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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

British Co-operative Clinical Group national survey on diagnostic issues surrounding genital herpes. MSSVD Special Interest Group on Genital Herpes and the British Co-operative Clinical Group.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the current use of diagnostic methods for genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, to determine how information from these tests influences clinical practice, and to identify areas for future guideline development within genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics in the United Kingdom. METHODS: National survey of 173 consultants in UK GUM clinics. RESULTS: Completed questionnaires were returned by 146 (84%) consultants. Cell culture was the first line diagnostic method for 133 (91%) respondents, the remaining 13 (9%) used antigen detection tests. Typing of isolates (HSV-1 or HSV-2) was available in their local laboratory to 109 (75%) clinicians; however, less than two thirds routinely pass this information on to their patients. Although 74 (51%) respondents had access to serological diagnosis, the majority of methods described were non-specific; only three (2%) had access to type specific tests. Only 81 (56%) respondents frequently (> 90% of the time) recommend notification of recent sexual partners of genital herpes patients. CONCLUSIONS: While access to culture based diagnosis is widespread, type specific serology has limited availability. Information on typing of isolates as HSV-1 or 2, although available in three quarters of centres, is underutilized in counselling patients. As HSV type influences both clinical and subclinical reactivation rates and may also affect probability of transmission, this is an important omission. Future guidelines need to address the optimal use of viral typing and new diagnostic tests to optimise health gain; there is also a need for evidence based recommendations about partner notification in genital herpes.

Contact Tracing↗
PubMed1977

IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses in patients with acute genital and non-genital herpetic lesions determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody method.

A total of 112 cases from 12 cases of non-genital herpes simplex, 13 cases of herpes genitalis and 60 selected controls was titrated by the indirect fluorescent antibody method for IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies against herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2. Mean titres of IgA against HSV type 1 were 6-8 times higher in patients with acute and recent non-genital herpes simplex than the mean titres of the controls, while the corresponding mean titres were only slightly elevated in patients with herpes genitalis. In this latter group of patients IgA antibody titres to HSV type 2 were 4 times higher than the control titres. IgM antibody titres were not elevated in patients with non-genital herpes simplex, but in patients with herpes genitalis IgM antibodies to HSV type 2 increased to 4 times the normal values 2-4 weeks after infection. Measurement of serum IgA antibodies to HSV types 1 and 2 might be an important diagnostic tool in acute and recent HSV infections.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

[Female genital mutilation meets Swedish health care. Female genital mutilation is one of many forms of discrimination of women in the world].

About 27,000 women from countries in which female genital mutilation (FGM) is a common practice are presently living in Sweden. This means that FGM is a phenomenon that directly affects the Swedish health care system. Knowledge and understanding of the background, meaning and consequences of FGM are a prerequisite for effective prevention, proper clinical handling and supportive reception of the women. To avoid a stigmatizing reception it is also important to understand the situation of genitally mutilated women, and to become aware of the identity crisis many of them experience when they come to Sweden and lose their identity as "normal" women. It is essential to remember that female genital mutilation is one of many forms of discrimination affecting girls and women around the world. This discrimination knows no national or cultural borders and varies in expression and extent. In order to offer optimal care and reception of women who have been socialized into a gender role that is often seen as completely different from the gender role that Swedish society is said to embrace, it is of the utmost importance to first take a critical look beneath the veil of alleged gender equality of Swedish women.

Circumcision, Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mechanism of genital transmission of SIV: a hypothesis based on transmission studies and the location of SIV in the genital tract of chronically infected female rhesus macaques.

To understand the biologic processes involved in transmission of HIV, we examined the genital tracts of chronically infected female macaques and localized SIV-infected cells. SIV was found in the genital tract of 12 of 16 animals and SIV-infected cells were located in the cervix and vagina. Inoculation of cell-free SIV into the blind vaginal pouch of hysterectomized macaques resulted in systemic infection. We propose a hypothesis to explain the early events in the genital transmission of SIV.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

A prospective study of the relationship between genital herpes and carcinoma of the uterine cervix. I. Seroepidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in women with a previous history of clinically diagnosed genital herpes.

The development of a simple, sensitive and reliable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the exact titration of herpes simplex virus type 1 -- and type 2 -- specific antibodies in human serum has made it possible to perform large serological HSV type-specific diagnosis of clinical cases of post and present genital HSV infections. The distribution of HSV type-specific IgG antibody in 473 sera from women with a first episode of symptomatic genital herpes (group A), 602 sera from women with a previous history of symptomatic genital herpes (group B) and 945 sera from non-selected adult Danes (controls, group C) gave the following results: 34 percent of the women in group B had antibodies only to HSV type compared to 6 and 4 percent in group A and C respectively. 64 percent of women in group A were sero-negative, while only 9 and 18 percent sero-negative were found in group B and C respectively. A majority of the sero-negative in group A seroconverted. One third developed antibodies to HSV type 1 and two thirds to HSV type 2.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1993

[Comparative clinical, microbiologic and serologic studies of the incidence of genital and para-genital infections in prostitutes and women with mainly monogamous relations].

Legislation of the control of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in the Federal Republic of Germany covers neither the complete spectrum of venereal diseases nor all population groups of high risk. We therefore investigated not only the classic STD but also some other STD, i.e. by serologic methods syphilis, HIV infection, hepatitis A, B, C, and herpes simplex genitalis, and by microbiological methods gonococci, chlamydiae, trichomonas, genital mycoplasmas, A-streptococci, B-streptococci, gram-negative enteric bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, staphylococci, listerias and yeasts. The cohorts of women living mainly monogamously and these of prostitutes were compared. They show some differences: There are remarkable differences in the prevalence of clinical symptoms, i.e. vaginal discharge, rubor, pruritus, and genital warts, between the two cohorts and depending on the season. Fluor, rubor, and pruritus were more frequently observed in mainly monogamous women than in prostitutes. Furthermore, the causative organisms of STD were isolated in different frequencies depending on the season particularly from mainly monogamous women. Furthermore, their frequencies depend on the age of the women. Gonococci, chlamydiae, trichomonas, genital mycoplasmas, B-streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus were significantly more isolated from prostitutes than from mainly monogamous women. But, on the other hand, candida and gram-negative enterobacteria are significantly more common in mainly monogamous women than in prostitutes. There are some correlations between clinical symptoms and organisms. The prevalence of syphilis, HIV-infection, hepatitis A, B, and C in the prostitutes were 7, 0.4, 3.5, 15, and 1.6%, respectively. The most intriguing observation is the decreasing incidence of causative organisms of STD in prostitutes during the three years of study. This phenomenon promises an improvement of the health standard of prostitutes by regular medical, microbiological, serological check-ups without charge.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Etiology of genital ulcers and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in 10 US cities. The Genital Ulcer Disease Surveillance Group.

To determine the etiology of genital ulcers and to assess the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in ulcer patients in 10 US cities, ulcer and serum specimens were collected from approximately 50 ulcer patients at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in each city. Ulcer specimens were tested using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay to detect Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus (HSV); sera were tested for antibody to HIV. H. ducreyi was detected in ulcer specimens from patients in Memphis (20% of specimens) and Chicago (12%). T. pallidum was detected in ulcer specimens from every city except Los Angeles (median, 9% of specimens; range, 0%-46%). HSV was detected in >/=50% of specimens from all cities except Memphis (42%). HIV seroprevalence in ulcer patients was 6% (range by city, 0%-18%). These data suggest that chancroid is prevalent in some US cities and that persons with genital ulcers should be a focus of HIV prevention activities.

Female↗
PubMed1989

The subtypes, distribution and location of human papillomavirus DNA in genital warts and genital Bowen's disease--a study using in situ DNA.DNA hybridization.

The aim of this study is to investigate the difference in subtypes and distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) between the benign pathological condition- Genital wart (condyloma acuminatum, verruca- like lesion and papular lesion) and genital Bowen's disease (Bowenoid papulosis, Mollucum contagiosum with Bowenoid papulosis and Condyloma acuminatum with verruca- like lesion and pathological bowenoid change) of genitalia by in situ DNA.DNA hybridization. In situ DNA.DNA hybridization was performed by hybridizing the RNAse treated and denatured frozen skin section with 3H-labeled HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18-DNAs probes and then developed autoradiogram on a glass slide. The results reveal that: (1) The benign cases are strongly associated with HPV 6/11, while the bowenoid cases are associated with HPV 16/18, indicating 16 positive in 24 cases and 3 positive in 5 cases respectively; (2) Four of sixteen benign cases were doubly infected with HPV 6/11 and 16/18; and 2 of 2 bowenoid cases were infected with HPV 16/18 only (3) In benign cases, HPV distributes through the upper third of epidermis and in bowenoid cases, HPV scatters throughout the whole epidermis including parabasal layers. These findings may indicate that the subtypes of HPV, the interaction of weak oncogenic virus (HPV 6/11) and strong oncogenic virus (HPV 16/18) and the presence of HPV on proliferating cells (parabasal layers) all play a part in oncogenicity. The detectability of HPV 6/11 DNA in both the nucleus and cytoplasm indicate that: 1). In situ DNA.DNA hybridization is a more sensitive method than the immunological detection of capsid antigen. 2). In addition to the nucleus, the cytoplasm is a site through which HPV 6/11 virus should pass during their life cycle. Using PEG hybridization mixture, it was revealed that 6 of the 6 HPV 6/11 positive condyloma acuminata harbored HPV 6. This result indicates that the subtype of HPV determine the gross morphology of skin lesion.

Bowen's Disease↗
PubMed1997

Genital pain associated with genital retraction: a case of Koro syndrome.

Koro is a unique psychiatric disorder in which acute anxiety accompanies the perception of genital retraction. This case report describes a case of Koro syndrome associated with penile and scrotal pain. A review of the literature has not shown any previous report of Koro associated with genital pain.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Characterization of lymphocyte response in the female genital tract during ascending Chlamydial genital infection in the guinea pig model.

It is well known that pathology caused by chlamydial infection is associated closely with the host response to the organism and that both innate and adaptive host responses contribute to tissue damage. While it is likely that the organism itself initiates the acute inflammatory response by eliciting cytokine and chemokine production from the host cell, the adaptive response is the result of activation of the cell-mediated immune response. While there are several studies describing the nature of the pathologic response in primate, guinea pig, and murine models, there is less information on the kinetics of the CD4 and CD8 response following primary and challenge infections. In this study, we have quantified by flow cytometry the mononuclear cell response to genital infection with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis in the cervix, endometrium, and oviducts at various times following a primary intravaginal infection and after a challenge infection. Tissues from individual animals were assessed for cells expressing CD4, CD8, or Mac-1 and for B cells. Peak responses of each subset occurred 10 to 14 days after a primary infection. The number of Mac-1-expressing cells in each tissue site was found to be dependent on the size of the inoculating dose of chlamydiae. The responses of each cell type were generally stronger in the cervix than in the upper genital tract. In contrast to the murine model but consistent with the primate models, there were equal numbers of CD4 and CD8 cells present in the infiltrates. Twenty-one days after challenge infection, which was performed 50 days after the primary infection, there was a significant increase in the number of CD4, CD8, and B cells in the oviduct compared to the number of these cells at the same time after a primary infection, providing clear cellular evidence for a cell-mediated immune pathologic response.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A Chlamydia trachomatis-specific Th2 clone does not provide protection against a genital infection and displays reduced trafficking to the infected genital mucosa.

A T helper type 1 (Th1) response is essential for resolving genital infections with the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis (MoPn). However, T-cell-dependent anti-chlamydial antibody is produced and may also contribute to protective immunity. We produced a MoPn-specific CD4 Th2 clone (Th2-MoPn) to study the role of a Th2 response during infection. We found that Th2-MoPn was unable to eradicate chlamydiae from the genital tract (GT) when it was transferred into MoPn-infected nude mice. Mice that received Th2-MoPn produced greater titers of MoPn-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody than mice that received a MoPn-specific Th1 clone (Th1-MoPn) (log(10) titers, 1.89 +/- 0.84 and 0.58 +/- 0.76 [mean +/- standard deviation], respectively [P < 0.01]). Also, the IgG isotypes were different for the two groups; whereas IgG1 was associated with Th2-MoPn, IgG2a was associated with Th1-MoPn. Also, infected nude mice that received Th2-MoPn produced higher levels of IgA in vaginal secretions. Although clone Th2-MoPn was detected in the GT, it was less efficient at migrating (112 +/- 35.6 labeled Th2 clone cells/10(5) GT cells) than Th1-MoPn (505 +/- 51.6 Th1 clone cells/10(5) GT cells) (P < 0.001, as determined by a t test). This may have been due to reduced expression of alpha4beta7 and P-selectin ligand 1 on Th2-MoPn. However, Th2-MoPn cells were retained in the GT during chronic infection and comprised 10 to 15% of the total GT cells 80 days after transfer. The data show that the MoPn-specific Th2 cells are important for serum and vaginal antibody production and may accumulate in the GT during chronic infection.

Adoptive Transfer↗
PubMed1984

Female genital tumors associated with human papillomavirus infection, and the concept of genital neoplasm-papilloma syndrome (GENPS).

With the recent development of new analytic methods, notably the DNA hybridization technique, many benign and malignant gynecologic tumors including carcinoma in situ, verrucous carcinoma and some invasive carcinomas of the vulva, the vagina and the cervix are found to be associated with human papillomavirus infection. Benign warts and multiple neoplasms frequently appear synchronously or metachronously in a single patient, and thus present as the genital neoplasm-papilloma syndrome (GENPS). Various methods of human papillomavirus identification and a spectrum of benign and malignant female genital tumors proven to contain human papillomavirus are reviewed and summarized.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The depth of the pouch of Douglas in nulliparous and parous women without genital prolapse and in patients with genital prolapse.

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to assess the depth of the pouch of Douglas among nulliparous women and to compare it with those among parous women and patients with genital prolapse. STUDY DESIGN: The depth of the pouch of Douglas was measured in 22 nulliparous women and 28 parous women without genital prolapse and in 18 patients with prolapse of the posterior vaginal wall. RESULTS: The pouch of Douglas extended from 11% to 89% of the total vaginal length among nulliparous and parous women, without significant difference between these groups (mean, 49% and 45%, respectively). It was significantly deeper in patients with prolapse, ranging from 25% to 96% (mean, 72%). CONCLUSION: There is an extensive variation in the depth of the pouch of Douglas. A deep pouch of Douglas is frequently present in young nulliparous women and may increase the risk for development of a posterior vaginal wall prolapse.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Genital secretory immune response to chronic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection: a comparison between intravenously and genitally inoculated rhesus macaques.

The humoral and genital secretory immune response to chronic SIV infection was compared between female Rhesus macaques inoculated by i.v. or intravaginal routes. Total IgG levels in serum were 10-fold higher in SIV-infected animals when compared with uninfected controls. Vaginal washes from normal macaques contained predominantly IgA and IgG, while those from SIV-infected animals contained high levels of IgG. The SIV-infected animals had high titres of SIV-specific IgG in serum, with lower but detectable IgA and IgM responses. The genital secretory immune response to SIV was similar in intravenously and intravaginally inoculated animals. The anti-SIV response in the vaginal washes consisted mainly of IgG. Within the lamina propria of the reproductive tract of animals chronically infected with SIV there were essentially no IgA or IgG plasma cells and only a small number of IgM plasma cells, while two normal animals had large numbers of IgA plasma cells. These results suggest that the mucosal immune system of the female reproductive tract is impaired in chronic SIV infection.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2006

Early resolution of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection of the murine genital tract involves stimulation of genital parenchymal cells by gamma interferon.

Early clearance of a thymidine kinase-deficient strain of herpes simplex virus type 2 from the female genital tract required T-cell-produced gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Transfer of activated CD8+ T cells to irradiated C57BL/6 mice resulted in rapid virus clearance, but clearance was greatly delayed in recipients deficient in the IFN-gamma receptor (IFN-gammaR). Early virus clearance was demonstrated in radiation chimeras in which IFN-gammaR expression was limited to parenchymal cells, but resolution was significantly delayed in chimeras deficient in IFN-gammaR expression and chimeras expressing IFN-gammaR only on hematopoietic cells. Together, these results suggest that early IFN-gamma-mediated protection was manifested mainly by stimulation of genital parenchymal cells.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The local immunity of the genital system in pregnant women with a genital infection].

In 101 healthy pregnant women and 132 pregnant women with genital infection (colpitis, endocervicitis, cervicitis) the characteristics of the anti-infectious protection of cervical mucus were studied. In pregnant women with inflammatory diseases of the vagina and cervix uteri disturbances in the local immunity of the sex system were detected. The study showed that in genital infections local immunodeficiency depended to a greater extent on the localization and spread of the process rather than on the etiological factor of the disease.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed2006

Genital piercings: what is known and what people with genital piercings tell us.

General and subjective information about those who chose to obtain genital piercings was presented. Particularly, the assumptions made from the literature are refuted by objective and subjective data collected from intimately pierced individuals themselves. Professional nurses must not base practice decisions on assumptions but on the "best evidence with clinical experience, research, (as well as) associated patient values" (Sackett, Strauss, Richardson, Rosenberg, & Haynes, 2001, p. 10). Thus, providing clinically competent care is driven by the latest knowledge and evidence from research and patient sources. Data found here provide further empirical evidence that may help to improve client outcomes by advancing evidence-based nursing practice in relation to people with genital piercings.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Female genital schistosomiasis of the lower genital tract: prevalence and disease-associated morbidity in northern Tanzania.

Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is a neglected disease manifestation of schistosomiasis. A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess in a schistosomiasis-endemic area the proportion of women affected by FGS of the lower reproductive tract and to compare the frequency of symptoms and signs possibly associated with FGS between women with proven FGS (n=134), endemic referents (n=225, women living in an endemic site), and referents (n=75, women living in a nonendemic site). Urinary schistosomiasis was diagnosed in 36% (239/657) and FGS in 37% (134/359) of the women. Cervical lesions occurred in 75% of the FGS cases, in 48% of endemic referents, and in 36% of nonendemic referents. The high prevalence of FGS in all age groups and the high levels of pathologic cervical alterations such as swollen and disrupted epithelium support the hypothesis that FGS might be a risk factor for the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.

Adolescent↗