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PubMed1977

Changes in left ventricular activity during apnea and face immersion.

Apneic face immersion in water has been analyzed with respect to its effects upon heart rate and ventricular function in a group of highly trained teenaged swimmers of both sexes. Both parameters have been studied on a beat-by-beat basis throughout the maneuvers and analysis of the systolic time intervals has provided a noninvasive tool for studying changes in ventricular function. It was observed that the pre-ejection period of systole is lengthened, while left ventricular ejection time shows little change with apnea, face wetting (27 degrees C), or a combination of these. This decrease in ventricular function, however, lags behind the previously well-recognized decrease in heart rate, a difference which is particularly obvious when face immersion is performed in the postexercise state. This suggests ventricular function changes are regulated separately from heart rate changes and thus may be a secondary effect. Analysis of the face immersion reflex on a beat-by-beat basis has also revealed a more rapid development of bradycardia with colder (15 degrees C) water. A model has been developed to describe the face immersion reflex in the light of these findings and previous information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

A developmental study of hemisphere specialization for recognition of faces in normal subjects.

In a developmental study of hemisphere lateralization for recognition of faces in normal subjects three groups of subjects (mean ages: 7 years 9 months; 13 years 10 months; and 19 years 6 months) were tested. The procedure was a go-no go reaction time task in which the subject responded to faces tachistoscopically presented to the right or left visual field. A left visual field superiority was found for the two older age groups, which is interpreted as a right hemisphere dominance for recognition of faces. However, the 7 and 8 year old group did not demonstrate a significant visual field difference. These results indicate that the hemisphere specialization (lateralization) for recognition of faces involves processes which develop with increasing age through childhood and is not well-established until some time after the age of 8 and before age 13.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Eye movement strategies involved in face perception.

Recordings were made of the eye fixations of three subjects in two tasks involving black-and-white photographs of faces. In the first task, subjects matched a test face with a previously viewed target face; in the second task, subjects compared two simultaneously presented faces. The eye movements were recorded with a corneal reflection technique. Each subject showed an individual fixation strategy for the tasks; in particular each subject had one or more preferred facial feautres which were viewed foveally in both tasks. The subjects also showed some tendency to use a regular sequential pattern of eye movements. However, the sequences used differed from one task to the other. Although some aspects of the results support the scanpath hypothesis of Noton, it is suggested that an alternative interpretation is possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Asymmetry in perception of the sides of the human face.

The objective of this research was to determine if systematic differences occur in the way people ascribe meaning to right and left sides of the human face. Twenty-two faces, bilaterally symmetrical, were constructed from 11 photographs. These left- and right-constructed faces were rated 1 wk. apart by 26 raters on nine bipolar adjective scales selected for the evaluative, potency, and activity dimensions of the semantic differential (Osgood, 1961). Multivariate F tests indicated that on seven of the nine bipolar scales the left- and right-sided faces received significantly different ratings. Left facial constructions were rated as healthier, stronger, harder, more active, more excitable, and in the direction of bad on the good-bad scale. Right facial constructions were rated more sickly, weaker, more feminine, softer, more passive, calmer, and in the good direction on the good-bad scale.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Anthropometry of the face in lateral facial dysplasia: the bilateral form.

The morphology of the head, face, and ears was studied in 26 patients with bilateral lateral facial dysplasia in The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, using anthropometric and cephalometric methods. The anthropometric data of the maxilla and mandible were compared to the cephalometric findings. The study showed that, in the majority of the patients, one side of the face was more damaged than the other was was associated with a high frequency of defects in all areas of the face. The microtic ear was not necessarily part of this syndrome. The anthropometry proved to be a valuable supplement to the x-ray cephalometry assessment of the malformed face.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Evaluation of the use of a face-bow in complete denture occlusion.

A study was conducted that compared three arbitrarily located axes to the true hinge axis location on ten subjects. Of the 60 different arbitrary axis locations registered, 55% were within 6 mm of the true hinge axis. The results of this study revealed very small differences between a hinge axis face-bow. Hanau 132-SM face-bow, and the Whip-Mix ear face-bow. A linear deviation range of 0.116 to 0.268 mm is of doubtful clinical significance to complete denture construction. If an articulator like the New Simplex is used without a face-bow and with a 3 mm interocclusal wax record, it can be anticipated that there will be a 1 mm deviation in the anterior direction in centric occlusion. This discrepancy, incorporated with errors due to processing, can be eliminated by remounting the finished complete dentures with a new centric relation record for occlusal correction.

Dental Articulators↗
PubMed1976

Continuous postive airways pressure treatment by a face chamber in idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.

Continuous positive airways pressure treatment by a face chamber in idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. During a 3-year period 45 infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) requiring ventilatory support were treated in the neonatal unit. Continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) via the face chamber was applied as initial therapy in 39 infants and during weaning from initial intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) treatment in 5 infants, whereas 1 infant received IPPV only. Among the 39 infants initially treated with CPAP 9 required IPPV as well. The overall survival rate was 37/45 or 82%. Incapacity to hyperoxygenate while breathing 100% oxygen was the indication for CPAP while occurrence of apnoeic attacks was the indication for IPPV. Pao2 during the hyperoxia test before ventilatory support was less than 50 mmHg in 10 infants and between 50 and 105 mmHg in 35 infants. Surviving infants were followed up with neurological and developmental control examinations as well as chest x-ray, and in several infants pulmonary function tests. 3/37 infants had moderate neurological sequelae and only 1/37 infants developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia. No deleterious effects of the face chamber were seen. As the face chamber is a noninvasive and easily applied technique for CPAP therapy without hazards, it is proposed that it should be used at a still earlier stage of IRDS in order to lesson the need for IPPV treatment and to increase the neurological and lung functional quality of survival.

Cerebral Hemorrhage↗
PubMed1977

Fluorescein pupillary flow in aphakics with intact and spontaneous openings of the vitreous face.

The passage of fluorescein dye, injected into the general circulation, from the posterior to the anterior chamber was studied in 60 selected aphakic eyes between 2 days and 4 weeks after an uneventful cataract extraction. In a group of 22 eyes with intact anterior hyaloid, fluorescein was seen to pass only through the pupillary margin, mostly within 20 seconds of the beginning of the eye injection. In 24 eyes with rents in the anterior hyaloid the dye was seen percolating only through the vitreous face openings. No fluorescein passed through the pupillary margin or the peripheral iridectomy in this group of eyes. The appearance time of the dye was delayed to about twice the normal appearance time. In 8 eyes with rents in the anterior hyaloid the dye passed only through the pupillary margin. In 4 eyes with anterior vitreous rents the fluorescein appeared through the anterior vitreous face opening. From the analysis of the data it appears that the spontaneous breaks in the anterior vitreous face may represent a 'self-c,re' of pupillary and iridectomy block by the vitreous in aphakics in a high proportion of cases. It is our impression that 3 peripheral iridectomies and a very tight closure of the wound can prevent the complication of spontaneous breaks of the vitreous face.

Cataract Extraction↗
PubMed1978

Psychological factors in the face-hand test.

Young children's failure to report double-simultaneous stimulations of the side of the face and the contralateral hand has been attributed to cerebral deficiencies. When tested under optimal psychological conditions, 3- to 6-year-old children correctly report simultaneous stimulations of the face and contralateral hand. Performance on the face-hand test, which has been used as an index of cerebral functioning, is influenced in a significant way by the child's ease in the testing situation and understanding of the task.

Attention↗
PubMed1976

Cross-face grafting in facial paralysis.

I report the two-year follow-up results obtained by cross-face grafting in seven patients. The advantages of the method, ie, reduction of innervation of the healthy side of the face and restoration of emotional movements of the paralyzed side, are counterbalanced by the long delay in reinnervation and the limited number of motor fibers available for matched contralateral diversion. For this reason, cross-face grafting should still be considered as an experimental stage and should not be used in an indiscriminate way to achieve symmetry of emotional movements in irreversible unilateral facial palsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Test of the hypothesis that embryonic face shape is a causal factor in genetic predisposition to cleft lip in mice.

It was proposed that embryonic face shape is one of the quantitative variables underlying the threshold trait, cleft lip. To test the hypothesis several facial dimensions were measured in photographs of embryos at an early stage of formation of the face in 3 lines of mice. The lines had been selected from one original population using frequency of cleft lip induced by 6-aminonicotinamide as the selection criterion. Line L was susceptible to spontaneous cleft lip; lines M and C were not. Line L had a significantly smaller distance between the nasal pits than the other 2 lines, but did not differ in overall head size. A trend towards reduced angle between the medial nasal processes in the L line was noted, though this was not statistically significant. These results were predicted by the face-shape hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

II. Functional properties of cells in anterolateral part of area 7 associative face area of awake monkeys.

The most anterior part of area 7 of awake, behaving macaque monkeys was investigated using single cell recording technique. Eighty-five cells from three hemispheres of two monkeys were isolated and studied. These cells showed more complex functional properties than the cells in the primary and secondary cortical fields. Of the cells 61% responded to somatosensory (26%) or visual (2%) or both somatosensory and visual (33%) stimulation; 39% of the cells were active only during the monkey's own movements. Most of the cells studied were active while the monkey was bringing an object to the mouth with its hand, when reaching for an object with lips, or while chewing. The neurons responded selectively to, e.g., palpation of the flexors of the arm, a visual stimulus approaching the face, passive movement of the monkey's hand towards the mouth, or they were active only when the monkey was reaching for an object with its lips or was mouthing it. The cellular activity in the anterolateral part of area 7 was prominently related to the stimulation or motor activity of the face (especially the mouth). In this respect, it differed from the more posterior part of area 7 adjacent to it. The results thus indicate that there is a separate and rather extensive mouth (or face) area in the parietal association cortex of the monkey.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Surgical correction of the long face syndrome.

The combined efforts of different specialists are needed for the successful treatment of patients with the long face syndrome. Both surgeons and orthodontists who recognize their own capabilities and limitations must combine their skills to achieve the best possible occlusion and facial esthetics. The surgical and orthodontic plan of therapy is designed to correct the patient's dentofacial deformity. Surgical reduction of facial height and proper alignment of the teeth by orthodontic means are common denominators of successful treatment. By properly planned and executed Le Fort I maxillary osteotomies, the vertical dimensions of the face can be shortened to improve the esthetic balance between the nose, upper lip, teeth, and chin and achieve lip competency. Variable open-bite and nonopen-bite maxillary deformities in forty adults with the long face syndrome were corrected by Le Fort I osteotomy and orthodontic treatment. The technical problems encountered in planning and executing treatment are discussed and illustrated by selected case reports.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Inverted writing in right- and left-handers in relation to lateralization of face recognition.

In a study with 157 right-handed and 69 left-handed college students, Gilbert's two-face choice task, which was used as an indicator of cerebral lateralization for face recognition, distinguished left-handers from right-handers. Right-handers primarily attended to the right side of the face (left visual field), while the group of left-handers had no visual field preference. Levy's hypothesis that inverted-writing left-handers are cortically lateralized like right-handers, and that inverted-writing right-handers are lateralized like left-handers found some support among the males. However, the females in both handedness groups performed in an opposite manner to that predicted by Levy's hypothesis.

Dominance, Cerebral↗
PubMed1976

Early versus late stages of processing and their relation to functional hemispheric asymmetries in face recognition.

To determine whether perceptual asymmetries for faces occur at early or late stages of stimulus analysis, subjects compared the members of a pair of faces which appeared in the right or left visual field, either to each other or to a previously presented sample. The first two experiments established that manual reaction times were consistently shorter to left-field presentation only when test faces were compared for identity to a memorized sample (Experiment 2), but not when they were compared to each other (Experiment 1). By varying the interstimulus interval between the sample and test (Experiment 3), it was found that a consistent left-field superiority was absent for at least the first 50 msec following sample offset, suggesting that during that time both hemispheres have access to a short-lived, visual trace that represents the results of the early, precategorical processing stages. Beyond 100 msec, or earlier if the trace is degraded by a masking field (Experiment 4), a left-field advantage is observed. Experiment 5 showed that higher order comparisons between photographs and caricatures yield a left-field superiority even in a memory-free situation. Together, the results indicate only higher order processes, such as are needed to maintain a relatively permanent memory representation or to compare caricatures with photographs, require the specialized functions peculiar to the right hemisphere. Lower-order, precategorical processes seem to be common to both hemispheres.

Cognition↗
PubMed1977

Cue saliency in faces as assessed by the "Photofit" technique.

The present study attempted to assess the relative salience of different parts of the human face through the manipulation of the features contained in the Photofit Kit. Subjects observed a face constructed from the kit before attempting to identify the same face in an array of alternatives. The alternatives differed from the target in only one feature and this was systematically varied within the array. Nose changes were least likely to be noticed, followed by mouth and eyes, with foreheads producing the lowest rate of error. This order of features held irrespective of the similarity of the distractors or whether judgements were made in the presence or in the absence of the target. The chin region produced different results depending upon the similarity of the distractors. The results are discussed in relation to earlier experiments in which Photofit and previous studies of cue saliency were used.

Cues↗
PubMed1979

Surgical face lift.

The growing importance of the face lift and related procedures to improve the aging face and the increasing demand by both men and women for these procedures is largely due to the prolonged good health, active life, and extended working years of many people. The technic described emphasizes support of the facial tissues upward and backward, leaving the resulting scars in the least obvious locations. Illustrative cases show improvement in appearance by upper and lower blepharoplasty and by the temple, cheek, and neck lift. The importance of a "segmental approach" is mentioned and other accessory procedures which may contribute further to improvement of the aging face are described, including rhinoplasty, mentoplasty, surgical abrasion, and chemical peel.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

Response of ventrobasal thalamic cells to hair displacement on the face of the waking monkey.

1. In the unanaesthetized, moving monkey, single cell firing patterns in the region of the ventrobasal complex (VB) of the thalamus that respond to facial hair displacement were the basis for a statistical analysis of the effects of tactile, thermal and behavioural stimuli. 2. There were facial hair responses throughout the dorsoventral extent of the ventralis posterior medialis (VPM) nucleus of the contralateral thalamus over a rostro-caudal distance of about 2 mm (Fr. 5.1 to Fr. 7.1). 3. The three different anatomical types of facial hairs that activated thalamic neurones were common facial hairs, circumoral vibrissae and facial whiskers. 4. Displacement of the intermediate length, soft, yellow-brown common facial hairs on the central and lateral face from fields of 1-9 cm2 produced a fast-adapting burst discharge in single thalamic cells in the upper half of the contralateral VPM. 5. Tactile stimuli applied to the short, stiff, white circumoral vibrissae in fields of 0-2-0-9 cm2 along the margins of the upper and lower lips resulted in fast-adapting phasic firing of units in the lower half of the contralateral VPM. Engagement or disengagement of the interlocking hairs of upper and lower lips resulted in increased or decreased, respectively, firing of these thalamic units. 6. Bending a single, long, stiff, black facial whisker extending out from the side of the face resulted in a sustained increased firing of contralateral VPM cells with directional sensitivity. 7. Cells in the ventrobasal thalamus relay mechanoreceptor input from three specialized hair types on the face of the monkey. These somatotopically organized hairy receptive fields are unique, registering response patterns from tactile, thermal and behavioural stimuli. Facial hairs must play an important part in primate feeding, drinking, and oral-exploration.

Action Potentials↗