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Results for “Generalization, Response”

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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

The arachidonate-dependent cytoprotective signaling evoked by peroxynitrite is a general response of the monocyte/macrophage lineage.

U937, THP-1, and J774 cells or human monocytes and macrophages display similar levels of sensitivity to peroxynitrite and exposure to an otherwise non-toxic concentration of the oxidant in the presence of a phospholipase A(2) inhibitor was invariably associated with the onset of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-dependent toxicity. These events were prevented by exogenous arachidonic acid (AA). In general, the protective concentrations of AA were greater in those cell types releasing more AA. Thus, non-toxic concentrations of peroxynitrite commit cells belonging to the monocyte/macrophage lineage to MPT-dependent toxicity that is however prevented by endogenous AA.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Collagen and proteoglycan turnover in focally damaged human ankle cartilage: evidence for a generalized response and active matrix remodeling across the entire joint surface.

OBJECTIVE: Although cartilage lesions occur in the ankles, osteoarthritis rarely develops in the ankles, suggesting that ankle cartilage can up-regulate mechanisms to repair the damaged matrix. To define these processes, we compared cartilage samples obtained from normal tali and from lesional sites of damaged tali. METHODS: Cartilage samples were obtained from the tali of normal ankles and from 3 sites on tali with lesions (the lesion, adjacent to the lesion, and far removed from the lesion). Cartilage was analyzed for type II collagen (CII) messenger RNA, C-terminal type II procollagen propeptide (CPII), the collagenase cleavage neoepitope (Col2-3/4C(short)), and the denaturation epitope (Col2-3/4m). For the assessment of type IX collagen, the COL2 and NC4 domains were evaluated. The cartilage samples were also assayed for glycosaminoglycans, epitope 846 of aggrecan, and DNA. RESULTS: The DNA content, epitope 846, COL2(IX), and the denaturation epitope were significantly increased in lesional cartilage. Although there was a tendency toward an increase in CII content and CPII, the increase did not reach significance. Neither the NC4(IX) domain nor Col2-3/4C was elevated. Surprisingly, changes in cartilage both adjacent to and remote from the lesion were similar to those in the lesion. CONCLUSION: The changes observed in cartilage obtained from the lesion and from sites adjacent to the lesion were not surprising; however, the changes in cartilage obtained from sites remote from the lesion were unexpected. This up-regulation of matrix turnover in ankles with degenerative lesions may indicate a physiologic response of the entire articular surface to repair the damaged matrix, which is not restricted to the lesion site. This suggests that there may be some mechanism of communication across the cartilage. The response by ankle cartilage obtained from a site remote from the lesion has not been observed in the knee.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Altered gene expression after optic nerve transection: reduced neurofilament expression as a general response to axonal injury.

Previous studies have shown that axonal injury (axotomy) in neurons of the mammalian peripheral nervous system (PNS) results in a recapitulation of the developmental program for cytoskeletal gene expression; these changes include the increased expression of a developmentally regulated isotype of beta-tubulin (class II) and reduced neurofilament (NF) expression. In the present study we examined the abundance of mRNAs encoding the low-molecular-weight NF protein (NF-L) and class II beta-tubulin in RNA purified from the retinae of newborn rats, from the retinae of adult rats at 2, 7, and 14 days after intracranial transection of the ipsilateral optic nerve, and from contralateral control retinae. In order to facilitate comparison with representative PNS neurons, parallel analyses were carried out in axotomized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons. Since NF-L and class II beta-tubulin are neuron-specific proteins, axotomy-induced alterations in the levels of retinal mRNAs encoding these proteins largely reflect corresponding changes in expression by retinal ganglion cell neurons. Comparison of retinal RNA from newborn and adult (70-day-old) animals demonstrated a postnatal increase in NF-L and a decline in class II beta-tubulin mRNAs comparable to those previously described in DRG neurons. Reductions in NF-L mRNA levels were noted in retina at 2, 7, and 14 days after axotomy and in DRG neurons at 7 and 14 days after axotomy. The abundance of class II beta-tubulin mRNAs increased after axotomy in DRG neurons, but not in retina.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1988

An increase in intracellular pH is a general response of promonocytic cells to differentiating agents.

Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured in HL60 and U937 cells before and after differentiation into monocyte-macrophage like cells. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (PMA), butyrate, interferon, retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 all increased pHi. The increases elicited were rapid with PMA, much slower with retinoic acid and interferon and still slower with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Increases in pHi are due to an activation of the Na+/H+ exchange system. High pHi values are unlikely to serve as an early intracellular signal for initiating monocytic differentiation.

Butyrates↗
PubMed1994

The L-histidine-mediated enhancement of hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity is a general response in cultured mammalian cell lines and is always associated with the formation of DNA double strand breaks.

Micromolar concentrations of L-histidine increase the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide in a number of cell lines including CHO (hamster), EAHY, McCoy's, U937 and CCRF-CEM (human), Vero (monkey) and SC-1 (mouse). Importantly, these cell lines displayed different degrees of sensitivity to H2O2 alone and the extent of enhancement elicited by the amino acid was more pronounced in resistant cell lines. The increased cytotoxicity was invariably associated with the formation of DNA DSBs and a remarkable correlation was found by plotting the level of DNA DSBs against the cytotoxic response. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the mechanism whereby L-histidine increases the toxicity elicited by H2O2 involves the formation of DNA DSBs and are consistent with the possibility that the amino acid might participate in the regulation of the physio-pathological response to oxidative stress in mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Constitutional factors and the local and general responses to injury.

The different constitutional factors which may affect the response to injury and the problems which must be considered in evaluating any injury model are discussed. Species, age, sex, nutrition and the presence of disease are discussed in relation to an injury model based on hind limb ischaemia, with reference to the extensive literature.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

Virus induction of heat shock protein 70 reflects a general response to protein accumulation in the plant cytosol.

Different cytoplasmically replicating RNA viruses were shown to induce a specific subset of heat-inducible heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). To identify the inducing principle, a promoterreporter system was developed for the facile analysis of differentially responding Arabidopsis HSP70 genes, by infiltration into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Through transient expression of individual viral cistrons or through deletion analysis of a viral replicon, we were unable to identify a unique inducer of HSP70. However, there was a positive correlation between the translatability of the test construct and the differential induction of HSP70. Since these data implied a lack of specificity in the induction process, we also expressed a random series of cytosolically targeted Arabidopsis genes and showed that these also differentially induced HSP70. Through a comparison of different promoterreporter constructs and through measurements of the steady-state levels of the individual proteins, it appeared that the HSP70 response reflected the ability of the cytosol to sense individual properties of particular proteins when expressed at high levels. This phenomenon is reminiscent of the unfolded protein response observed when the induced accumulation of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum also induces a specific suite of chaperones.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2002

Invited review: molecular adaptations in mammalian hibernators: unique adaptations or generalized responses?

Hibernators are unique among mammals in their ability to attain, withstand, and reverse low body temperatures. Hibernators repeatedly cycle between body temperatures near zero during torpor and 37 degrees C during euthermy. How do these mammals maintain cardiac function, cell integrity, blood fluidity, and energetic balance during their prolonged periods at low body temperature and avoid damage when they rewarm? Hibernation is often considered an example of a unique adaptation for low-temperature function in mammals. Although such adaptation is apparent at the level of whole animal physiology, it is surprisingly difficult to demonstrate clear examples of adaptations at the cellular and biochemical levels that improve function in the cold and are unique to hibernators. Instead of adaptation for improved function in the cold, the key molecular adaptations of hibernation may be to exploit the cold to depress most aspects of biochemical function and then rewarm without damage to restore optimal function of all systems. These capabilities are likely due to novel regulation of biochemical pathways shared by all mammals, including humans.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1991

Improving the driving practices of pizza deliverers: Response generalization and moderating effects of driving history.

A practical intervention program, targeting the safety belt use of pizza deliverers at two stores, increased significantly the use of both safety belts (143% above baseline) and turn signals (25% above baseline). Control subjects (i.e., pizza deliverers at a third no-intervention store and patrons driving to the pizza stores) showed no changes in belt or turn signal use over the course of 7-month study. The intervention program was staggered across two pizza stores and consisted of a group meeting wherein employees discussed the value of safety belts, received feedback regarding their low safety belt use, offered suggestions for increasing their belt use, and made a personal commitment to buckle up by signing buckle-up promise cards. Subsequently, employee-designed buckle-up reminder signs were placed in the pizza stores. By linking license plate numbers to individual driving records, we examined certain aspects of driving history as moderators of pre- and postintervention belt use. Although baseline belt use was significantly lower for drivers with one or more driving demerits or accidents in the previous 5 years, after the intervention these risk groups increased their belt use significantly and at the same rate as drivers with no demerits or accidents. Whereas baseline belt use was similar for younger (under 25) and older (25 or older) drivers, younger drivers were markedly more influenced by the intervention than were older drivers. Individual variation in belt use during baseline, intervention, and follow-up phases indicated that some drivers require more effective and costly intervention programs to motivate their safe driving practices.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Antibiotic-responsive generalized nonlesional pruritus in a dog.

A 15-year-old dog was evaluated for a nonresponsive generalized pruritic condition of 5 months duration. Routine diagnostic testing, including intradermal testing with 63 inhaled allergens and the feeding of a home-cooked hypoallergenic diet, failed to define the cause of the pruritus. An intradermal skin test with a staphylococcal cell wall/toxoid mixture and a skin biopsy of the skin test site suggested that the dog had a bacterial hypersensitivity. Antibiotic therapy eliminated the pruritus and the dog's pruritus was successfully managed for 3 years with the combined use of subtherapeutic dosages of antibiotics and a commercial staphylococcal vaccine.

Anal Sacs↗