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PubMed1999

Gender-related differences in myocyte remodeling in progression to heart failure.

Gender-related differences responsible for the better prognosis of females with heart failure have not been clearly established. To address this issue, we investigated potential gender-related differences in myocyte remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats. Echocardiograms and myocyte growth were compared between males and females at compensated (2, 4, and 6 months) and decompensated (18 months in males and 24 months in females) stages of cardiac hypertrophy. Although left ventricular diastolic dimensions did not differ significantly between failing male and female rats, fractional shortening declined significantly only in failing males. Myocyte cross-sectional area did not change after 4 months of age in both genders, which is likely to be responsible for the absence of a change in left ventricular wall thickness during the progression to heart failure. Myocyte volume and cross-sectional area were significantly larger in males than females at 2, 4, and 6 months of age, although there were no significant differences at the failing stage. Reduced adaptive hypertrophic reserve was observed in males, which is likely to contribute to the higher morbidity and mortality of males with chronic heart failure.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

GPs' perceptions of the gender-related barriers to discussing sexual health in consultations--a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: This paper explores the barriers related to gender that general practitioners (GPs) face when discussing sexual health matters in primary care consultations. METHOD: Qualitative study. In-depth interviews were conducted with 22 GPs recruited from different practice types and locations across Sheffield, UK. Transcripts were analysed thematically, assisted by NUD*IST qualitative data analysis programme. RESULTS: GPs were virtually unanimous in believing that patients preferred to see same-sex GPs regarding sexual health, and some felt that as a consequence they became "de-skilled" in dealing with sexual matters of opposite sex patients. Discussion of sexual issues was also perceived to be hindered if the patient was male; for women, reproductive health issues provided an appropriate context to asking about sexual health. CONCLUSION: Barriers that prevent discussion of sexual matters in consultations can not only impinge upon potential treatment for the patient, but also have an indirect affect on the patient's life, health and intimate relationships. Solutions to overcoming such barriers relate largely to the provision of training for medical students and qualified GPs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age- and gender-related differences in human lacrimal fluid peroxidase activity.

There is evidence to suggest that estrogen influences lacrimal fluid peroxidase activity in women. In this study we investigated changes in peroxidase activity related to ageing and gender. These changes might help to explain the common problem of dry-eye syndrome in menopausal women. Unstimulated tears were collected from 70 healthy subjects of both sexes (age range 24-90 years). Tear samples were collected from 9 to 10 a.m., when peroxidase activity remained stable. In women, lacrimal fluid peroxidase activity decreased significantly during the menopause (p < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA), and thereafter remained unchanged. Conversely, in men, lacrimal fluid peroxidase activity decreased later, declining significantly only towards the age of 80 (p < 0.05). Lacrimal fluid peroxidase activity differs in men and women: the gender-related difference accentuates during ageing, probably owing to changing estrogen levels.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Child sexual abuse, HIV sexual risk, and gender relations of African-American women.

INTRODUCTION: A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the association between childhood abuse, HIV-related sexual risks, and gender relations among African-American women. METHODS: The sample 165 African-American women, 18-29 years of age, were recruited by street outreach from a lower socioeconomic community in San Francisco, CA. A face-to-face interview was administered to assess HIV/STD-sexual risk practices, alcohol use, physical abuse, affective health, and relationship commitment. Childhood sexual abuse was defined as experiencing forced sex prior to age 16. RESULTS: The prevalence of childhood sexual abuse in this sample was 13.3%. Compared to women who were not abused during childhood, women who reported a history of childhood sexual abuse were 1.5 times more likely to have had an abortion, 1.4 times more likely to report having an STD, 2.4 times as likely to report having greater than two lifetime STDs, 3.8 times as likely to have a history of anal sex, 2.6 times as likely to worry about acquiring HIV, 3.9 times more likely to believe their partner did not care for them, twice as likely to doubt the longevity of their relationship, 5.1 times as likely to have a partner who had been physically abusive within the previous 3 months, 2.6 times as likely to have a partner who was physically abusive when asked to use condoms, and 1.5 times as likely to consume three or more glasses of alcohol at one time. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of a women's history of child sexual abuse can assist in making appropriate medical and social referrals and can lead to the development of more tailored HIV prevention programs for African-American women.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1993

Gender-related differences in the inhibitory effect on liver regeneration in alcohol-treated rats: study of polyamine metabolism.

We studied gender-related differences in the effect of a single dose of ethanol (EtOH) on liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy in male and female rats by determining polyamines and their related enzymes. When rats were orally treated with EtOH at 3 g/kg 1 hr before partial hepatectomy, liver ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity at 4 hr post-hepatectomy was found to be lower in EtOH-treated female than male rats (51% vs. 42%, P < 0.01). Although no EtOH effect was observed on spermidine acetyltransferase (SAT) activity, female rats showed significantly higher values than male rats. Among intra-hepatic polyamines, putrescine was strongly affected by EtOH and significantly reduced in both male and female rats, but the effect was more marked in female than in male rats (88% vs. 51%, P < 0.01). With respect to spermidine and spermine, male rats were unaffected by EtOH, whereas EtOH-treated female rats had lower levels. The gender-related differences became more distinct in terms of total polyamine; the decrease in total polyamine due to EtOH was observed in female rats only. These results suggested that there was a gender-related difference in the effect of EtOH on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, with the variations in polyamines probably affecting the subsequent process of liver regeneration.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1993

Gender-related behavior in women exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol.

Accumulating evidence in experimental animals over the past three decades suggests that mammalian brain development and differentiation of the central nervous system are influenced by perinatal exposure to sex hormones. Hence, changes in human behavioral patterns may be associated with prenatal exposure to estrogenic substances such as diethylstilbestrol (DES). This paper reviews relevant studies from a series of laboratories and finds that no clear-cut differences can be demonstrated to date between unexposed and DES-exposed women in gender-related behavior, although the physical and psychological impact of the problems associated with exposure to DES are well documented. If both prenatal and postnatal influences such as social, economic, and environmental factors are taken into consideration, individual variation is more apparent than differences in gender-related behavior between unexposed and DES-exposed women. In summary, gender-related behavior is determined by a complex array of interacting factors, and prenatal influences are only one of many developmental events. More studies are needed using larger populations with carefully controlled selection criteria to suggest a direct role of prenatal DES exposure on subsequent gender-related behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Gender-related differences in the human subthalamic area: a local field potential study.

The objective of this study was to investigate the possible existence of gender-related neurophysiological differences in the oscillatory activity of the human subthalamic area. To this end, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) after neurosurgical procedures for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in 24 patients (12 males and 12 females) with Parkinson's disease. LFP recordings at rest before levodopa medication (19 nuclei from 11 female patients and 16 nuclei from ten male patients) showed significantly higher power in the alpha/low-beta band (8-12 Hz, P<0.01; 13-20 Hz, P=0.03) in females than in males. After levodopa medication (ten nuclei from six female patients and 11 nuclei from seven male patients), the power in the high-gamma band (60-90 Hz) and of the 300 Hz rhythm was significantly higher in females than in males (high-gamma, P=0.007; 300 Hz, P=0.002). These findings show that functional gender-related differences in the central nervous system involve the human subthalamic area (STN) and its response to levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Gender-related neurophysiological differences may be important for understanding gender-specific features of neurodegenerative disorders and should be considered when interpreting LFP data from the human basal ganglia.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2006

Gender-related differences in expression and function of hepatic P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein (Mrp2) in rats.

To clarify whether gender-related differences exist in the expression and function of hepatic P-glycoprotein- and/or multidrug resistance-associated protein (Mrp2), we measured the hepatobiliary excretion of doxorubicin and their protein levels in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. When rats received a single intravenous injection of doxorubicin (5 mg/kg), a delay in the disappearance of doxorubicin from plasma was observed in male rats. When rats received a constant-rate infusion of doxorubicin, no significant gender-related differences in the apparent biliary clearance of doxorubicin based on the steady state plasma concentrations were observed between male and female rats. However, the net biliary clearance of doxorubicin based on the liver concentration, which represents the actual function of P-glycoprotein and/or Mrp2, was higher in female rats than in male rats. These results suggest that the actual function of the hepatobiliary transport of doxorubicin is greater in female than in male rats. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of P-glycoprotein and Mrp2 in the liver of female rats was significantly higher than in male rats, similar to results of hepatobiliary excretion experiments. The expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B1, which is involved in the metabolism of doxorubicin, was significantly higher in male than in female rats. By pretreatment with testosterone (10 mg/day for 7 days), the actual biliary clearance of doxorubicin in female rats was nearly that of male rats. The protein levels of P-glycoprotein and Mrp2 in female rats were also lowered by treatment with testosterone so as to be nearer those in male rats. These results suggest that gender-related differences exist in P-glycoprotein- and Mrp2-mediated hepatobiliary transport and that these two transporters may be regulated by sex hormones.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMed2006

Gender-related differences in dyspepsia: a qualitative systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Relative to men, women are diagnosed more frequently with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. With increased awareness of basic gender differences in perception and treatment of visceral pain, there has been new interest in research on gender disparity in the care of people with functional GI disorders. Past attention has focused on irritable bowel syndrome, whereas gender differences in other disorders are less well described. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to systematically review studies that have examined gender-related differences among patients with dyspepsia. METHODS: MEDLINE, HealthSTAR, and PsycINFO databases were searched for English-language articles on dyspepsia published between 1966 and August 2001. Epidemiologic studies, clinical trials, review articles, and conceptual articles from peer-reviewed journals were included for review. Findings were summarized and discussed within a framework of biological and psychosocial factors. Statistical analysis of combined data was inappropriate because of the inconsistent definition of dyspepsia among different studies and wide variation in the types of articles reviewed. RESULTS: Studies that examine gender-related differences in patients with dyspepsia have focused their investigations on the clinical epidemiology and pathophysiology of dyspepsia. In most epidemiologic studies, no gender analysis was performed beyond a description of sample demographics, and when statistical significance was tested, few consistent gender differences were found. Overall, it appears that men and women with dyspepsia possibly differ with respect to pattern of symptoms, pain perception or modulation, and antinociceptive mechanisms, but these observations have not been confirmed. No study evaluated the clinical implications of these possible differences. CONCLUSIONS: Future efforts should be directed to not only examine gender-related differences in the clinical epidemiology of dyspepsia, but also understand their clinical significance. Therefore, well-designed population-based studies using a consistent definition of dyspepsia are needed to investigate the prevalence of dyspepsia symptoms and patterns of dyspepsia management among men and women.

Domestic Violence↗
PubMed2001

Gender-related distinctions in protein kinase C activity in rat vascular smooth muscle.

Gender differences in vascular reactivity have been suggested; however, the cellular mechanisms involved are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that the gender differences in vascular reactivity reflect gender-related, possibly estrogen-mediated, distinctions in the expression and activity of specific protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in vascular smooth muscle. Aortic strips were isolated from intact and gonadectomized male and female Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Isometric contraction was measured in endothelium-denuded aortic strips. PKC activity was measured in the cytosolic and particulate fractions, and the amount of PKC was measured using Western blots and isoform-specific anti-PKC antibodies. In intact male WKY rats, phenylephrine (Phe, 10(-5) M) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu, 10(-6) M) stimulated contraction to 0.37 +/- 0.02 and 0.42 +/- 0.02 g/mg tissue wt, respectively. The basal particulate/cytosolic PKC activity ratio was 0.86 +/- 0.06, and Western blots revealed alpha-, delta-, and zeta-PKC isoforms. Phe and PDBu increased PKC activity and caused significant translocation of alpha- and delta-PKC from the cytosolic to particulate fraction. In intact female WKY rats, basal PKC activity, the amount of alpha-, delta-, and zeta-PKC, the Phe- and PDBu-induced contraction, and PKC activity and translocation of alpha- and delta-PKC were significantly reduced compared with intact male WKY rats. The basal PKC activity, the amount of alpha-, delta-, and zeta-PKC, the Phe and PDBu contraction, and PKC activity and alpha- and delta-PKC translocation were greater in SHR than WKY rats. The reduction in Phe and PDBu contraction and PKC activity in intact females compared with intact males was greater in SHR ( approximately 30%) than WKY rats ( approximately 20%). Phe and PDBu contraction and PKC activity were not significantly different between castrated males and intact males but were greater in ovariectomized (OVX) females than intact females. Treatment of OVX females or castrated males with 17 beta-estradiol, but not 17 alpha-estradiol, subcutaneous implants caused significant reduction in Phe and PDBu contraction and PKC activity that was greater in SHR than WKY rats. Phe and PDBu contraction and PKC activity in OVX females or castrated males treated with 17 beta-estradiol plus the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI-182,780 were not significantly different from untreated OVX females or castrated males. Thus a gender-related reduction in vascular smooth muscle contraction in female WKY rats with intact gonads compared with males is associated with reduction in the expression and activity of vascular alpha-, delta-, and zeta-PKC. The gender differences in vascular smooth muscle contraction and PKC activity are augmented in the SHR and are possibly mediated by estrogen.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Gender-related differences in the characteristics of problem gamblers using a gambling helpline.

OBJECTIVE: The characteristics of male and female gamblers utilizing a gambling helpline were examined to identify gender-related differences. METHOD: The authors performed logistic regression analyses on data obtained in 1998-1999 from callers to a gambling helpline serving southern New England. RESULTS: Of the 562 phone calls used in the analyses, 349 (62.1%) were from male callers and 213 (37.9%) from female callers. Gender-related differences were observed in reported patterns of gambling, gambling-related problems, borrowing and indebtedness, legal problems, suicidality, and treatment for mental health and gambling problems. Male gamblers were more likely than female gamblers to report problems with strategic or "face-to-face" forms of gambling, e.g., blackjack or poker. Female gamblers were more likely to report problems with nonstrategic, less interpersonally interactive forms of gambling, e.g., slot machines or bingo. Female gamblers were more likely to report receiving nongambling-related mental health treatment. Male gamblers were more likely to report a drug problem or an arrest related to gambling. High rates of debt and psychiatric symptoms related to gambling, including anxiety and depression, were observed in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with gambling disorders have gender-related differences in underlying motivations to gamble and in problems generated by excessive gambling. Different strategies may be necessary to maximize treatment efficacy for men and for women with gambling problems.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Gender-related differences in physical performance among seniors.

This study examined gender differences in balance, gait, and muscle performance in seniors and identified gender-specific factors contributing to physical performance. Forty (20 men, 20 women) healthy, community-dwelling seniors (74.5 +/- 5.3 years) participated. Limits of stability, gait speed, lower limb flexor and extensor isokinetic concentric peak torques, self-reported activity level, and balance confidence were measured. No gender differences were detected in gait speed, limits of stability when normalized to height, activity level, or balance confidence (p = .188). Women were weaker than men (p = .007), even after controlling for weight and body-mass index, suggesting that other gender-related factors contribute to strength. Gender accounted for 18-46% of the variance in strength and served as a modifier of the relationship between activity level and strength in some muscle groups. The primary factors relating to gender-specific strength was activity level in men and body weight in women.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Gender bias in nursing care? Gender-related differences in patient satisfaction with the quality of nursing care.

Gender-related differences in experience with nursing care, was studied using data from a Norwegian survey of patient-satisfaction. The survey included 1469 male and 1226 female patients. Results showed that young female patients were less content with all aspects of nursing care when compared with young male patients. Female patients experienced, quite contrary to their male counterparts, that the nursing staff was less committed and caring, has less time and was less skilled. The young women were also less content with what they felt was a lack of opportunity to provide the staff with information they believed to be important to their condition or ailment. Analysis also revealed that female patients, compared with their male counterparts, indicated a higher score on the subjective importance of the different aspects of care. These findings are discussed on the basis of gender-related research in general. The finding of lower satisfaction amongst younger female patients could be ascribed to the power-balance between nursing staff and patients. The discussion shows, however, that there are a number of possible interpretations as to why female patients are less content with nursing care compared with male patients. As the reasons for the findings may be derived from several sources it becomes evident that there is a need for further research using alternative approaches.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Gender-related differences in acute aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND: Few data exist on gender-related differences in clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, management, and outcomes in acute aortic dissection (AAD). METHODS AND RESULTS: Accordingly, we evaluated 1078 patients enrolled in the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD) to assess differences in clinical features, management, and in-hospital outcomes between men and women. Of the patients enrolled in IRAD (32.1%) with AAD, 346 were women. Although less frequently affected by AAD (32.1% of AAD), women were significantly older and had more often presented later than men (P=0.008); symptoms of coma/altered mental status were more common, whereas pulse deficit was less common. Diagnostic imaging suggestive of rupture, ie, periaortic hematoma, and pleural or pericardial effusion were more commonly observed in women. In-hospital complications of hypotension and tamponade occurred with greater frequency in women, resulting in higher in-hospital mortality compared with men. After adjustment for age and hypertension, women with aortic dissection die more frequently than men (OR, 1.4, P=0.04), predominantly in the 66- to 75-year age group. Moreover, surgical outcome was worse in women than men (P=0.013); type A dissection in women was associated with a higher surgical mortality of 32% versus 22% in men despite similar delay, surgical technique, and hemodynamics. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis provides insights into gender-related differences in AAD with regard to clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes; important diagnostic and therapeutic implications may help shed light on aortic dissection in women to improve their outcomes.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Gender-related concerns of rural women with severe and persistent mental illnesses.

This study used focus groups to investigate the perceptions of rural women with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) about their gender-related health concerns. In a series of five focus groups conducted with 16 women at rural psychosocial clubhouses, women with SPMI discussed many gender-related issues, including unresolved grief over loss of children, isolation from family members, lack of sexual partners, diminished sexuality, and bodily changes secondary to medication side-effects. Women with mental illness felt like their roles as women was superseded by their role as mentally ill individuals. Rural women with SPMI have unmet needs for women's health. Psychiatric nurses have the optimal background for addressing gender-related concerns of rural women with SPMI.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Post-migration changes in gender relations among Ethiopian couples living in Canada.

The Ethiopian community ofToronto, Canada, has identified the prevention of marital conflict and partner abuse as a priority issue. Previous research and community discussions suggested that changes in gender relations following migration contribute to both marital conflict and partner abuse. The objective of this community-based pilot study was to explore post-migration changes in gender relations among Ethiopian couples in order to inform the development of violence-prevention strategies. Qualitative research methods and analyses were used. In-depth interviews and focus-group discussions were conducted with 8 couples who had been married in Ethiopia and migrated to Toronto. The findings indicate changes in gender relations following migration as well as concordant and discordant patterns of change. Change was found to be associated with factors such as age, number of years married, experience in a third country, and gender-role socialization. Implications for future research and nursing practice are discussed.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

Partner influences and gender-related factors associated with noncondom use among young adult African American women.

We examined the partner influences and gender-related correlates of noncondom use among African American women. The prevalence of noncondom use was 45.3%. Women whose sexual partners were noncondom users were four times more likely to believe that asking their partner to use a condom implied he was unfaithful, three times as likely to have a partner who resisted using condoms, three times more likely to receive AFDC, twice as likely to be sexually nonassertive, three times more likely to believe that it was not difficult to find an "eligible" African American man, and three times as likely to have had one sexual partner. HIV prevention tailored towards African American women should address these partner influences and gender-related factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Gender-related traits in transsexuals and nontranssexuals.

Thirty-eight male-to-female (M-to-F) transsexuals, 7 female-to-male (F-to-M) transsexuals, 135 nontranssexual men, and 225 nontranssexual women were assessed on the following: gender diagnosticity (GD) measures, which assessed male- vs. female-typical occupational and hobby preferences; instrumentality; expressiveness; self-ascribed masculinity; and self-ascribed femininity. M-to-F transsexuals differed strongly and significantly from nontranssexual men on GD and self-ascribed femininity (effect sizes from 1.84 to 3.40) and more weakly on instrumentality, expressiveness, and self-ascribed masculinity (effect sizes from 0.40 to 0.56). F-to-M transsexuals differed strongly and significantly from nontranssexual women on GD and on self-ascribed masculinity and femininity (effect sizes from 2.45 to 3.97), but not on instrumentality or expressiveness (effect sizes of 0.07 and 0.39). The degree to which the six assessed gender-related traits distinguished transsexual from nontranssexuals was strongly correlated with the degree to which these same traits distinguished nontranssexual men from nontranssexual women. Using comparison data from past research, M-to-F transsexuals were quite similar to gay men on all gender-related traits except self-ascribed femininity, but F-to-M transsexuals were considerably more masculine than lesbian women on all gender-related traits except for instrumentality and expressiveness.

Adult↗