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PubMed1983

[The importance of context. Cultural references and family structure within the Yans society in Zaïre.].

Traditional descriptions of the structure of relations between father, mother and child make difficult a realization of the impact of current transformations of family structure on the development of the child. Referring to the concept of instituted filiation developed by Guyotat, the author proposes that greater importance be accorded to the manner in which positions in present society are in the process of redefining themselves, and that our analytical and observational schemata be "culturally contextualized". Data concerning the manner in which the institution of filiation operates in a society of matriarchal lineage, the Yans society of Zaïre, highlights the influence of cultural context on the mechanism which establishes filiation. Proceeding from analyses of rituals, institutions and beliefs, the article analyzes the way in which Yans society marks, in a specific and differentiated manner, the relation to the mother, to the maternal uncle and to the lineage, the relation to the father, and the relation to the grandfather, and between alternate generations. The analysis sheds light on the mediating role of the two latter relational registers with regard to the hold of the clan, and shows the importance of this mediation in relation to the development of an individual dimension to existence. The text opens itself to a questioning directed at the place of mediation in new forms of family structure.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2003

Investigation by 13C-NMR and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) deletion mutant analysis of pathways for succinate formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during anaerobic fermentation.

NMR isotopic filiation of 13C-labelled aspartate and glutamate was used to explore the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during anaerobic glucose fermentation. The assimilation of [3-13C]aspartate led to the formation of [2,3-13C]malate and [2,3-13C]succinate, with equal levels of 13C incorporation, whereas site-specific enrichment on C-2 and C-3 of succinate was detected only with [3-13C]glutamate. The non-random distribution of 13C labelling in malate and succinate demonstrates that the TCA pathway operates during yeast fermentation as both an oxidative and a reductive branch. The observed 13C distribution suggests that the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex is not active during glucose fermentation. This hypothesis was tested by deleting the SDH1 gene encoding the flavoprotein subunit of the SDH complex. The growth, fermentation rate and metabolite profile of the sdh1 mutant were similar to those of the parental strain, demonstrating that SDH was indeed not active. Filiation experiments indicated the reductive branch of the TCA pathway was the main pathway for succinate production if aspartate was used as the nitrogen source, and that a surplus of succinate was produced by oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate if glutamate was the sole nitrogen source. Consistent with this finding, a kgd1 mutant displayed lower levels of succinate production on glutamate than on other nitrogen sources, and higher levels of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity were observed on glutamate. Thus, the reductive branch generating succinate via fumarate reductase operates independently of the nitrogen source. This pathway is the main source of succinate during fermentation, unless glutamate is the sole nitrogen source, in which case the oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate generates additional succinate.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1991

[Immunosuppression therapy with cyclosporin in inflammatory bowel disease: preliminary experience].

Three patients afflicted with inflammatory bowel disease (1 UC, 1 Crohn's disease, 1 non-filiated colitis), who did not respond to the aggressive treatment from Oxford (3) were treated with immunosuppression therapy with cyclosporin. The dosage was 5-7 mg/day, to obtain seric levels (RIA) between 100-125 ng/ml during 3 months. All patients showed complete remission which was maintained for 6 months after the halt in treatment in the cases of the UC and non-filiated colitis. Parameters of cholestasis appeared with a transient increase of transaminase levels in 1 patient. Another patient suffered a pericarditis sicca which may not necessarily be related to the treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Psychologic iatrogenic disease in the postsurgical child].

In the present paper, we comment on the psychological and emotional disorders occurring after surgery. We surveyed 150 children that were admitted in several surgical units of our Children's Hospital. We used the Vernon's test in a questionaire. We reached a high level of comprehension. As a result, 121 valid questionaires were returned. The considerable amount of information was statistically studied with a computer, obtaining data on the following aspects: Filiation, frequency and percentage of every answer. Post-hospitalization behaviour evaluated by Vernon's test. Partial and total results under the 6 factors of the questionaire: General anxiety and regression, anxiety about separation, anxiety about sleeping, eating disturbances, agressiveness against authority, apathy and isolation. Previous results in connection with the diverse filiation variables. When we analyzed the results, we confirmed the findings of other investigators: A global damage in child behaviour, that is present in two main aspects: "Anxiety about separation" and "Agressiveness against authority". In conclusion, our results support the need for implementing prophylactic measures, of which "psychological presentation" is the most important, to children that are going to be operated upon.

Aggression↗
PubMed1988

Judgment, 23 March 1988.

The High Court at Cretail, France, ordered the dissolution of the Saint-Sarah association of surrogate mothers. It took this action because it concluded that the association had violated laws on filiation and parental authority and because of the precarious legal situation of the children of surrogate mothers, among other things.

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1996

Malolactic fermentation by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae as compared with engineered Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

The ability of yeast strains to perform both alcoholic and malolactic fermentation in winemaking was studied with a view to achieving a better control of malolactic fermentation in enology. The malolactic gene of Lactococcus lactis (mleS) was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The heterologous protein is expressed at a high level in cell extracts of a S. cerevisiae strain expressing the gene mleS under the control of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) promoter on a multicopy plasmid. Malolactic enzyme specific activity is three times higher than in L. lactis extracts. Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the malolactic enzyme produces significant amounts of L-lactate during fermentation on glucose-rich medium in the presence of malic acid. Isotopic filiation was used to demonstrate that 75% of the L-lactate produced originates from endogenous L-malate and 25% from exogenous L-malate. Moreover, although a small amount of exogenous L-malate was degraded by S. cerevisiae transformed or not by mleS, all the exogenous degraded L-malate was converted into L-lactate via a malolactic reaction in the recombinant strain, providing evidence for very efficient competition of malolactic enzyme with the endogenous malic acid pathways. These results indicate that the sole limiting step for S. cerevisiae in achieving malolactic fermentation is in malate transport. This was confirmed using a different model, S. pombe, which efficiently degrades L-malate. Total malolactic fermentation was obtained in this strain, with most of the L-malate converted into L-lactate and CO2. Moreover, L-malate was used preferentially by the malolactic enzyme in this strain also.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Identifying and counting epithelial cell types in the "corpus" of the mouse stomach.

The epithelial cells lining the oxyntic mucosa in the stomach "corpus" were identified, localized, and counted in 2-month-old male C57BL-6 mice, using glutaraldehyde-formaldehyde fixation and osmium tetroxide postfixation for studies in the light microscope (LM) while adding tannic acid to the fixative and postfixing in ferrocyanide-osmium for studies in the electron microscope (EM). The cells form a single epithelium, which invaginates into blind tubular units. Each unit is divided into four successive regions: pit, isthmus, neck, and base. On the average, a unit contains 194.2 cells. The cells have been classified into three groups totaling 11 types, listed with their mean number per unit. The first group is composed of three well-characterized cell types, each restricted to a region: (1) 37.0 surface mucous cells, hereafter called pit cells, in the "pit" region, (2) 12.6 mucous neck cells, simply called neck cells, in the "neck" region, and (3) 67.4 zymogenic cells in the "base" region. The second group is also composed of three well-characterized cell types, distributed over the four regions: (1) 26.0 parietal cells, (2) 13.2 entero-endocrine cells, and (3) 0.6 caveolated cell. The third group consists of five cell types, which have been little or not characterized in the past. Four are located in the "isthmus" region and show EM features indicative of immaturity, that is, a nucleus with mainly diffuse chromatin and large reticulated nucleoli, and a scanty cytoplasm rich in free ribosomes: (1) 17.2 cells are the least differentiated in the epithelium; they are devoid of secretory granules and accordingly named granule-free cells, (2) 10.0 cells contain a few dense secretory granules smaller than, but otherwise similar to, those in pit cells; they are referred to as pre-pit cells, (3) 1.8 cells possess a few marbled secretory granules that often exhibit a pale core and are smaller than, but otherwise similar to, those in neck cells; they are called pre-neck cells, (4) 0.6 cells display long microvilli and/or small canaliculi similar to those in parietal cells; they are named pre-parietal cells, and (5) 5.6 cells restricted to the base region are characterized by secretory granules with features intermediate between those of neck and zymogenic cells; they are named pre-zymogenic cells. The observations suggest the following hypothesis on cell filiation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The relationship between storage and secretion of specific antibody by immune lymphoid cells: ultrastructural localization of anti-peroxidase antibodies in plaque-forming cells of the rabbit popliteal lymph node.

The ultrastructure of antibody-forming cells (AFC) has been studied in the lymph node cell population from rabbits locally immunized with horseradish peroxydase (PO) incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant, and the kinetics of AFC development followed from day 7 to day 18 after one injection of PO. Identification of the AFC was done by local hemolysis assay, using carboxymethyl cellulose solidifying medium and PO-coated sheep erythrocytes. AFC were thereafter transferred by micromanipulation into a Beem capsule, fixed, treated by PO for fine ultrastructure detection of anti-PO antibodies, included, sectioned and studied by electron microscopy. It was found that the AFC were essentially of three categories: lymphocytes, proplasmacytes and plasmacytes, with (+), or without (-), intracellular antibody. The proportion of these categories varies with the time elapsed since the injection of antigen and with the plaque-forming activity of the population: lymphocytes (-) are relatively more numerous (over 30%) at the early stages of immunization (day 7). The number of plasmacytes increases with immunization. If most of them contain intracellular antibody at the early stages (up to day 9), the proportion of plasmacytes (+) decreases markedly afterwards. The cell type distribution is compatible with the idea that the lymphocytes are the precursors of plasmacytes, proplasmacytes being transitional forms, but no direct filiation scheme can actually be deduced from these experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Normal T splenocytes are able to induce immunoglobulin allotypic suppression in F1 hybrid mice.

A chronic suppression of Igh-1b and Igh-3b (IgG2a and IgG2b of b haplotype) allotype expression has been induced by injecting T splenocytes from normal BALB/c or BC8 mice into newborn F1 hybrids of appropriate Igh congenic strains: BALB/c into (BALB/c Igha X CB20 Ighb)F1 and BC8 into (BC8 Igha X C57BL/6 Ighb)F1 or (C57BL/6 X BC8)F1. This suppression does not affect IgM (IgH-6b) or IgA (Igh-2b) expression. When the Ighb haplotype is paternally transmitted, the proportion of T splenocyte recipients showing allotypic suppression increases with time reaching 70% 40 weeks after birth. We also succeeded in inducing this pattern of suppression in 2 out of 13 cases when the Ighb was inherited from the mother. These normal T splenocytes are therefore clearly allotype specific. As Igh-6b production is not affected by the suppression, these T splenocytes are believed to influence B cells more or less committed to Igh-1b or Igh-3b production rather than more precocious Igh-6b (IgM of b haplotype) carrying precursors in the classical IgM-IgG filiation pathway.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Polymorphic human specific Alu insertions as markers for human identification.

Alu sequences represent the largest family of short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs) in humans with 500 000 copies per genome. Recently, one Alu subfamily was found to be human specific (HS). We originally described the use of polymorphis HS Alu insertions as a tool in population studies and recently as tools in DNA fingerprinting and forensic analysis. In this report, we will use this simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) base technique for the detection of HS Alu insertion polymorphisms. We will test the resolving power of this DNA profiling approach in both population genetics and paternity assessment. At the population level, we will describe the genotypic distribution of five polymorphic Alu insertions among 3 populations from the American continent, one of African origin, the other two Amerindians. Insight into their relationships will be provided. At the family level, we will examine one European American family of seven individuals and the same pedigree will also be characterized by way of the two systems currently and widely used to ascertain paternity: PCR-sequence specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization (PCR-SSO) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules, and a standard RFLP protocol used in forensic casework and paternity studies. The importance and strengths of the methods as well as its perspectives for future use in filiation studies will be evaluated.

Forensic Medicine↗
PubMed1999

Structural study of the lipomannans from Mycobacterium bovis BCG: characterisation of multiacylated forms of the phosphatidyl-myo-inositol anchor.

A biosynthetic filiation is postulated between the mycobacterial phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs), the lipomannans (LMs) and the lipoarabinomannans (LAMs), the major antigens of the envelopes. Moreover, as the PI anchor is thought to play a role in the biological functions of the LAMs, we characterized the lipid moiety of the PI anchor from Mycobacterium bovis BCG cellular LMs. Their structure was investigated along with that of a purified tetra-acylated form of PIM2 (Ac4PIM2). A two-dimensional 1H-31P heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy study of Ac4PIM2 unambiguously localised a fourth fatty acid on the C3 of the myo-Ins beside the fatty acids already described on the C1 and C2 position of the glycerol and on the C6 position of the mannose. This analytical strategy was extended to the structural study of the cellular LM anchor. Using an appropriate solvent system, the one dimensional 31P NMR spectrum exhibited four major resonances typifying the LM populations. These populations differed in number and location of the fatty acids. For one of these populations, we established the presence of an extra fatty acid on the C3 of the myo-Ins of the LM anchor. The fact that both types of molecules have an elaborated anchor in common, indicates that cellular LMs are multimannosylated forms of PIMs. In addition, the LM mannan core structure was analysed by two-dimensional NMR, pointing to a high level of branching by single alpha1-->2 Manp side-chains.

Acylation↗
PubMed1983

[Blood group expert evaluation: relation between the extent of testing and the reliability of paternity determination. Reflections on revision and guidelines].

In affiliation cases a combined exclusion chance for non-fathers of 99.995% is obtained by the examination of well-established blood group systems. In complicated cases, i.e. if known putative fathers are unavailable, the biostatistical limits for the ascertainment of paternity are obviously very high. They have to be determined by court in each particular case. For routine cases the application of an extended basic blood group expertise, including 19 systems with an combined exclusion chance of 95.17% is considered to be sufficient. The analysis of 263 own filiation cases from 1979 to 1982 yielded an average realistic prior probability of paternity of 83.3%, in 52 many-man affairs even of 90.3%. A similar percentage (89.5%) was observed in 67 two-man affairs of contested legitimacy. Since the father is rarely found among men included at a later stage the rate of children without known father is estimated at 5-15%.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) deficiency in Maghrebian patients: evidence for founder effect and genomic recombination at the CA II locus.

A splice junction mutation at the exon 2-intron 2 boundary of the carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) gene was previously shown to be the unique mutation underlying the CA II deficiency syndrome in patients of Arab descent. Fourteen Tunisian (Maghrebian) families with a history of osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis, mental retardation, and CA II deficiency were studied to test the hypothesis that the mutation, found in all 24 patients, derived from a common ancestor originating in the Arabic Peninsula. A filiation study permitted us to trace these families back to a common Arabic tribe that settled in the Maghreb in the tenth century, indicating a common ethnic origin for these families. Segregation of the mutation with a TaqI biallelic restriction site polymorphism upstream of the CA II gene was studied by sequence-tagged site analysis in all the family members. These studies showed cosegregation of the Taq (-) allele with the mutation in 12 families out of 14. This observation supports a founder effect to explain the common CA II deficiency allele in this population. In the remaining two families, a genomic recombination or gene conversion occurred between the TaqI restriction marker and the mutation causing the disease. The relatively high recombination frequency suggests the presence of a hot spot for recombination or gene conversion at the CA II locus.

Acidosis, Renal Tubular↗
PubMed1976

Comparative study of the milk fat globule membrane and the mouse mammary tumour virus prepared from the milk of an infected strain of Swiss albino mice.

Milk fat globule membranes and mammary tumour virus particles (d=1.17 g/cm3) have been obtained from the milk of a Swiss albino mice strain. Comparative biochemistry shows that these two structures differ significantly in the phospholipid, polypeptide and glycopolypeptide patterns and enzymatic activities. However, the lipid profile and the morphology of both structures suggest a filiation with the plasma membrane. Density fractions obtained from the crude virus preparation have been thoroughly investigated. The results suggest that most of these fractions represent degraded virus and/or atypical virus assembly.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[The notion of the internal and external limitations of monotonic growth functions. A reformulation of the logistic equation].

The boundary value (plateau) of non-periodic growth functions constitutes one of the parameters of various usual models such as the logistic equation. Its double interpretation involves either a limit of an internal or endogenous nature or an external environment-dependent limit. Using the autocatalytic model of structured cell populations (Buis, model II, 2003), a reformulation of the logistic equation is put forward and illustrated in the case of three cell classes (juvenile, mature, senescing). The agonistic component corresponds exactly to the only active fraction of the population (non-senescing mature cells), whereas the antagonistic component is interpreted in terms of an external limit (available substrate or source). The occurrence and properties of an external limit are investigated using the same autocatalytic model with two major modifications: the absence of competition (non-limiting source) and the occurrence of a maximum number of mitoses per cell filiation (Lück and Lück, 1978). The analysis, which is carried out according to the principle of deterministic cell automata (L-systems), shows the flexibility of the model, which exhibits a diversity of kinetic properties: shifts from the sigmoidal form, number and position of growth rate extremums, number of phases of the temporal structure. These characteristics correspond to the diversity of the experimental growth curves where the singularities of the growth rate gradient are often not accounted for satisfactorily by the usual global models.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

[Management of phyllodes tumors of the breast at the National institute of oncology of Rabat, Morocco].

OBJECTIVES: Phyllodes tumors of the breast (PTB) are rare fibro epithelial tumors. Their terminology, histological classification and their treatment are exposed to controversy. The aim of our work is to underline the epidemiological, clinical, histological, therapeutical, prognostic and evolutive features of these tumours through a retrospective study and a review of the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed at the National Institute of Oncology of Rabat, Morocco, between 1985 and 1998, all the files of patients with histological certainty of PTB, doubtful PTB were excluded. We collected epidemiological, clinical, histological, therapeutical, prognostic and evolutive features of these tumours. STATISTICS: quantitative parameters were represented by mean +/- S.D. and qualitative parameters by percentage or effective. RESULTS: We studied nine cases of PTB, which represented 0.09% of all primitive tumors of the breast treated at our institution during the study period. All our patients were female. Mean age was 37.3 +/- 10.07 years. Two of our patients (22.2%) had a history of fibroadenoma and 44.4% were nulliparous. Mean delay before consulting was 60.7 +/- 17.56 months and the median tumour size was 13 +/- 7.47 cm. Pathological findings were six benign or borderline phyllodes tumours (66.7%) and three cystosarcomas phyllodes (33.3%). The treatment consisted in simple mastectomy in seven cases (77.8%) and tumorectomy in two cases (22.2%). All the surgical margins were clear. Two of the three cystosarcomas phyllodes received adjuvant external bean radiation therapy 50 Gy on the thoracic chest wall. After a median outcome of 3 +/- 2 years ranging from 3 to 74 months, we did not note any relapse or metastasis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In our series, PTB happened exclusively in females. History of fibroadenoma within 22.2% of the patients suggests the hypothesis of a filiation between these two entities. Their distinctive features were young age in diagnosis, long delay before consulting, important tumor size, predominant benign and borderline histological types, treatment mainly surgical and good local and distant control.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[To FIV or not to FIV: Will gestational surrogacy be an indication for assisted reproductive techniques?].

Gestational surrogacy covers three different and often mixed up situations. In the first case (that of full surrogacy), the surrogate mother carries and has the baby anonymously. The child has been conceived by artificial insemination with her own oocyte and the help of the financing father, who has legally recognised the child before birth. This constitutes surrogacy motherhood practice, which was condemned by a judgment of the French Court of Cassation, in 1991. In the second case (gestational surrogacy), the mother only carries an embryo conceived in vitro by the biological parents to whom she will give back the baby when he is born. The filiation tie between the child and his parents is thereby maintained, the surrogate mother's role being limited to that of gestation. In the third case, the surrogate mother carries an embryo, the result of in vitro fertilization of the oocytes of a donor and the father's sperm. From the moment that surrogacy is not at variance with any of our fundamental rights, we cannot but wish that, with the guarantee of a rigorous frame, it might become a medical indication for IVF, in precise circumstances of female infertility.

Female↗