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PubMed2003

[The most important sources of the Graeco-Arabic medicine].

The author gives a comprehensive guide to Hungarian scholars, who attempt to search the history of Graeco-Arabic medicine and dietetics, respectively. This guide contains a short introduction into the different types of sources, lists the main authors, editions and texts available in Hungary indicating the libraries where the sources are to be found. The author organizes his material according the the main authors of the subject. Helped by this useful "database" researchers might be able to avoid difficulties of the first steps on this still, actually, largely unexplored field of the history of medicine .

Arab World↗
PubMed1997

Phanostrate, Metrodora, Lais and the others. Women in the medical profession.

This article offers a historical view of the women in the medical profession from the Homeric epics to Soranus and Galen until the early Middle Ages, in both the Eastern and Western Mediterranean areas. Recent important medical-historical papers well claify the contribution of women in health care in both the Greek and the Roman world.

Greek World↗
PubMed1992

The links between the medical school of Padua and the Hellenic medical world.

Between the 15th and 19th centuries the University of Padua attracted a great number of Greek students, who wanted to study medicine. They came not only from Venetian dominions (where the percentage reaches 97% of the students in Italian universities) but also from Turkish-occupied territories of Greece. It is also characteristic that several professors of the School of Medicine and Philosophy of this famous University were Greeks. They were the following ten: giovanni Cottunio, Niccolò Calliachi, Giorgio Calafatti, Tomaso Catani, Simone Stratigo, Giovanni Zografo, Pietro Zografo, Marco Carburi, Pietro Antonio Bondioli, and Angelo Dalla Decima. It is also interesting that most physicians who distinguished themselves as leading personalities in the political and scientific life of Europe had studied at the University of Padua. Five names stand out from among the multitude: Alessandro Mavrocordato (politician and diplomat), Giovanni Capodistria (first governor of Greece), Lazzaro de Mordo (philosopher-physician), Giacomo Pilarino and Emmanuel Timoni (the two discoverers of the smallpox inoculation with pus extracted from a patient suffering from a slight attack of the disease). It is concluded that the close traditional relations between Greece and the Medical School of the Universitiy of Padua were at their strongest during the period from the 15th to the 19th centuries.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2000

The blind beautiful eye.

Master Jehan Yperman, a medieval surgeon, observed that when the optic nerve is injured, the eye becomes blind and beautiful. This is an attempt to trace the footsteps of this forgotten surgeon and to track the history of the cosmetic use of the belladonna herb, as well as the concept of amaurotic mydriasis.

Arab World↗
PubMed1999

[Byzantine therapeutics in the Ottoman world].

The medical literature of the greek speaking ottoman world was deeply influenced by its byzantine heritage: the major authors were copied and commented, while practical manuals containing recipes and therapies - the iatrosophia- kept being enlarged with useful information. Furthermore, during the first centuries hospitals closely followed the models of their glorious past in what concerns architecture, scientific level, means and targets. In fact, only the years after 1770 rely on occidental academic knowledge and adopt modern conceptions.

Byzantium↗
PubMed1996

[An outline of odontoiatry and odontology in the ancient world].

Dentistry was surely practiced in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Etruria, Greece and Rome, but odontology arose only with the dawn of Greek science. One may find the first references to a rational odontology only in the fragments of the Pre-socratic philosophers and in the Corpus Hippocraticum. Aristotle was the first to treat odontology under a comparative anatomo-physiological point of view. Celsus and Scribonius Largus got their matter from Hippocrates, Aristotle, the Hellenistic anatomists as well as from folk-traditions, but payed attention rather to dentistry than to odontology. Finally Galen gathered all the knowledge about odontology and dentistry from Hippocrates up to the Hellenistic anatomists and organized all the matter in his monumental teleologic and theological system, that was inherited by both the so called iatrosophists and the Byzantine physicians.

Dentistry↗
PubMed2002

[The "medical school" of Alexandria and its influence upon medicine in Graeco-Roman Egypt].

The paper provides new information on the most famous centre of rational medicine in the Graeco-Roman world and its influence in Egypt. It uses at its point of departure a remarkable but insufficiently known documentation: Greek literary papyri (from IV/III B.C. to A.D. VI/VII), which often are unique witnesses to lost medical works, bearing testimony to original theories, practices and vocabulary.

Egypt↗
PubMed1995

[Thermalism in ancient world].

The importance of water was well known in Prehistory and in ancient World. There are, in Homeric poems, several descriptions of cold and warm baths, a witness of their utilization in ancient Greek civilization. But the sources of water were always linked with the divinities of the Earth, and the temples dedicated to Asklepios had also thermal baths. The Romans, heirs of Etruscan culture, made the baths a social and public matter, and in Rome the Thermate reached a high degree of perfection.

Baths↗
PubMed2005

The originality of Tibullus' Marathus elegies.

As far we can judge from the extant literature, Tibullus' three Marathus elegies are among the most sophisticated poetry of male same-sex desire and love composed in the ancient Greco-Roman world. These poems belong to a long and well-established tradition of male homoerotic poetry that goes back to the Greeks of the Archaic Age and was given new impetus centuries later in Roman literature. In this tradition, Tibullus' Marathus elegies stand out for their qualities of irony, dramatic engagement, and psychological finesse.

Female↗
PubMed2003

Injuries and diseases of the spine in the ancient times.

Spinal injuries and diseases have been diagnosed and treated since antiquity. We attempt to record any available information in this area, starting from the prehistoric period and going up to Roman times. Thus, the main focus is on Hippocrates and Galen, who as the most eminent physicians of the ancient world, are presented through their work on spinal pathology. The epitome of their wisdom is to be found in Galen's works made available via Khun's edition (Leipzig, 1829) written in both ancient Greek and Latin. Galen not only presents the Hippocratic knowledge and comments on it, but adds his own opinions and thoughts.

Greek World↗
PubMed1997

The goddess and healing. Nursing's heritage from antiquity.

In prehistoric and ancient historical times, it was the Goddess who oversaw the health and well-being of human beings and women who controlled many healing processes, rituals, and practices. The professions of nursing and other health care fields owe much to this history yet have moved away from it in significant ways. Drawing on literary and archaeological sources, this study traces the history of healing in Graeco-Roman antiquity, describes the role of the Goddess and women in the healing function, discusses the communal aspects of healing both in the ancient world and in the modern West, and provides connections between the past and present that may empower today's nursing professionals.

Female↗
PubMed1996

[Therapeutic uses of natron in Ancient Egypt and the Greco-Roman world].

Natron or native soda, a natural compound of sodium salts, was a very important product in ancient history. It was produced in Egypt, Middle East and Greece. Natron was used for medicine, cookery, agriculture, in glass-making and to dehydrate egyptian mummies. The medicinal uses are known thanks to egyptian pharaonic, greek and latin texts, which are rich of hundreds of recipes. Those treatments concerning almost every part of the body were essentially applied externally. They are often intended to treat dermatological pathology and hydro-electrolytic disorders as well as lesions caused by fungi and parasites. The present knowledge of the pharmacological properties of the components of natron does not explain fully its place in ancient medicine.

Egypt, Ancient↗
PubMed1998

A history of otology through the development of scientific and medical thought.

The story of the development of civilisation and of humanity is at the base of science, medicine and otology in particular. The evolution of knowledge is better understood by dividing the story into chronological periods. Through primitive, archaic, hellenistic, byzantine, arabian, monastic, scholastic, Renaissance, modern and finally contemporary medicine, otology has progressively found its way. The key to progress is within man, in his conception of life and of the world around him. Otology will be affected by these different trends of thought and will find its place in medicine during the XIX Century, the XX Century being its most prolific period.

Byzantium↗
PubMed1995

[Twins in the Greco-Roman world: medical theories and iconographpy].

The phenomenon of multiple births aroused very ambivalent feelings in the ancient classical world. This article endeavours to define how this ambivalence was expressed, on the one hand in ancient medical theories, through associations with concepts of monstrosity and excess, on the other hand in art, through a selection of mythological themes and iconographic conventions.

Art↗
PubMed1995

[The iconography of consumption in the ancient world].

There is in Delphi a votive statue - representing a man affected with phtisis - which is said to have been dedicated by Hippocrates himself. A little bronze found in Soissons could refer to the legend of Perdiccas' love sickness. We draw a parallel between Perdiccas' bronze and a mosaique in Lambiridi. Others representations (portraits, coins, statues of rickety children and iconographies of the Old Age) of weak and thin bodies are here studied following a medical approach.

Greek World↗