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PubMed1996

Group processes in a case discussion workshop for community psychiatric nurses.

This paper describes a case discussion workshop with a team of hospital-based community psychiatric nurses (CPNs). After describing the growth of the CPN movement in Britain and the conflicting ideas surrounding the professional role of CPNs, some of the group processes within a particular group of CPNs will be illustrated. Particular attention is paid to the way in which reading material distributed to the group may reflect group processes, and the way in which institutional factors impinge on case discussions. The case for various forms of psychodynamic input into community psychiatric teams is also made.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1977

The effect of marijuana on small group process.

In a research group setting, marijuana increased social-emotional interpersonal communication and decreased task-oriented behavior. Following a frustration stimulus, groups of marijuana smokers appeared nonintoxicated and showed improvement in consensus problem solving. Interpersonal behavior with marijuana may depend in part, on the presence or absence of demand characteristics for task performance. Creativity in group problem solving was not improved by marijuana.

Affect↗
PubMed1989

Communication as group process media of aircrew performance.

This study of group process was motivated by a high-fidelity flight simulator project in which aircrew performance was found to be better when the crew had recently flown together. Considering recent operating experience as a group-level input factor, aspects of the communication process between crewmembers (Captain and First Officer), were explored as a possible mediator to performance. Communication patterns were defined by a speech act typology adapted for the flightdeck setting and distinguished crews that had previously flown together (FT) from those that had not flown together (NFT). A more open communication channel with respect to information exchange and validation and greater First Officer participation in task-related topics was shown by FT crews while NFT crews engaged in more non-task discourse, a speech mode less structured by roles and probably serving a more interpersonal function. Relationships between the speech categories themselves, representing linguistic, and role-related interdependencies provide guidelines for interpreting the primary findings.

Aviation↗
PubMed1999

Decision making at the end of life: a model using an ethical grid and principles of group process.

Those who provide care for the dying seek to address issues of pain and suffering in the context of the psychological, spiritual, mental, and physical complexities of the individual experiencing a terminal illness. People who are dying are still living. They have the right to be in control of their lives. The staff (caregivers) also have an integrity which must be preserved. They too must be connected to the decision-making process. The reality of palliative care brings up unresolved psychological issues, often turbulent personal issues, for all involved in the process. This can cause extra unnecessary pain and suffering for all concerned. It is essential that a real (unflinching) and an ethical relationship between the patient and the staff be maintained and valued as these issues are confronted and resolved. This relationship will be subject to group process influences, which must be recognized and embraced. Avoidance of these issues can lead to unfairness, misunderstanding, shame, and lasting resentment among the caregivers, as well as to tragic consequences for the patient and the family. The purpose of this article is to describe a decision-making process in palliative care that includes the use of ethical principles as well as features of group process. The ethical grid was adapted and developed from the work of Jonsen, Siegler, and Winslade. The features of group process are based on theories of group work as defined by Trotzer; Johnson and Johnson; Gladding; Bion; Yalom; and Amundson, Borgen, Westwood and Pallard.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Interpersonal and group processes in long-term spaceflight crews: perspectives from social and organizational psychology.

The issues of interpersonal and group processes in long-term spacecrews from the perspectives of social and organizational psychology are considered here. A contrast between the Amundsen vs. Scott expeditions to the South Pole 90 yrs. ago highlights the importance of personnel selection and attention to interpersonal and group dynamics in expeditions to extreme and dangerous environments, such as long-term spaceflights today. Under the rubric of personnel selection, some further psychological "select-in" and "select-out" criteria are suggested, among them implicit measures of human motivation, intergroup attitudes ("implicit" and "explicit" measures of prejudice, social dominance orientation, and right-wing authoritarianism), attachment styles, and dispositional hardiness. The situational interview and the idea of "selection for teams," drawn from current advances in organizational psychology, are recommended for selecting members for future spacecrews. Under the rubrics of interpersonal and group processes, the social relations model is introduced as a technique for modeling and understanding interdependence among spacecrew members and partialling out variance in behavioral and perceptual data into actor/perceiver, partner/target, and relationship components. Group cohesion as a multidimensional construct is introduced, along with a consideration of the groupthink phenomenon and its controversial link to cohesion. Group composition issues are raised with examples concerning cultural heterogeneity and gender composition. Cultural value dimensions, especially power distance and individual-collectivism, should be taken into account at both societal and psychological levels in long-term space missions. Finally, intergroup processes and language issues in crews are addressed. The recategorization induction from the common ingroup identity model is recommended as a possible intervention for overcoming and inhibiting intergroup biases within spacecrews and between space- and groundcrews.

Astronauts↗
PubMed1981

A process group approach to stress reduction and personal growth in a family practice residency program.

A family practice residency experience presents both stress and the opportunity for personal growth. One approach to focusing on these issues is a process oriented group. This paper describes the evolution of such a group. Content areas that emerged in the group are discussed in terms of the variety of stresses experienced by residents, especially those engendered by changing and conflicting role expectations. Changes in group process over time are described. Outcome is discussed in terms of individual stress reduction, personal growth, improved interpersonal relationships, increased ability to comfortably interact with patients, and knowledge gained about dynamics relevant to the treatment of families as groups.

Family Practice↗
PubMed2005

A dual group processes model of individual differences in prejudice.

The study of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) as predictors of prejudice has represented an attempt to explain group dynamics in terms of individual traits. In contrast, I argue that the individual tendencies that predict prejudice are actually a product of group dynamics. This article critiques personality approaches, focusing primarily on authoritarianism and secondarily on social dominance, and defends a model that explains the 2 variables in terms of discrete group processes. According to the Dual Group Processes model, SDO reflects category differentiation, which involves the evaluation of individuals on the basis of their category membership. RWA reflects normative differentiation, which involves the evaluation of ingroup members on the basis of their prototypicality. Authoritarian aggression-whether against ethnic minorities or other targets-is conceptualized as an intragroup phenomenon, involving the rejection of perceived antinorm deviants who threaten the longevity or legitimacy of social norms.

Aggression↗
PubMed1985

[Group process studies within the scope of directed dynamic group psychotherapy].

Footing on specific prämisses of Intended Dynamic Group Psychotherapy three different types of development are described on the basis of factor analytical investigations towards the behaviour and experience of the group members and of the therapeut. At a period of 34 sessions of stationary psychotherapy data of 15 groups were comprehended and globally related to the effectivity. There are shown up the problems of therapeuticle behaviour, of indication and of effectivity.

Communication↗
PubMed1988

Graduate medical education faces housestaff stress: institutional dynamics and group process.

The authors describe their efforts and experiences in presenting information on housestaff stress, dysfunction, and psychiatric morbidity to a committee of residency educators in their medical center. A complex group process emerged, which is discussed in the context of institutional background and "dynamics," the physician-psychiatrist relationship, and faculty role conflicts. Logistical problems in studying and intervening with such housestaff difficulties are presented, and formalized as a set of alternative approaches. A working plan is given in the form of ten initial goals. The authors' current approach, which is compared to "therapy for an institution," takes careful cognizance of resistances in the group process.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2001

Vase or face? A neural correlate of shape-selective grouping processes in the human brain.

Recent neuroimaging studies have described a differential activation pattern associated with specific object images (e.g., face-related and building-related activation) in human occipito-temporal cortex. However, it is as yet unclear to what extent this selectivity is due to differences in the statistics of local object features present in the different object categories, and to what extent it reflects holistic grouping processes operating across the entire object image. To resolve this question it is essential to use images in which identical sets of local features elicit the perception of different object categories. The classic Rubin vase-face illusion provides an excellent experimental set to test this question. In the illusion, the same local contours lead to the perception of different objects (vase or face). Here we employed a modified Rubin vase-face illusion to explore to what extent the activation in face-related regions is attributable to the presence of local face features, or is due to a more holistic grouping process that involves the entire face figure. Biasing cues (gratings and color) were used to control the perceptual state of the observer. We found enhanced activation in face-related regions during the "face profile" perceptual state compared to the "vase" perceptual state. Control images ruled out the involvement of the biasing cues in the effect. Thus, object-selective activation in human face-related regions entails global grouping processes that go beyond the local processing of stimulus features.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Group process among novice students.

This paper explores the experiences of a group of registered nurses returning to graduate school. The organizing framework used is an integration of Tuckman and Jensen's group process theory and Benner's novice to expert model.

Education, Nursing, Graduate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of a modified nominal group process for improving laboratory performance in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody testing. Reaching consensus on three questions concerning HIV-1 testing.

Using expert panels of medical technologists and public health microbiologists, a modified nominal group process was used to reach a consensus on three questions concerning current human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) testing methods. The questions related to important sources of error, improving the testing process, and improving proficiency testing. The modified nominal group process proved to be effective in developing lists of errors in laboratory testing; it provided a fast, economic means of identifying possible areas for improving laboratory quality assurance and training programs. For the HIV testing model, the focus group panelists indicated laboratory pipetting errors, labeling, and specimen identification as the most important sources of error. To improve the quality of this testing, the panel recommended standardizing test interpretation and restricting testing to laboratories licensed to perform HIV-1 testing. To improve proficiency testing, the use of blind specimens and establishing minimum standards of performance were suggested.

California↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of group process in developing articulation models.

This article explores the use of group process for developing articulation models to enable movement of graduates between levels of nursing education with minimal barriers and repetition of content. Potential roadblocks to success include differing philosophical positions, lack of recognition of core content and end competencies of the different levels, and time commitments required. However, with careful planning and flexibility, group dynamics can be used proactively to achieve success.

Colorado↗
PubMed2003

Attachment theory and group processes: the association between attachment style and group-related representations, goals, memories, and functioning.

Four studies examined attachment-style differences in group-related cognitions and behaviors. In Studies 1-2, participants completed scales on group-related cognitions and emotions. In Studies 3-4, participants were divided into small groups, and their performance in group tasks as well as the cohesion of their group were assessed. Both attachment anxiety and avoidance in close relationships were associated with negative group-related cognitions and emotions. Anxiety was also related to the pursuit of closeness goals and impaired instrumental performance in group tasks. Avoidance was related to the pursuit of distance goals and deficits in socioemotional and instrumental performance. Group cohesion significantly moderated the effects of attachment anxiety. The discussion emphasizes the relevance of attachment theory within group contexts.

Adult↗
PubMed1957

Group processes.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Group Processes↗
PubMed1988

Hemisphericity and creativity. Group process and the dream factory.

Traditionally, creativity has been studied as an aspect of the psychology of personality. Recent brain research--for example, hemisphericity study--provides a new physiologic grounding for such studies. Particularly needed now are creativity studies to relate both brain physiology and personality to group process. This article is the report of such a study applying systems research to an exploration of creativity in the motion picture-television industry. Findings include the identification of both right and left brain models and creative phases within cycles phenomena in group process creativity. Implications for psychotherapy and a wide range of fields are examined.

Achievement↗