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PubMed2005

[Studies of on-site night soil and kitchen garbage treatment].

The biological treatment technique of collection at source and disposition on-site of night soil and kitchen garbage were presented. By design project of overall technics, the lab-scale experiments were performed. It was revealed that water consumption of vacuum closestool was about 1 L/time. It consumed 0.4- 0.6L water to shred 1 kg kitchen garbage. Night soil covered 40%, kitchen garbage covered 60% in the influent. Water was controlled at about 93%, the C:N ratio was about 25:1, pH was between 6.2 and 7.3, the optical blend frequency was 6h/d and the overall solid retention time was 28 days in anaerobic digestion reactor. The COD removal rate of mixed supernatant was 91% in anaerobic baffled reactor. It was identified that these phosphorus strains and potassium strains were Bacillus. sp, and biological activated fertilizer was obtained by mixed these strains with digestion sludge which had been dehydrated and deodorized. These strains ability of forming phosphorus and potassium were determined, and the concentration of phosphorus increased 67.5%, potassium increased 33.4%.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗

PubMed2005

Testing the "garbage" accumulation theory of ageing: mitotic activity protects cells from death induced by inhibition of autophagy.

Imperfect autophagic degradation of oxidatively damaged macromolecules and organelles (so-called biological "garbage") is considered an important contributor to ageing and consequent death of postmitotic (non-dividing) cells, such as neurons and cardiac myocytes. In contrast, proliferating cells apparently escape senescence by a continuous dilution and repair of damaged structures during division. Postmitotic ageing can be mimicked and studied in cultures of potentially dividing cells if their mitotic activity is inhibited. To test the "garbage accumulation" theory of ageing, we compared survival of density-dependent growth-arrested (confluent) and proliferating human fibroblasts and astrocytes following inhibition of autophagic sequestration with 3-methyladenine (3MA). Exposure of confluent fibroblast cultures to 3MA for two weeks resulted in a significantly increased proportion of dying cells compared to both untreated confluent cultures and dividing cells with 3MA-inhibited autophagy. Similar results were obtained when autophagic degradation was suppressed by the protease inhibitor leupeptin. In 3MA- or leupeptin-exposed cultures, dying cells were overloaded with undegraded autofluorescent material. The results support a key role of biological lysosomal "garbage" accumulation in the triggering of ageing and death of postmitotic cells, as well as the anti-ageing role of cell division.

Adenine↗

PubMed2004

Molecular biological analysis of microflora in a garbage treatment process under thermoacidophilic conditions.

In our efforts to solve problems associated with the treatment of garbage wastes, a novel, efficient process utilizing a small bioreactor equipped with a heating and an agitating apparatus was developed. The use of this process, which reduces and stabilizes garbage wastes, can be distinguished from other similar treatment processes that utilize similar equipment by its highly stable operation. This advantage led us to consider a characteristic microflora that would play an important role in the process. Thus, we analyzed the structure of the microflora in the process using molecular biological methods. The major microorganisms inhabiting the treatment environment were usually maintained for several weeks although garbage waste was added to the system each weekday. Moreover, surprisingly, lactic acid bacteria constituted a large majority in the microflorae in spite of the thermoacidophilic conditions in the reactor. These analyses permitted a better understanding of the mechanism of the process, especially of its stability.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Succession of a microbial community during stable operation of a semi-continuous garbage-decomposing system.

The microbial community in a garbage-decomposing system was analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) on the basis of 16S rDNA. The system treated 1 kg of garbage everyday for two months at ambient temperature with almost constant decomposition efficiency, although a transient pH increase occurred. Succession of the banding pattern of the DGGE profile suggested that the bacterial community was not directly affected by the continuous addition of non-sterilized garbage into the open system, but changed with the fluctuation of pH. These resistance and resilience characteristics of the community structure may be effective to keep the decomposition efficiency stable. The analyses of the DNA sequences from the DGGE bands suggested the existence of uncultured or novel bacteria as well as Lactobacillus sp., Corynebacterium spp., Enterococcus spp., and Staphylococcus sp. A specific PCR detection was performed to evaluate the existence of Escherichia coli within the community. E. coli 16S rDNAs were not detected from the decomposing system.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Oxidative stress, accumulation of biological 'garbage', and aging.

Normal metabolism is associated with unavoidable mild oxidative stress resulting in biomolecular damage that cannot be totally repaired or removed by cellular degradative systems, including lysosomes, proteasomes, and cytosolic and mitochondrial proteases. Consequently, irreversibly damaged and functionally defective structures (biological 'garbage') accumulate within long-lived postmitotic cells, such as cardiac myocytes and neurons, leading to progressive loss of adaptability and increased probability of death and characterizing a process called aging, or senescence. Intralysosomal 'garbage' is represented by lipofuscin (age pigment), an undegradable autophagocytosed material, while extralysosomal 'garbage' involves oxidatively modified cytosolic proteins, altered biomembranes, defective mitochondria and other organelles. In aged postmitotic cells, heavily lipofuscin-loaded lysosomes perform poorly, resulting in the enhanced accumulation of defective mitochondria, which in turn produce more reactive oxygen species causing additional damage (the mitochondrial-lysosomal axis theory). Potential anti-aging strategies may involve not only overall reduction of oxidative stress, but also the use of intralysosomal iron chelators hampering Fenton-type chemistry as well as the stimulation of cellular degradative systems.

Aging↗

PubMed1997

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels of garbage collectors with low-level exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Because garbage collectors work in the street, they are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in motor vehicle exhaust gas as they work. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-pyrene) began to be used as a biological monitoring index for human exposure to high concentrations of PAHs. The objective of this study was to examine the applicability of urinary 1-OH-pyrene as a biological monitoring index for human low-level PAH exposure, such as the PAH exposure experienced while working in the street. The subjects were fifteen male garbage collectors. We measured individual exposure to PAHs, urinary 1-OH-pyrene concentrations and urinary cotinine concentrations. Individual air samplers were attached to the collar of the clothing of five workers to capture PAHs. Urine samples were collected before work, around noon and after finishing the day's work. In all, five PAH samples and 45 urine samples were collected. As control data, we analyzed the urinary 1-OH-pyrene and urinary cotinine levels of six smoking and four non-smoking control subjects who were not occupationally exposed to PAHs. The benzo[a]pyrene level in the air sampled for 5-6 h was 2.5-10.5 ng/m3, and the pyrene level as 10.3-70.3 ng/m3. These levels were similar to those in the vicinity of streets in Japan. A positive correlation between total PAH levels and the pyrene levels was observed. The average urinary 1-OH-pyrene level of the smokers was 0.21 +/- 0.13 mumol/mol creatinine, vs. 0.15 +/- 0.11 mumol/mol creatinine in the non-smokers. The urinary 1-OH-pyrene level obtained in this study was slightly higher than in the control group. No correlation was found between pyrene exposure and the urinary 1-OH-pyrene level of the five workers who wore the personal samplers. A significant positive correlation was observed between the urinary 1-OH-pyrene level and urinary cotinine level of the smokers. A significant positive correlation was also observed between the urinary 1-OH-pyrene and urinary cotinine levels of the control group smokers. In conclusion, urinary 1-OH-pyrene is not applicable for biological monitoring of extremely low levels of exposure to PAHs, as in the case of working in the street. Caution is required to exclude the effects of smoking when evaluating PAH exposure.

Adult↗

PubMed1965

GARBAGE COMPOSTING FOR MUSHROOM PRODUCTION.

Laboratory and pilot-plant composting of garbage mixtures of newspaper and vegetable waste has demonstrated that garbage can be converted to a medium that produces mushrooms (Agaricus campestris) in good yield. Sewage sludge was less satisfactory than newspaper, gumwood sawdust, or vegetable waste as a compost material for growing mushrooms. A sample of commercially produced compost was found to yield mushrooms in the same quantity as was produced in the laboratory experiments.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2005

What is waste? To whom?--An anthropological perspective on garbage.

What is waste? To whom?--An anthropological perspective on garbage explores the fact that what constitutes waste is a highly subjective notion. In Tacna, Peru, the place from where this article draws its empirical material, waste is not only seen as a risk to public health and the environment. Some find it is a mere aesthetic inconvenience, for others it is the only source of income. Yet another way of perceiving waste is as a social contagion, in which the negative qualities of garbage are transmitted to surrounding people in the eyes of others. Such perceptions of waste, it is argued, are important parts of local waste management systems, and the understanding of such perceptions might increase the effectiveness of waste management campaigns.

Culture↗

PubMed1999

[Nature and frequency of the existence of mold fungi in garbage cans for biological waste and the resultant airborne spore pollution].

In organic waste, numerous mold fungi and other microorganisms develop sometimes within a few hours only which decompose the organic material already in the collecting containers generating heat and odor. With regard to the emission of mold fungus spores out of garbage cans for bio-waste and the potential environmental-hygienic danger connected with it, considerable worries have been expressed recently. A wide spectrum of mold fungi can be found in bio-waste in strongly varying concentrations. No noticeable difference could be ascertained between the settlement structure areas and the cities respectively as to the fungus concentration in the bio-waste substrate. A. fumigatus and A. niger can be recommended as leading spores for the behavior of the total concentration of fungi in the bio-waste due to their frequency of detection and their seasonal dynamism. The intensity of the air spore pollution through emission of mold fungus spores correlates closely with the climatic conditions, such as variations of temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. The airborne release of mold fungus spores out of garbage cans for bio-waste and the formation of a respective exposure connected with it is judged as harmless for healthy persons. Risk patients and persons having a weakened immune system or assumed to have such a one due to an existent basic illness and/or other reasons should avoid any handling of bio-waste as well as any other waste if possible.

Air Microbiology↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Drinking water and garbage: customs and beliefs among schoolchildren of a marginal population].

A study of 80 children from 6th and 7th grades was conducted to determine their beliefs and behaviours about drinking-water and garbage management. The children come, in their totality, from a poor suburban population of the north of Buenos Aires. The survey showed that most of the children kept some drinking-water provision at home. Therefore, they had to collect, treat, and store the water. The pupils had correct knowledge about the process of contamination and some adequate behaviours concerning the hygiene of collection containers, but also showed inadequate conceptions about the protection of such containers and water treatment. The children reported inadequate behaviours and incorrect beliefs about the elimination of garbage. These results establish the need for teaching-learning experiences designed to reinforce correct knowledge and behaviours and modify the incorrect ones.

Argentina↗

PubMed1984

[The behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil fertilized with sewage sludge-garbage compost. I. Field studies].

Sewage sludge-garbage composts which are used as soil conditioners usually contain high concentrations of PAH. A risk for human health could arise if the use of such composts leads to high concentrations of PAH in the soil and these are taken up by plants for human consumption. We investigated the fate of PAH introduced into the soil with sewage sludge-garbage compost and the possible association with the microbial flora. Field investigations in wineyards during more than 18 months showed no reduction of PAH in the soil. There was no seasonal variation and no correlation between microbial data and PAH concentrations in the wineyards treated with compost or untreated. From these findings it must be concluded that under natural conditions PAH persist in the soil for a long time and are not taken up by plants to an appreciable extent.

Actinomycetales↗

PubMed1995

People on the garbage dumps of Cairo: a toxicological in vivo model?

In the outskirts of Cairo, some 40,000 people live on garbage dumps. These people form a closed population whose socio-economic problems are identical. The pollutants are evenly distributed. Up to 30% of the garbage on the polluted area, which cannot be recycled, is burned, resulting in a high concentration of pollutants in the environment. The concentrations of heavy metals, dioxins/furans, PCB, PAH in dust deposit and soil were measured as well as the air pollutants SO2, HCl and CO. It was shown that while the systemic immune system is only affected to a very small degree, secretory immunoglobulin A is strongly affected by the emissions. It could be demonstrated also an increased readiness for allergic respiratory disease, through the proof of hyperreactive mucous membranes. In the polluted area, 58% of the examined children were affected, whereas in the control area only 22% displayed a hyperreactive mucous membrane. Also the concentration of NANA (N-acetyl-N-neuraminic acid) in the serum, as a unspecific marker of cell irritation, was high in the serum of children from the polluted area. Most of the pollutants detected can also be observed in the industrialized regions, especially in combination with incinerating plants. In this way, this study suggests the synergistic effects of pollutants.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2005

Clara cell protein and surfactant protein B in garbage collectors and in wastewater workers exposed to bioaerosols.

OBJECTIVES: Inhalation of bioaerosols has been hypothesised to cause "toxic pneumonitis" that should increase lung epithelial permeability at the bronchioloalveolar level. Serum Clara cell protein (CC16) and serum surfactant protein B (SPB) have been proposed as sensitive markers of lung epithelial injury. This study was aimed at looking for increased lung epithelial permeability by determining CC16 and SPB in workers exposed to bioaerosols from wastewater or garbage. METHODS: Subjects (778 wastewater, garbage and control workers; participation 61%) underwent a medical examination, lung function tests [American Thoracic Society (ATS) criteria], and determination of CC16 and SPB. Symptoms of endotoxin exposure and several potential confounders (age, gender, smoking, kidney function, obesity) were looked for. Results were examined with multiple linear or logistic regression. RESULTS: Exposure to bioaerosols increased CC16 concentration in the wastewater workers. No effect of exposure on SPB was found. No clue to work-related respiratory diseases was found. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in CC16 in serum supports the hypothesis that bioaerosols cause subclinical "toxic pneumonitis", even at low exposure.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Garbage incineration plants -- planning, organisation and operation from health point of view].

The Waste Disposal Regulation which became effective March 1, 2001 stipulates that from June 1, 2005 biodegradable residential household and commercial waste may only be deposited on landfills after thermal or mechanical-biological pre-treatment. The Regulation aims at preventing generation of landfill gases that are detrimental to health and climate, and discharge of pollutants from landfills into the groundwater. Waste calculations for the year 2005 predict a volume of 28 million tons. Existing incineration and mechanical-biological treatment plants cover volumes of 14 and 2.5 million tons, respectively. Consequently, their capacity does not meet the demand in Germany. Waste disposal plans have been prepared in the German Federal State of Saxony-Anhalt since 1996 and potential sites for garbage incineration plants have been identified. Energy and waste management companies have initiated application procedures for thermal waste treatment plants and utilization of energy. Health Departments and the Hygiene Institute contributed to the approval procedure by providing the required Health Impact Assessment. We recommended selecting sites in the vicinity of large cities and conurbations and - taking into account the main wind direction - preferably in the northeast. Long-distance transport should be avoided. Based on immission forecasts for territorial background pollution, additional noise and air pollution were examined for reasonableness. In addition, providing structural safety of plants and guaranteeing continuous monitoring of emission limit values of air pollutants, was a prerequisite for strict observance of the 17 (th) BImSchV (Federal Decree on the Prevention of Immissions). The paper informs about planning, construction and conditions for operating the combined garbage heating and power station in Magdeburg-Rothensee (600,000 t/a). Saxony-Anhalt's waste legislation requires non-recyclable waste to be disposed of at the place of its generation, if possible, and utilized as a renewable energy source. This requirement is satisfied in this location. The potential health hazard for residents living in the impact radius is rated low.

Air Pollution↗

PubMed2002

Death by compaction in a garbage truck.

We report on two deaths by compaction in a garbage truck that recently occurred in this county. In both cases, the victim apparently climbed into a recycling dumpster to sleep, and was emptied with the contents of the receptacle into a garbage truck. Subsequent compaction of the victim with the load led to death. We also discuss several similar fatalities that have been reported to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Acute intoxication of a hydrazine-like gas by 19 workers in a garbage dump.

Nineteen workers (18 males, 1 female) of a garbage dump (mean age 39.9 years, range 19-58 years) were admitted to our hospital because of inhalation of a hydrazine-like gas of unknown origin. They complained of an ammoniacal odor with sweet taste followed by burning of the eyes, rawness in the throat and dyspnea, dizziness and nausea. Ten patients (group A) arrived about 2 h after they had experienced their first symptoms. The nine other patients (group B) were admitted about 70 h later. On the second day the white cell counts were significantly elevated compared to those of the days before and after (P < 0.02-0.005). The lung function showed in two patients a moderate obstruction. The PO2 was significantly reduced within 1 to 12 h after admission (P < 0.02-0.005) compared to the measurement before (P < 0.005) and after 25 (P < 0.02) and 50 (P < 0.01) h. A significantly reduced PCO2 was found after 25 h compared to the time of admission (P < 0.03). These investigations show that workers of a garbage dump had an alarming decrease of oxygen after inhalation of nitrogenous gases released by the trash.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Examination of soils from residential garbage in Betul, India, for fungi by the keratin baiting technique.

A report on an examination of soils from residential garbage of Betul, India, for fungi by the keratin (materials) baiting technique is presented. A total of 69 fungi representing 39 species among 17 genera were isolated. In all the soil samples, only two genera, namely Aspergillus (190.9%), followed by Fusarium (118.18%), were most frequently isolated. Maximum colonisation of fungi was found on hair, followed by horn, feathers and nails. For the first time, the genus Fusoma is reported here as a keratinophilic fungus. The keratin baiting technique was found very effective in detecting a broad spectrum of fungi in biological wastes and compost.

Aspergillus↗

PubMed2006

Microbial communities in the garbage composting with rice hull as an amendment revealed by culture-dependent and -independent approaches.

The diversity and succession of microbial communities during the garbage composting with rice hull as an amendment were studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and clone library analysis of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) with universal primers. Based on temperature changes, the composting process could be divided into thermophilic, cooling-down, and maturing stages. The DGGE profiles and clone library analysis revealed that the microbial community drastically changed during the composting process from the thermophilic to the maturing stages. The dominant bacterial group changed from the phylum Firmicutes in the thermophilic stage to the phylum Bacteroidetes in the maturing stage. This change in microbial communities may be significant for the composting process. The diversity of cultivated bacteria isolated from samples taken at various stages of the composting process was low. A total of 87 isolates were classified as belonging to only four different groups. These groups were also detected in the DGGE profiles and by the clone library analysis. Our study indicated that a combination of culture-dependent and -independent approaches could be very useful for monitoring both bacterial diversity and the succession of communities during the composting process. This study would be beneficial for assessing the ecological consequences of disposal of organic waste.

Bacteria↗