

A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effect of 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone (OTFP) on growth, development, and behavior of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the corn stalk borer, Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The chemical behaved as an oviposition deterrent and, when added to the diet of the second-instar larvae of both insects, reduced diet consumption and growth, pupation, and adult emergence. Treatment of 100-5000 ng of the compound on fourth-instar larvae for 3-24 h, however, did not produce significant differences in the amount of diet ingested. Our results suggest that the effect of OTFP is long-lasting and that the inhibitor is not fully detoxified by the detoxification enzymes of the digestive tract of the insects. In behavioral assays, adult males which had been treated with the chemical at the larval stage were less attracted to the pheromone source than regular untreated males. When Sp. littoralis untreated females were used as the attractant source, treated males also displayed significantly fewer contacts with the cage-containing females than untreated or solvent-treated males. In the presence of treated females, only 27% of treated males successfully completed the flight in comparison to animals responding to solvent-treated females (54.5%). By contrast, when Se. nonagrioides females, whether they had been subjected or not to the treatment, were used as the attractant source, males were similarly attracted to them regardless of whether they had been treated or not at the larval stage. Analyses of gland extracts of Sp. littoralis treated females showed no difference from control insects in the qualitative or quantitative composition of the pheromone blend. The results obtained, in combination with other results previously reported by us (Riba, M.; Sans, A.; Bau, P.; Grolleau, G.; Renou, M.; Guerrero, A. J. Chem. Ecol. 2001, 27, 1879-1897), provide new and relevant information about the possible utility of these chemicals in future studies directed to the development of new approaches for pest control.

Acetone↗

PubMed2004

Interactive effects of ultraviolet-B radiation and temperature on cotton physiology, growth, development and hyperspectral reflectance.

Current conditions of 2-11 kJ m(-2) day(-1) of UV-B radiation and temperatures of >30 degrees C during flowering in cotton cultivated regions are projected to increase in the future. A controlled environment study was conducted in sunlit growth chambers to determine the effects of UV-B radiation and temperature on physiology, growth, development and leaf hyperspectral reflectance of cotton. Plants were grown in the growth chambers at three day/night temperatures (24/16 degrees C, 30/22 degrees C and 36/28 degrees C) and three levels of UV-B radiation (0, 7 and 14 kJ m(-2) day(-1)) at each temperature from emergence to 79 days under optimum nutrient and water conditions. Increases in main stem node number and the node of first fruiting branch and decrease in duration to first flower bud (square) and flower were recorded with increase in temperature. Main effects of temperature and UV-B radiation were significant for net photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, total chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations of uppermost, fully expanded leaves during squaring and flowering. A significant interaction between temperature and UV-B radiation was detected for total biomass and its components. The UV-B radiation of 7 kJ m(-2) day(-1) reduced boll yield by 68% and 97% at 30/22 degrees C and 36/28 degrees C, respectively, compared with yield at 0 kJ m(-2) day(-1) and 30/22 degrees C. No bolls were produced in the three temperature treatments under 14 kJ m(-2) day(-1) UV-B radiation. The first-order interactions between temperature, UV-B radiation and leaf age were significant for leaf reflectance. This study suggests a growth- and process-related temperature dependence of sensitivity to UV-B radiation.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed1981

Growth, development and chemical composition of the pig. IV. Relative growth of visceral organs.

The relative growth of the kidneys, spleen, liver, heart, lungs and G.I. tract were studied in a group of 90 pigs, serially slaughtered over a live weight range of 10 to 132 kilograms. The relationships between organ weights and body weight, body protein and body fat were examined by the allometric equation: Y = aXb, or in logarithmic terms: log Y = log a + b log X. The growth coefficients (b) of organ weights relative to body weight and body composition were similar for both sexes (P greater than .13), except that heart growth relative to body fat was significantly (P less than .04) higher for females (b = .54) than for castrated males (b = .50). A significant sex difference (P less than .05) in lung weight was also noted after adjustment to common body weight; there were no significant sex differences in organ weights after adjusting to common body protein and body fat. The spleen, heart and lungs grew at a faster rate relative to body weight and body composition than the kidneys, liver and digestive tract. The growth coefficients ranged from .44 to .87, indicating that the visceral organs develop at a slower rate relative to body weight and body composition.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2005

Scaffold attachment factor B1 functions in development, growth, and reproduction.

Scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1) is a multifunctional protein that can bind both DNA and RNA and is involved in RNA processing and stress response. In addition, SAFB1 contains a transcriptional repression domain and can bind certain hormone receptors and repress their activity. To assess the role of SAFB1 in vivo, we generated SAFB1 mutant mice through targeted deletion in embryonic stem cells. While viable homozygous mutant (SAFB1-/-) mice were obtained, genotypic distribution indicated that homozygous deficiency resulted in both prenatal and neonatal lethality. Mice lacking SAFB1 exhibited dwarfism, as a result of in utero growth retardation, and had low serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels. In agreement with the previous characterization of SAFB1 as a corepressor for hormone receptors, we found that SAFB1-/- mice displayed dramatic defects in the development and function of the reproductive system. Male SAFB1 null mice were infertile, apparently because of low circulating levels of testosterone. SAFB1-/- testes were small and showed progressive degeneration of the germinal epithelium, increased apoptosis of germ cells, and Leydig cell hyperplasia. SAFB-/- female mice were subfertile and showed progressive infertility, in part because of defects in oviductal transport and reduced numbers of follicles. Immortalized SAFB1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed cell-intrinsic defects including increased transcriptional estrogen receptor alpha activity and enhanced responsiveness to IGF1. Together, these in vivo findings establish a critical role for SAFB1 in development, growth regulation, and reproduction.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Effects of malathion on survival, growth, development, and equilibrium posture of bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana).

Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles were exposed to malathion in water in a 28-d static renewal test. The effects of malathion on survival, growth, development, and loss of equilibrium posture were determined. Survival was significantly decreased at malathion concentrations of 2,500 micrograms/L and higher. Development of tadpoles was delayed significantly by malathion exposure as indicated by a dose-related decrease in developmental stage over time. Development of tadpoles in the 1,000-microgram/L and higher treatment groups was significantly delayed from that observed in the control. The effects of malathion on developmental stage suggest that malathion may decrease thyroid function in tadpoles, as it does in other species. Maintenance of equilibrium posture following agitation of the test containers was significantly impaired in tadpoles in all the malathion treatment groups (500 to 3,000 micrograms/L) relative to the control. Maintenance of equilibrium posture was thus the most sensitive end point measured in this study. Loss of equilibrium posture could increase predation losses and decrease feeding in populations of bullfrog tadpoles in the field. However, concentrations of malathion that produced adverse effects in our study are higher than published, measured concentrations found in wetlands or streams.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Keratinocyte growth factor is an important endogenous mediator of hair follicle growth, development, and differentiation. Normalization of the nu/nu follicular differentiation defect and amelioration of chemotherapy-induced alopecia.

The growth and development of hair follicles is influenced by a number of different growth factors and cytokines, particularly members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF or FGF-7) is a recently identified 28-kd member of the FGF family that induces proliferation of a wide variety of epithelial cells, including keratinocytes within the epidermis and dermal adnexa. Because KGF induces marked proliferation of keratinocytes, and both KGF and KGF receptor (KGFR) mRNA are expressed at high levels in skin, we sought to localize KGF and KGFR in skin by in situ hybridization. KGFR mRNA was relatively strongly expressed by keratinocytes in the basilar epidermis as well as throughout developing hair follicles of rat embryos and neonates. KGF mRNA was expressed at lower levels than was KGFR but could be localized to follicular dermal papillae in rat embryos and neonates. These results prompted us to investigate the effects of KGF on hair follicles in two distinct murine models of alopecia. In the first model, recombinant KGF (rKGF) induced dose-dependent hair growth over most of the body in nu/nu athymic nude mice when administered intraperitoneally or subcutaneously over 17 to 18 days. When administered subcutaneously, rKGF induced the most extensive hair growth at the sites of injection. Histologically, rKGF induced marked follicular and sebaceous gland hypertrophy, a normalization of the nu/nu follicular keratinization defect, and an increase in follicular keratinocyte proliferation as assessed by bromodeoxyuridine labeling. In the second model, a neonatal rat model of cytosine arabinoside chemotherapy-induced alopecia in which interleukin-1, epidermal growth factor, and acidic FGF have all demonstrated some degree of alopecia cytoprotection, rKGF induced a dose-dependent cytoprotective effect, abrogating as much as 50% of the alopecia in this model when administered beginning 1 day before the onset of chemotherapy. Taken together, these data suggest that KGF is an important endogenous mediator of normal hair follicle growth, development, and differentiation.

Alopecia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of chronic UVB-irradiation on the growth, development and productivity of fodder beet].

In a field study in 1989, the effect of additional UV-B-irradiation (with an intensity of 0.34, 0.49 or 0.77 W/m2, daily exposure of 17.3, 26.7 or 39.1 kJ/m2, and total exposure of 1457.3, 2248.8 or 3285.6 kJ/m2) on the growth, development and productivity of fodder beet var. Eckendorf yellow was investigated. The three levels of irradiation caused a delay of plant growth and a significant reduction of plant height (18-26%), air-dry weight of leaves (32-43%), wet weight of leaves (48-52%), and weight of root-crops (48-50%).

Plants, Edible↗

PubMed2004

[Cartilage and mechanical stress from the point of the view of development, growth, pathology and therapeutic aspects].

Articular cartilage is always subjected to various types, magnitudes and cycles of mechanical stress. While it has been recognized that these stresses regulate the chondrocyte growth and differentiation, the mechanism is still unclear. Here, we summarize the effect of mechanical stress on cartilage metabolism from the point of view of development, growth, pathology and therapeutic aspect.

Aggrecans↗

PubMed1997

Early mammary development: growth hormone and IGF-1.

The first step in pubertal mammary development is the appearance of terminal end buds arising from pleuropotent stem cells present in the immature ductal tree of the prepubertal animal. Work from this laboratory indicates that growth hormone is the pituitary hormone responsible for terminal end bud development. Growth hormone likely acts through the production of IGF-1. This minireview focuses on the hormonal control of early mammary development with special emphasis on the roles of growth hormone and IGF-1.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Computational models of oral and craniofacial development, growth, and repair.

This paper illustrates how biological and clinical problems stimulate research in biomedical informatics and how such research contributes to their solution. The computational models described use techniques from Logic Programming, Machine Learning, Computer Vision, and Biomathematics. They address problems in the development, growth, and repair of oral and craniofacial tissues arising in cell biology, clinical genetics, and dentistry. At the micro-level, the dynamic interaction of cells in the oral epithelium is modeled. At the macro-level, models are constructed of either the craniofacial shape of an individual or the craniofacial shape differences within and between healthy and congenitally abnormal populations. In between, in terms of scale, there are models of normal dentition and the use of computerized expert knowledge to guide the design of dental prostheses used to restore function in partially edentulous patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Effects of three vertebrate hormones on the growth, development, and reproduction of the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

In recent years, concern has been growing that numerous manmade chemicals entering the environment are capable of mimicking endogenous hormones in wildlife. In an attempt to define and evaluate the possible impact of endocrine-disrupting substances (EDS) on insects, three vertebrate hormones were tested for their effects on growth, development, and reproduction of the tomato moth. Lacanobia oleracea. Dietary administration of estrogen or thyroxine caused a significant increase in the length of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth larval stadia (p < 0.001). The mean time for development of the pupa, however, was not significantly different between treatments. Relative to the control groups, a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the mean weights of fifth- and sixth-instar larvae was also observed when larvae were exposed to estrogen or thyroxine and in pupae derived from insects exposed to thyroxine or testosterone (p < 0.001). Despite this, the number of larvae that survived to adulthood was not affected by any of the treatments; neither was the pupal sex ratio affected. However, exposure of larvae to testosterone significantly (p < 0.05) increased the number of deformed pupae. In addition, the reproductive potential of adults derived from the testosterone treatment was markedly reduced. Exposure of L. oleracea larvae to this steroid caused a highly significant (p < 0.001) decrease in egg production. coupled with a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in egg viability. The physiological effects observed in L. oleracea and their possible causes are presented in this paper, and the likely impact of EDS and their effects on terrestrial invertebrates are discussed.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2002

Roles of androgens in the development, growth, and carcinogenesis of the mammary gland.

Androgens influence the development and growth of the mammary gland in women. Treatment of animals and cultured cells with androgens has either inhibitory or stimulatory effects on the proliferation of mammary epithelia and cancer cells; the mechanisms for these dual functions are still not very clear and are discussed in this review. Epidemiological data suggest that, similar to increased estrogens, elevated androgens in serum may be associated with the development of breast cancer. Experiments in rodents have also shown that simultaneous treatment of androgen and estrogen synergizes for mammary gland carcinogenesis. Similar synergistic effects of both hormones have been observed for carcinogenesis of the uterine myometrium of female animals and for carcinogenesis of the prostate and deferens of males. There are also clinical and experimental indications for a possible association of elevated levels of both androgens and estrogens with the development of ovarian and endometrial cancers. A hypothesis is thus proposed that concomitant elevation in both androgens and estrogens may confer a greater risk for tumorigenesis of the mammary gland, and probably other female reproductive tissues than an elevation of each hormone alone.

Androgens↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Growth, development and genetic status of pea plants cultivated in space greenhouse "LADA"].

In the period between March 2003 and April 2005 five crops of genetically marked dwarf pea were cultivated in greenhouse LADA on the ISS Russian segment to study morphology and genetics in consecutive generations. Results of the first space experiment were analyzed and characteristics of ground plants grown from space seeds were studied. It was shown that parameters of growth, development and genetic status of pea plants that completed the ontogenetic cycle in LADA did not differ substantially from the laboratory control and that plants cultivated in space flight do not incur losses in the reproductive function and form viable seeds. Genetic analysis of plants from the first generation of space and ground seeds using the methods of RAPD-primers (10 markers) and chromosomal aberration analysis failed to reveal genetic polymorphism which means that the spaceflight factors had no effect on the genetic apparatus of the first generation of space-grown plants.

Ecosystem↗

PubMed2004

Growth, development, and survival of Nosema pyrausta-infected European corn borers (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) reared on meridic diet and Cry1Ab.

Transgenic corn, Zea mays L., hybrids expressing crystal protein endotoxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner are an increasingly popular tactic for managing the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in North America. O. nubilalis populations also are often vulnerable to the ubiquitous entomopathogenic microsporidium Nosema pyrausta (Paillot). We examined the effect of feeding meridic diet incorporated with purified Cry1Ab on growth, development, and survival of Nosema-infected and uninfected neonate O. nubilalis. Infected larvae developed more slowly than uninfected larvae. Increasing the concentration of Cry1Ab in diet reduced larval development, and this effect was amplified by microsporidiosis. Infected larvae weighed significantly less than uninfected larvae. The relationship among Nosema infection, Cry1Ab concentration, and larval weight was fitted to an exponential function. The LC50 of infected larvae was one-third that of uninfected larvae, indicating that infected larvae are more vulnerable to toxin. This work has implications for resistance management of O. nubilalis and demonstrates that it is important to determine whether N. pyrausta is present when testing susceptibility of larvae to transgenic corn hybrids.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Studies On Intestinal Trematodes In Korea: VII. Growth, Development And Recovery Of Fibricola Seoulensis From Experimentally Infected Rats And Mice.

This study was carried out to observe the growth and development of Fibricola seoulensis in experimentally infected rats and mice. The metacercariae were obtained from naturally infected Natrix tigrina lateralis which were collected in Hoengseong Gun, Gangweon Do, in August 1982. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Growth and development of worm were not different between the rat and mouse. Body growth was attained within a week in both hosts. The testes differentiated first on the 2nd day after infection, and then ovary on the 3rd day, vitelline follicles on the 4th day, vitelline reservoir on the 5th day. A few eggs appeared in uterus on the 5th day and in feces on the 6th day. The body length grew almost linearly for the first 7 days after infection. The growth of posterior body was more remarkable, and the ratio of posterior body length to that of anterior body increased to 1.099 until 4 weeks after infection. 2. The worms of 4weeks age in rats measured 1.10~1.92 mm long and 0.511~0.696 mm wide. The morphological characteristics of adult worms were identical to the original description of F. seoulensis, though dimensions varied in wider range. 3. The worms were recovered from the rats 12.5% on the day after infecion, and the rate ranged 21.0~59.0% up to 6th day. One week after infection, the rates were 42.6%, 60.9% and 43.9% respectively by the metacercarial group of 200, 1,000 and 2,000 and the rates decreased to 16.2%, 29.1% and 3.1% respectively by the group on the 4th week after infection. Most of the worms were recovered from duodenum, and a part of worms were found in jejunum or ileum in heavily infected rats. 4. The worms of 23.5~63.5% were recovered from mice from 3 to 10 days after infection. A great majority of them was found in duodenum, too.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

A model for loading-dependent growth, development, and adaptation of tendons and ligaments.

The geometric and material properties of tendons and ligaments change during growth and development. While some of the changes occur in the absence of mechanical loading, normal development requires the mechanical stimulus provided by normal physical activity. We have developed an analytical framework for quantitatively describing changes in uniaxial tendon and ligament properties throughout ontogeny. In our approach, cross-sectional area, modulus, and strength undergo baseline levels of development due to inherent time-dependent biological influences. The properties also change in response to mechanobiological influences by adapting to maintain a constant daily strain stimulus under changing load conditions. We have implemented a computer algorithm based on these concepts and obtained results consistent with experimental observations of normal tendon and ligament growth and development reported by other investigators. Additional results suggest that these concepts can also explain tendon and ligament adaptation to increased or decreased loading experienced during development.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2005

Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun-NN) plants over-expressing a synthetic HRP-C gene are altered in growth, development and susceptibility to abiotic stress.

The physiological role of class III peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7) in controlling plant growth and development has been investigated by over-expression of both native and heterologous peroxidases. However, it has remained an enigma as to why the phenotypes of different peroxidase over-expressing transgenics vary. In order to resolve the conflicting information about the consequences of peroxidase over-expression, we have explored the role of the subcellular targeting of HRP-C in controlling stem growth, root development, axillary branching and abiotic stress tolerance in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Altering the sub-cellular targeting of vacuolar HRP-C, such that over-expressed peroxidase accumulates in the cytoplasm and cell wall, induced phenotypic changes that are typically associated with altered auxin homeostasis, and over-expression of cell wall located peroxidases. We conclude that sub-cellular targeting is a determinant of the phenotype of peroxidase over-expressing plants.

Cell Wall↗

PubMed1984

Plant growth, development and embryogenesis during Salyut-7 flight.

The growth and geotropic movements of roots and hypocotyls of lettuce have been studied on board the Salyut 7 station in a stationary position and on the centrifuge at 0.01, 0.1 and 1 g. On the centrifuge at 0.1 and 0.01 g as well as under weightlessness, the final length of hypocotyls was by 8-16% greater than in control plants on the centrifuge at 1 g. The length of roots, however, was reduced by 17% at 0.01 g and under weightlessness; at 0.1 g their growth is much the same as at 1 g. On the Earth, while growing in a vertical position, and in space at 0 < or = g, the roots and hypocotyls deviate from the longitudinal axis of the seed. Average values of deviation eagles on the Earth are always equal to zero, while this is not always the case in space, which indicates the biological effect of microgravity conditions on board a spacecraft. The threshold of geotropic sensitiveness of lettuce hypocotyls, calculated from the linear regression parameters of the dependence of the response geotropic reaction upon the value of the centrifugal force, comprised 2.9 x 10(-3) g. In the Fiton 3 micro-greenhouse under spaceflight conditions, the plants of Arabidopsis thaliana (L) Heynh have, for the first time, undergone a full cycle of individual development. The seeds sown during the flight germinated, performed growth processes, formed vegetative and generative organs and, judging by the final result, they succeeded in fecundation, embryogenesis and ripening. Despite the noted modification of growth and development of plants in space, 42% of formed seeds appeared to be valuable biologically.

Arabidopsis↗