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PubMed2000

Cryptosporidia on dairy farms and the role these farms may have in contaminating surface water supplies in the northeastern United States.

The prevalence and risk factors for shedding of cryptosporidia by dairy cattle and calves and the prevalence and risk factors for cryptosporidia in surface waters associated with dairy farms were determined for a well-defined watershed in the northeastern United States. Eleven dairy farms were enrolled in the study and subjected to monthly sampling over a 6-month period. Animal-, water-, and manure-management practices were determined by survey and fecal, on-farm water, and stream samples were obtained monthly and evaluated for the presence of cryptosporidia. Ninety-one percent of the dairy farms in our study had Cryptosporidium on their premises. Fifteen percent of the sampled calves 0-3 weeks of age were shedding cryptosporidia. The risk factors for calves shedding cryptosporidia were contact between calves and frequent bedding changes. The probability of shedding cryptosporidia decreased with age. Nine percent of farm-associated stream samples were cryptosporidia-positive. The single risk factor for detecting cryptosporidia in surface water was increasing frequency of spreading of manure on fields. The probability of detecting cryptosporidia in streams decreased as 5-day cumulative precipitation increased. There were no animal-associated or barnyard-management features associated with detecting cryptosporidia in farm-impacted streams.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Depressive symptoms in farm women: effects of health status and farming lifestyle characteristics, behaviors, and beliefs.

A multitude of responsibilities, environmental and social influences, and stressors place farm women at high risk for depressive symptoms. This cross sectional survey design study examines demographic, health status, and farm lifestyle characteristics, behaviors and beliefs as risk factors contributing to depressive symptoms among farm women in southeast Louisiana. The study was conducted in a stratified, random sample of 657 women 18 years and older. Factors predictive of depressive symptoms in adjusted logistic regression included those who experience poor health, perceive hazards associated with farming, experience recent farm-related injuries and engage in farming over longer periods of time. These findings help target interventions toward women at risk for depressive symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Tractor driving among kentucky farm youth: results from the farm family health and hazard surveillance project.

This article documents the extent of children's involvement in tractor operations among a representative sample of Kentucky children living and working on family farms. Specifically, we describe children's exposures to tractor-related work activities, profile their use of the tractor (number of days worked), and assess compliance with generally recommended safety measures, such as using tractors equipped with ROPS (rollover protective structures), avoiding riding as passengers on tractors, and operating tractors on public roadways. Data for this study were collected in 1994 and 1995 as part of the NIOSH-sponsored Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance Project (FFHHSP). Despite recognition in the health and safety community of the hazards associated with operating tractors without ROPS on public roadways and with extra riders, these practices remain common among youth on Kentucky farms. Farms with annual incomes greater than $10,000, particularly with livestock commodities, appear to use youth for a greater number of days of tractor operation than other farms. Such farms may be an appropriate target for intervention.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2002

The culture of farm work and it's implications on health, social relationships and leisure in farm women and men in the United States.

This ethnographic study on 15 farm women and men in Southeastern Wisconsin focuses on their work and its implications on health, social relationships, and leisure. Beginning in childhood, farm women and men learn the cultural meaning of work which in turn affect their health and safety, leisure time, and social relationships. This study embodies the social culture of work in farming. Ethnographic data supports that farm work is never ending, leaving little time for off-farm leisure. However, the data also supported positive implications of farm work creating family unity, source of identity, and self-worth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Logbook registration in slaughtering pig farms within the project Integrated Quality Control. II. Drug utilization in relation to clinical observation, farm conditions and prevalence of pathological findings].

During an Integrated Quality Control (IQC) project for finishing pigs, the application of veterinary drugs was registered by means of a logbook on 75 pig finishing farms. Investigated is as to how far the application of veterinary drugs to animals is linked up with clinical observations, management and climatic conditions on the farm and to what extent the application of veterinary drugs is linked up with the occurrence of pathological findings in pigs at the slaughterhouse. The results indicate that more veterinary drugs are used as there are more clinical findings on a pig farm. This is particularly true for the autumn-winter period. Farms that use more veterinary drugs have a higher percentage of pigs with pathological findings at the slaughterhouse. As the point of time of treatment of respiratory disorders is closer to the slaughter date, there is a higher percentage of pigs suffering from pneumonia at the slaughterhouse. Farms treating pigs in the first thirty days of the finishing period against intestinal disorders have a distinct higher percentage of pigs suffering from pneumonia at the slaughterhouse. It appears that less veterinary drugs are used at farms having specific housing and management characteristics.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1994

Farming systems and sanitary problems in mountain cattle farms.

On the basis of concepts established by ecopathology and the systems theory, certain aspects of the 'Ecosanitary System', which forms part of the 'Farming System', were studied. Multivariant statistical methods were used to analyze and classify 69 mountain cattle farms into different types and to establish relationships between variables relating to pathological problems and others relating to aspects of production and farm structure. Stable mastitis characterized farms with a higher milk production, more intensive farming and greater hygiene measures. The pattern of diarrhoea in the calves was similar. Problems relating to reproduction and calving were more characteristic of traditional, small farms.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1998

Work-related injuries among Iowa farm operators: an analysis of the Iowa Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance Project.

In 1994, the Iowa Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance Project carried out a two-stage, stratified, cluster survey of Iowa farms using a mail survey. With data from this representative sample of Iowa farmers, we examined the associations between farm-work-related injuries and possible risk factors for 390 principal farm operators. Forty (10.3%) of these operators reported being injured while doing farm work. We developed a logistic regression to assess associations between potential risk factors and injury. We found three factors significantly associated with injury: younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 3.1, confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-9.3), having an impairment or health problem that limits work (OR = 2.4, CI = 1.5-3.8), and hand or arm exposure to acids or alkalis (OR = 2.6, CI = 1.1-5.9). In the univariate analysis, safety training did not seem to protect farmers from injuries.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2001

Assignment of work involving farm tractors to children on North American farms.

BACKGROUND: Children are at high risk for tractor-related injury. The North American Guidelines for Children's Agricultural Tasks (NAGCAT) provide recommendations for the assignment of tractor work. This analysis describes tractor-related jobs assigned to farm children and compares them to NAGCAT. METHODS: A descriptive analysis was conducted of baseline data collected by telephone interview during a randomized, controlled trial. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 1,138 children who worked on 498 North American farms. A total of 2,389 farm jobs were reported and 456 (19.1%) involved operation of farm tractors. Leading types of tractor jobs were identified. Modest, yet important, percentages of children were assigned tractor work before the minimum ages recommended by NAGCAT. CONCLUSIONS: Children on farms are involved in tractor work at a young age and some are involved in jobs that they are unlikely to have the developmental abilities to perform. NAGCAT is a new parental resource that can be applied to these work situations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The farm crisis: an analysis of social psychological distress among North Carolina farm operators.

Using data from a statewide survey of North Carolina farm operators collected during a period of economic and ecological crisis, the relationships between perceived social psychological distress, social support, and demographic, farm structure, and socioeconomic characteristics were analyzed. Younger operators showed higher distress levels, and age and social support interact so that social support lowered distress levels more for younger than for older operators. Results also showed that total family income has a curvilinear relationship with perceived distress: low and high income farm operators manifest higher levels of distress than middle income operators. By identifying the farm operators that show the highest levels of distress, the results have implications for policy intervention and farm crisis support programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Changes in intestinal flora of farm personnel after introduction of a tetracycline-supplemented feed on a farm.

A prospective study was undertaken to determine whether feeding farm animals antibiotics in feed caused changes in the intestinal bacterial flora of farm dwellers and their neighbors. Chickens were fed tetracycline-supplemented feed (tet-feed), and, as expected, within one week their intestinal flora contained almost entirely tetracycline-resistant organisms. Increased numbers of resistant intestinal bacteria also appeared, but more slowly, in farm members, but not their neighbors. Within five and six months, 31.3 per cent of weekly fecal samples from farm dwellers contained greater than 80 per cent tetracycline-resistant bacteria as compared to 6.8 per cent of the samples from the neighbors (P less than 0.001). Seven of the 11 farm members, but only three of the 24 neighbors, had two or more fecal samples containing greater than 80 per cent tetracycline-resistant coliforms (P less than 0.01). These resistant bacteria contained transferable plasmids conferring multiple antibiotic resistances. Selective pressure by tet-feed for antibiotic-resistant bacteria in chickens extends to human beings in contact with chickens and the feed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Farmers' involvement in landscape activities: an analysis of the relationship between farm location, farm characteristics and landscape changes in two study areas in Jutland, Denmark.

Farmers are important agents in rural landscape management as they modify landscape elements to suit their needs. The purpose of this study is to investigate if patterns of landscape activities undertaken by farmers are related to certain farm characteristics and if landscape activities vary from one location to another. With this purpose, we investigated the differences between the level of farmers' involvement in landscape activities in two study areas in central Jutland, Denmark. Particular attention was given to the analysis of the type and extent of landscape activities and their relationship with farm characteristics. In both study areas, landscape activities leading to a more extensive type of land use predominate. However, a multivariate analysis implemented on the set of landscape activity data reveals significant differences between the two study areas. Hedgerow planting and removal is more common in Sønder Omme, while pond digging and cultivation of permanent grass lands are characteristic activities in Gadbjerg-Givskud. Moreover, the proportion of farmers involved and the area affected by different landscape activities is larger in Sønder Omme than in Gadbjerg-Givskud. The farms of the two areas are different in terms of production type, size and socio-economic characteristics. These characteristics represent significant relationships with landscape activities. However, they are not sufficient to explain the differences between landscape activities undertaken in the two areas. The differences are caused by unique cultural and biophysical environment, which influence and modify the relationship between farm characteristics and landscape activities in a distinct manner for each study area.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 and ORF7 sequences of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from PRRS-positive Italian farms: a showcase for PRRSV epidemiology and its consequences on farm management.

We investigated the dynamics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) variability in a range of swine PRRS-positive farms located in Northern Italy, to provide insights into the epidemiology and diffusion of the virus, particularly throughout the entire swine production chain. In this context, we also examined the effectiveness and the critical points of a recently developed gilts acclimatization program in swine breeder farms. To achieve these aims, we designed new primers and determined 64 complete open reading frame 5 (ORF5) sequences, representing Italian PRRSV field strains and the European vaccine Porcilis strain (Intervet); in addition, the more conserved ORF7 of 11 PRRSV strains were sequenced. The domains' prediction of their putative protein sequences was performed as well. Based on these sequences, phylogenetic trees were inferred which revealed a high degree of variability among the PRRSV Italian strains. The outcomes of the phylogenetic analysis showed that the most frequent source of infection in PRRS-positive farms (sow herds, nursery sites, fattening units) was the introduction of animals carrying a new variant and not the modification of already present variants; moreover, the integration of data from phylogenetic analysis and from the clinical and serological status of the swine herds suggested that the acclimatization program could be a valid tool to stabilize the PRRS clinical picture in farms, only when applied in combination with rigorous bio-security routine management and avoid the incoming of new PRRSV variants.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Influence of farm, feed-producer and season on incidence of gastrointestinal disorders in Danish farm mink.

The distribution of gastrointestinal disorders in mink in Danish farms is presented based on data collected in a longitudinal design. The time at risk was from weaning in June until pelting in November. The occurrence of gastrointestinal disorders after weaning of the mink kits together with the distribution within farms was studied. The period of highest risk was in the months immediately after weaning (July and August). More than 17% of the farms recorded GI disorders among > or = 10% of pairs of animals. A multilevel statistical analysis showed that besides the effect of time after weaning, a significant part of the variation in the incidence could be attributed to the farm and feed-producer. The potential for bias is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Clostridium botulinum in Scottish fish farms and farmed trout.

Rainbow trout and specimens of pond mud were collected from three fish farms and examined for the presence of Clostridium botulinum. Two of the farms were constructed with concrete channels and one was mud-bottomed. Cl. botulinum was isolated only from the mud-bottomed farm (24% of muds), and the isolates were all non-proteolytic type B. The implications of the presence of Cl. botulinum spores in the mud of fish farms is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Genetic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from farm animals and the farm environment.

The genetic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from farm animals and their environment was investigated by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). A total of 30 genotypes, defined by allelic profiles (assigned to sequence types [STs]), were found in 112 C. jejuni isolates originating in poultry, cattle, sheep, starlings, and slurry. All but two of these genotypes belonged to one of nine C. jejuni clonal complexes previously identified in isolates from human disease and retail food samples and one clonal complex previously associated with an environmental source. There was some evidence for the association of certain clonal complexes with particular farm animals: isolates belonging to the ST-45 complex predominated among poultry isolates but were absent among sheep isolates, while isolates belonging to the ST-61 and ST-42 complexes were predominant among sheep isolates but were absent from the poultry isolates. In contrast, ST-21 complex isolates were distributed among the different isolation sources. Comparison with MLST data from 91 human disease isolates showed small but significant genetic differentiation between the farm and human isolates; however, representatives of six clonal complexes were found in both samples. These data demonstrate that MLST and the clonal complex model can be used to identify and compare the genotypes of C. jejuni isolates from farm animals and the environment with those from retail food and human disease.

Alleles↗
PubMed1996

Occurrence of anthelmintic resistant nematodes on sheep farms in England and goat farms in England and Wales.

A survey in 1992 showed that 44 per cent of the sheep farms tested in the south west and 15 per cent of those in the north east of England had parasitic nematode worm burdens which were resistant to benzimidazole anthelmintics, and that 65 per cent of the non-dairy goat farms tested in England and Wales had resistant worms. Ostertagia circumcincta was the main species in sheep and Haemonchus contortus in goats. The resistance to benzimidazoles was diagnosed by a combination of an egg hatch assay and a larval development test. A simplified faecal egg count reduction test was used to investigate sheep and goat farms for signs of ivermectin resistance but no positive cases were detected. The initial identification of levamisole resistance on one farm, both from a faecal egg count reduction test and a positive larval development test, was confirmed by a 'dose and slaughter' trial.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Differences in preventive screening rates in Wisconsin farm and non-farm resident women.

PURPOSE: To determine the proportion of rural women who met screening recommendations for Pap smears, mammograms, blood cholesterol, and blood pressure measurements. METHODS: Women aged 25-75 were recruited for a population-based study of chronic diseases in rural residents. In addition to a self-administered health questionnaire and a brief examination, the most recent Pap smear, mammogram, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol measurements were documented from electronic medical records. RESULTS: The study population was comprised of 675 farm and 825 non-farm residents. Fifty-five women (3.7%) had no documentation in their medical records of having ever had a Pap smear, and 19.3% (95% CL 16.9, 21.7) of women aged 40 and older had no documentation of a mammogram. Ninety-two percent of the women (95% CL = 90.2, 93.7) had a blood pressure measurement in the previous 2 years and 74.9% (95% CL = 72.2, 77.6) had a blood cholesterol measurement in the previous 5 years. Age was inversely related to Pap smears and positively correlated with mammograms, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol measurements. Farm residents were significantly less likely to have Pap smears or blood pressure measurements at recommended time intervals. DISCUSSION: To increase the proportion of rural women in compliance with preventive screening recommendations, public health education efforts should target farm residents and younger women.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Aujeszky's disease. Studies on the possibility of differentiating between contaminated pig-breeding farms and farms on which the pigs have been inoculated with the Bartha vaccine (author's transl)].

The serological studies reported in the present paper were done on forty-one pig-breeding farms contaminated with Aujeszky's disease and four farms that were free from this disease and on which fifty per cent of the animals had been inoculated with the Bartha vaccine. The serological studies were based on the serum neutralization test (SN test). On contaminated farms, the majority of the animals present at the time of outbreak of the disease were serologically positive. Comparison of the serological findings on farms on which there had been outbreaks of the disease from two to seven and from seven to twelve months previously, showed that there was hardly any difference in titre levels between the two groups. Of twenty-eight breeding boars used for service at the time of the outbreak, twenty-one per cent were serologically negative. Serological studies in breeding gilts showed that virulent virus was only transmitted up to two months after the outbreak of the disease.

Animals↗