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PubMed2004

The effect of formocresol on bond strength of adhesive materials to primary dentine.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of formalin cresol on bonding of two compomers (Prime & Bond and Dyract, Futurabond and Glasiosite to primary dentine. Eighteen non-carious primary mandibular molar teeth were used. The two materials were placed onto the tooth surfaces before being sheared with a knife-edged blade with a crosshead speed of 1 mm min(-1). Two randomly selected teeth from each group were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The statistical analysis (paired t-test and Student's t-test) revealed that shear bond strength was significantly higher in the formocresol-applied group than in the group that was not applied formocresol (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the restorative materials. SEM analyses also supported the results obtained. In conclusion, if compomers are used after endodontic processes which require the application of formocresol in primary teeth, dentinal bonding would not be decreased, but on the contrary, increase.

Dentin↗
PubMed1978

Pulp condition of successfully formocresol-treated primary molars.

The aim of the study was to assess the state of the pulp of primary teeth successfully treated by formocresol pulpotomy. Nineteen teeth, all of them with clinically and radiographically successful treatments, were extracted 3-24 months after treatment. The pulpal condition had changed in all the teeth. Inflammatory reaction or necrosis was observed in all teeth. Dentinal resorption followed by apposition of hard tissue were common findings. In the teeth with vital tissue only in the apical area, the tissue had minor or no signs of inflammation. Microorganisms could be demonstrated in the necrotic tissue in one tooth. The wide range of pulpal conditions observed indicated that there was no typical tissue reaction to formocresol even though treatment was clinically successful. The present study confirms that the formocresol method should be regarded only as a means to keep primary teeth with pulp exposures functioning for a limited period of time.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Pulpotomy of primary molars with coronal or total pulpitis using formocresol technique.

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether formocresol can be used successfully in teeth with carious exposure and a vital pulp with clinical symptoms of chronic pulpitis. Further, the study concerned the influence on the success rate of the vehicle for formocresol. Pulpotomies were performed on 81 primary molars. Radiographic and other clinical symptoms were used to divide the material into a coronal chronic and a total chronic pulpitis group. Chosen by lot, zinc oxide-eugenol or Pharmatec (a plaster-like non-eugenol cement) was used as the vehicle for formocresol. After an observation period of 2.5 years the success rate for the whole material was 55%. No statistically significant difference in the rate of success could be demonstrated either between the two diagnostic groups or between the two vehicle groups.

Bandages↗
PubMed2001

Histological evaluation of electrosurgery and formocresol pulpotomy techniques in primary teeth in dogs.

The purpose of this study was to compare pulpal and periapical tissue reactions to electrosurgery versus formocresol pulpotomy techniques in the primary teeth of dogs. The study was conducted on 33 primary teeth of three mongrel dogs between the ages of one to three months. Each dog had three teeth treated by Formocresol Pulpotomy with Mechanical Coronal Pulp Removal (FC), three teeth treated by Electrosurgery Pulpotomy with Mechanical Coronal Pulp Removal (ES/MCPR), three teeth treated by Electrosurgery Pulpotomy with Electrosurgical Coronal Pulp Removal (ES/ECPR), and two teeth serving as untreated Controls. Dogs one, two and three were sacrificed performing the pulpotomies at two, four and six weeks, respectively. The pulp, periapical tissue and after surrounding bone were submitted to histological examination and the histological reaction was recorded. The results were fourteen out of 18 unfavorable and zero out of three favorable histological reactions occurred in the FC treated teeth. Six out of 18 unfavorable and one out of three favorable histological reactions occurred in the ES/MCPR treated teeth. Nine out of 18 unfavorable and two out of three favorable histological reactions occurred in the ES/ECPR treated teeth. One out of 18 unfavorable and zero out of three favorable histological reactions occurred in the untreated Control teeth. The conclusion of this study is that of the three experimental groups, the teeth treated by Electrosurgery Pulpotomy with either Mechanical or Electrosurgical Coronal Pulp Removal exhibited less histopathological reaction than the teeth treated by Formocresol Pulpotomy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mineral trioxide aggregate vs. formocresol in pulpotomized primary molars: a preliminary report.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) to that of formocresol (FC) as pulp dressing agents in pulpotomized primary molars with carious pulp exposure. METHODS: Forty-five primary molars of 26 children were treated by a conventional pulpotomy technique. The teeth were randomly assigned to the MTA (experimental) or FC (control) group by a toss of a coin. Following removal of the coronal pulp and hemostasis the pulp stumps were covered with an MTA paste in the experimental group. In the control group, FC was placed with a cotton pellet over the pulp stumps for 5 minutes and removed; the pulp stumps were then covered by zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) paste. The teeth of both groups were restored with stainless steel crowns. Eighteen children with 32 teeth arrived for clinical and radiographic follow-up evaluation ranging from 6 to 30 months. RESULTS: The follow-up evaluations revealed only one failure (internal resorption detected at a 17 months postoperative evaluation) in a molar treated with formocresol. None of the MTA-treated teeth showed any clinical or radiographic pathology. Pulp canal obliteration was observed in 9 of 32 (28%) evaluated molars. This finding was detected in 2 out of the 15 teeth treated with FC (13%) and in 7 out of the 17 treated with MTA (41%). CONCLUSION: MTA showed clinical and radiographic success as a dressing material following pulpotomy in primary teeth and seems to be a suitable replacement for formocresol in primary teeth.

Aluminum Compounds↗
PubMed1991

[A study concerning radiographic diagnosis in dental caries of primary teeth. 1. The investigation on the indications for pulpotomy with formocresol].

The prognosis in the pulpotomy procedure with Formocresol during primary teeth has an excellent clinical results. On the other hand, some reports of a poor prognosis in radiographic findings were found. To obtain valuable information about the indications for pulpotomy procedures is quite difficult in the case of children concerning. In 1972, Kurihara reported radiographic findings the indications for the pulpotomy procedure in primary molars with a stable stage having no root absorption. The authors investigated the clinical and radiographic changes 6 months after the pulpotomy procedure with Formocresol. 26 primary lower molars having four criteria obtained from 3 to 7 year old patients were treated, and 4 primary lower molars were used as controls without the criteria. We found that the dental lamina dura were an especially important finding to judge the indications for pulpotomy with Formocresol in primary molars.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Results of treatment of milk teeth pulp by modified formocresol method].

The purpose of the study was evaluation of the results of treatment of molar pulp diseases by the formocresol method from the standpoint of the development of inflammatory complications in periapical tissues, disturbances of physiological resorption of roots, disturbances of mineralization of crowns of homologous permanent teeth. For the treatment milk molars were qualified with the diagnosis of grade II pulpopathy in children aged from 3 to 9 years. The treatment was done using formocresol by a modified method of pulp amputation according to Buckley after previous devitalization with parapaste. The status of 143 teeth was examined again 1 to 4 years after completion of treatment. The proportion of positive results after one year was 94%, after two years it was 90%, after three years 87% and after four years 80%. The cause of premature loss of most teeth was root resorption acceleration by 18-24 months. No harmful action of formocresol on the buds of permanent teeth was noted.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Formocresol and glutaraldehyde pulpotomies in primary teeth.

The purpose of the present study was to compare clinically and radiologically the effects of formocresol and glutaraldehyde as a medicament in pulpotomized carious exposed vital human primary molars. In formocresol group 90% clinical and radiological success rate and in glutaraldehyde group 100% clinical and radiological success rate was observed. Thus it was concluded that glutaraldehyde is better fixative and less toxic agent than formocresol.

Aldehydes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Consequences of endodontic treatment in primary teeth. Part I: A clinical and radiographic study of the influence of formocresol pulpotomy on the life-span of primary molars.

In the context of a study of the life-spans of primary teeth subjected to formocresol pulpotomy, 152 such teeth were compared with the corresponding teeth on the contralateral sides. The life-span of each tooth was determined by registration of the time of exfoliation or extraction. In addition, data were collected concerning factors which may influence the life-spans of teeth. The principal conclusions are: There was no significant difference in life-spans between primary teeth with or without pulpotomy. Premature loss due to extraction exerted virtually no influence on the mean life-span of primary teeth, regardless of whether a pulpotomy had been performed. There was no significant difference in the number of extractions of primary teeth with or without a formocresol pulpotomy. There was no significant difference in the mean life-span between primary teeth with vital and those with nonvital pulp at the time of formocresol pulpotomy.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Consequences of endodontic treatment of primary teeth. Part II. A clinical investigation into the influence of formocresol pulpotomy on the permanent successor.

In the context of a study of the development of enamel lesions in permanent successors of primary molars treated by formocresol pulpotomy, a comparative clinical study was performed of 278 premolars divided equally between test side and control side. These teeth were assessed by two observers who, when finding enamel lesions, always differentiated between opacities and hypoplasias. The principal conclusions from this study are the following: The degree of agreement between the two observers was 96 percent. There was no significant difference in number of teeth with enamel lesions, between test side and control side. When the observed teeth with enamel lesions were related to the age at which pulpotomy was performed, the difference was still insignificant. Separate comparison of opacities and hypoplasias likewise showed no significant differences, even if related to age at which pulpotomy was performed. A formocresol pulpotomy exerts no influence on the size of enamel lesions found in permanent successors of the teeth on which pulpotomies were performed. The general conclusion from the results of this study is that formocresol pulpotomy is a successful technique for the treatment of primary teeth, not only as regards the life-span of these primary teeth (see Part I of the study) but also in terms of its effect on their permanent successors.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pulp response to ferric sulfate, diluted formocresol and IRM in pulpotomized primary baboon teeth.

This study investigated the pulp response to a 15.5 percent ferric sulfate solution (FS) and a 20 percent dilution of formocresol (DFC) in pulpotomized primary teeth of baboons, after four and eight weeks. Pulpotomies were performed in seventy-nine primary teeth of 4 baboons. After coronal pulp resection, the pulp stumps were painted with ferric sulfate for fifteen seconds, in thirty-two teeth (group 1); in another thirty-two teeth, a cotton pellet moistened with dilution of formocresol was placed over the pulp stumps for five minutes, and removed (group 2). In fifteen teeth, IRM was placed directly over the pulp stumps after hemostasis (group 3--control). The teeth of all groups were sealed with IRM, and examined for inflammatory changes under a microscope by two blinded examiners. Seventy-seven teeth were assessed. Mild or no inflammation was found in 58 percent (18/31) of the teeth of group 1, in 48 percent (15/31) of those of group 2, and in 73 percent (11/15) of those of group 3. Severe inflammation was found in 35 percent (11/31) of group 1, 29 percent (9/31) of group 2, and in 7 percent (1/15) of group 3. No statistically significant difference between the three groups was observed for degree of inflammation, periradicular or interradicular abscess or inflammatory root resorption (chi-square p > 0.05). Dentin bridges were observed in 52 percent (16/31) of the teeth in group 1, 52 percent (16/31) of those of group 2, and in 73 percent (11/15) of those of group 3. No difference was found between the experimental and control groups for the presence of dentin bridge, (p > 0.05). Ferric sulfate produced pulp responses that compared favorably to those of diluted formocresol.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The effect of formocresol and glutaraldehyde on certain enzymes in bovine dental pulp.

The effect of a 2-hour formocresol and glutaraldehyde treatment on two enzymes of bovine pulp was measured. Lactic dehydrogenase, a respiratory enzyme, was sharply affected by 0.5 percent and one percent glutaraldehyde and a 1:5 dilution of formocresol, exhibiting 7-, 71-, and 40-fold decreases in activity, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase was much less responsive to these same agents, giving only 4.5-, 17-, and 2.5-fold reductions after treatment, respectively. These findings support histochemical studies which have suggested the sensitivity of respiratory enzymes of the pulp to fixative medicaments.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1992

Periodontal changes following coronal/root perforation and formocresol pulpotomy.

A clinical case report is presented which describes the sequelae of an iatrogenic lateral crown/root perforation and a formocresol pulpotomy. The post-operative course of the initial therapy included significant hard and soft tissue destruction and eventual tooth loss. The possible implication of the role of formocresol is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Premature exfoliation of primary molars related to the use of formocresol in a multivisit pulpotomy technique: a case report.

Since its introduction in 1904, formocresol has become one of the most widely studied dental medicaments. In the United Kingdom, it is the preferred primary tooth pulpotomy medicament of the majority of Specialists in Paediatric Dentistry. Reports of adverse effects resulting from its clinical use are rare. This paper presents a case of premature exfoliation of primary molars that may be related to the use of formocresol in a multivisit pulpotomy technique.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of bioactive glass, mineral trioxide aggregate, ferric sulfate, and formocresol as pulpotomy agents in rat molar.

Bioactive glass (BAG) is often used as a filler material for repair of dental bone defects. Although there is evidence of osteogenic potential of this material, it is not clear yet whether the material exhibits potential for dentinogenesis. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate BAG as a pulpotomy agent and to compare it with three commercially available pulpotomy agents such as formocresol (FC), ferric sulfate (FS), and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Pulpotomies were performed in 80 maxillary first molars of Sprague Dawley rats, and pulp stumps were covered with BAG, FC, FS, and MTA. Histologic analysis was performed at 2 weeks and then at 4 weeks after treatment. Experimental samples were compared with contra-lateral normal maxillary first molars. At 2 weeks, BAG showed inflammatory changes in the pulp. After 4 weeks, some samples showed normal pulp histology, with evidence of vasodilation. At 2 weeks, MTA samples showed some acute inflammatory cells around the material with evidence of macrophages in the radicular pulp. Dentine bridge formation with normal pulp histology was a consistent finding at 2 and 4 weeks with MTA. Ferric sulfate showed moderate inflammation of pulp with widespread necrosis in coronal pulp at 2 and 4 weeks. Formocresol showed zones of atrophy, inflammation, and fibrosis. Fibrosis was more extensive at 4 weeks with evidence of calcification in certain samples. Among the materials tested, MTA performed ideally as a pulpotomy agent causing dentine bridge formation while simultaneously maintaining normal pulpal histology. It appeared that BAG induced an inflammatory response at 2 weeks with resolution of inflammation at 4 weeks.

Aluminum Compounds↗
PubMed2006

Is there life after Buckley's formocresol? Part II - Development of a protocol for the management of extensive caries in the primary molar.

OBJECTIVE: To produce a working clinical protocol for pulp therapy techniques in the extensively carious primary molar. INTRODUCTION: The International Agency for Research on Cancer has recently classified formaldehyde as carcinogenic to human beings. As such, a medicament that can be used to replace formocresol in clinical practice should be identified. METHODS: Part I of this paper explored the currently available alternative interventions and materials to formocresol in the form of a narrative review following an extensive literature search. Part II now presents the formation of a specialist group to establish an evidence-based protocol, for the management of the extensively carious primary molar. CONCLUSION: A protocol and key points document have been developed to assist clinicians in their treatment planning. Areas for further postgraduate training are identified.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1977

Cold sterilization of gutta-percha cones with formocresol vapors.

Cold sterilization of gutta-percha cones was accomplished by exposing them to formocresol vapors for 16 hours. The data obtained from this in vitro study indicate that gaseous sterilization with formocresol vapors is effective against a variety of gram-positive, gram-negative, and spore-forming microorganisms.

Bacteria↗