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PubMed1999

Amyloid beta-peptide-associated free radical oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and Alzheimer's disease.

Given the increasing evidence of oxidative stress in AD brain and studies from different perspectives that appear to show a converging, central role for A beta in the pathogenesis and etiology of AD, insight into A beta-associated free radical oxidative stress will likely lead to a greater understanding of AD and, potentially, to better therapeutic strategies in this disorder. This article outlined methods to investigate markers of oxidative stress induced by A beta in brain membrane systems. Especially important are markers for protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and ROS generation by A beta. Oxidative stress and its sequelae are likely related to both necrotic and apoptotic mechanisms of neurotoxicity, and A beta-associated free radical oxidative stress may be of fundamental importance in Alzheimer's disease etiology and pathogenesis. The methods described here provide some means for investigating this possibility.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1993

Self and sign in free association.

Some depressive symptoms may be mitigated early in psychoanalytic treatment, apparently as the consequence of the free association process itself. We may account for these changes by considering possible modification of the self as the container of hitherto unavailable signifying chains, now expressed in the analytic discourse. At the same time, it is useful to consider how similar favorable changes may arise in other forms of treatment, and also in experiences of ordinary life.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1995

Lateralized free-association priming: implications for the hemispheric organization of semantic memory.

The organization of semantic memory in intact cerebral hemispheres was examined by a free-association priming task. Normal subjects studied a list of word pairs where the semantic relations were either coordinate (e.g. saw-axe) or locative (e.g. bear-forest). Priming of the word pairs was tested by presenting test cues (initial words of the pairs) to the left or to the right visual field. Results showed an interaction between visual field and word pair type, suggesting a qualitative difference in the semantic organization of the hemispheres. Specifically, the results support the view that coordinate relations are represented in both hemispheres whereas locative relations are represented mainly in the right hemisphere.

Brain↗
PubMed1983

The analyst's conceptual freedom in the method of free association.

Anna Freud's observation of the loss entailed in the progress from the topographical to the structural theory is taken as the starting point of a discussion of the relationship between psychoanalytic theory and the psychoanalytic method. The discussion considers the dangers of misapplying theories in he clinical situation and the disadvantages of defining the method and aims of psychoanalytic treatment and investigation in theoretical terms. A focus on free association, with systematic initial formulation based on an operational rather than a theoretical framework, preserves the analyst's conceptual freedom while it permits further articulation with the wide range of psychoanalytic theoretical propositions. The problem of theoretical bias on the analyst's part can be lessened or even solved by moving with restraint from the associations to the formulations rather than in the opposite direction and by systematic attention to the sequences and patterns of the associations.

England↗
PubMed1999

Cluster of leprosy cases in Kona, Hawaii; impact of the Compact of Free Association.

International travel and migration will continue to contribute to the changing patterns of Hansen's disease (HD) in the United States. The majority of cases will be immigrants and refugees entering the country from leprosy-endemic regions. The Compact of Free Association, through its provision of free travel between the Freely Associated States and the United States without need for health screening, has created new public health issues. This cluster of HD cases in Kona, Hawaii, U.S.A., highlights the difficulties in detecting and monitoring the spread of disease in immigrant populations. This is a growing problem only likely to worsen in the coming years. In groups with cultural, language or other socioeconomic barriers, special and creative methods may be needed to tackle the problems of detection, treatment and education. Clinicians must remain mindful of the diagnosis of HD in high-risk groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The analyst's stance and the method of free association.

The concept of the analyst's stance is employed to organize a number of ideas about psychoanalytic work, past and present, especially from the viewpoint of the method of free association. Beginning with an emphasis on the intrinsic uncertainties and paradoxes of the analytic process, the author reviews the importance of words, the aim of mastering resistances (i.e., promoting freedom of association), and functional neutrality on the analyst's part. The problem of anonymity is considered from a number of angles. Two traditions of transference are described, deriving from Freud's overlapping early formulations. The distinction between old and new determinants in the two kinds of transference is useful and important in the analyst's stance. Attitudes toward insight, resistance, and conflict resolution are considered from the perspective of the distinction between divergent and convergent conflicts, with special emphasis on the role of punitive, unconscious self-criticism.

Free Association↗
PubMed2004

Free-association norms for the Spanish names of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures.

The most frequent names in Spanish corresponding to a set of 247 pictures in the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) norms were used as stimuli in a discrete free-association task. A sample of 525 Spanish-speaking participants provided the first word that came to mind for each of the verbal stimuli. Responses were organized according to frequency of production in order to prepare word-association norms for the set of stimuli.

Free Association↗
PubMed2003

Different transport routes for high density lipoprotein and its associated free sterol in polarized hepatic cells.

We analyzed the intracellular transport of HDL and its associated free sterol in polarized human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Using pulse-chase protocols, we demonstrated that HDL labeled with Alexa 488 at the apolipoprotein (Alexa 488-HDL) was internalized by a scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)-dependent process at the basolateral membrane and became enriched in a subapical/apical recycling compartment. Most Alexa 488-HDL was rapidly recycled to the basolateral cell surface and released from cells. Within 30 min of chase at 37 degrees C, approximately 3% of the initial cell-associated Alexa 488-HDL accumulated in the biliary canaliculus (BC) formed at the apical pole of polarized HepG2 cells. Even less Alexa 488-HDL was transported to late endosomes or lysosomes. The fluorescent cholesterol analog dehydroergosterol (DHE) incorporated into Alexa 488-HDL was delivered to the BC within a few minutes, independent of the labeled apolipoprotein. This transport did not require metabolic energy and could be blocked by antibodies against SR-BI. The fraction of cell-associated DHE transported to the BC was comparable when cells were incubated with either Alexa 488-HDL containing DHE or with DHE bound to methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. We conclude that rapid, nonvesicular transport of sterol to the BC and efficient recycling of HDL particles underlies the selective sorting of sterol from HDLs in hepatocytes.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1991

On the dynamic organization of memory. A mathematical model of associative free recall.

The interaction of memory structures and retrieval dynamics is discussed. A mathematical model for associative free recall is presented to support the view that the organization of simple processing units plays an important role in the retrieval of memory traces. Computer simulations show that "flexibility" and "fidelity" of the dynamics strongly depend on the network structure, the amplification and decay parameters, and the noise term.

Association Learning↗
PubMed1996

Free association and analytic neutrality: the basic structure of the psychoanalytic situation.

This paper re-examines within a contemporary context an essential foundation of classical technique, the psychoanalytic situation. Defined in terms of basic elements of psychoanalytic relatedness which make possible the most profound exploration of human motivation, its core structure is viewed as an extraordinary interpersonal arrangement anchored by two clearly differentiated yet complimentary ways of relating: free-association and analytic neutrality. The patient's role, organized by the prerequisites of expressive freedom, is counter posed with the psychoanalyst's, which is structured to empower listening and understanding. Elaborating the parameters of this unique relationship, the authors emphasize the synergic effects of each participants' activity in creating a vehicle for destabilizing neurotic equilibrium. An extensive discussion of analytic neutrality, conceived as guiding ideal that informs all the analyst's attitudes and actions in the exploration of psychic reality, is presented. Specifically, the authors distinguish three essential dimensions which bear upon the interactive process: neutrality with regard to conflict, neutrality with regard to sequence, and neutrality with regard to transference. In contrast to the rigid constraint on human responsiveness often caricatured in the literature, this vision of technical neutrality establishes its vital contribution to the integrity, depth, and tone of any analytic process that unfolds.

Countertransference↗
PubMed1992

On the psychophysiology of dreaming: a sensory image--free association hypothesis of the dream process.

A psychophysiological hypothesis of the dream process during REM sleep called "a sensory image-free association hypothesis" is proposed. It is assumed that a state with a sustained EEG pattern of drowsiness (non-REM stage-1) and muscle atonia produces a stream of disorganized and vague thinking as a background mentation during the REM sleep. The phasic excitation of the brain occurring concurrently with the burst of rapid eye movements (REMs) activates the hippocampal-neocortical memory system and draws out sensory images from the memory reservoir of the brain. The dreamer makes a freely organized association about the successive sensory images and makes up a dream story. This hypothesis is compatible not only with the recent neurophysiological findings but also with traditional psychological interpretation of the dream content.

Animals↗