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PubMed1991

The effect of residence and social class on dental caries experience in 15-16-year-old children living in three towns (natural fluoride, adjusted fluoride and low fluoride) in the north east of England.

Caries experience in 1374 children aged 15-16 years from three towns in the north east of England with varying concentrations of fluoride in drinking water, was determined. The mean DMFT values for 15-year-old continuous residents was 1.7 in Hartlepool (natural F 1.0-1.3 ppm), 2.5 in Newcastle (F adjusted to 1.0 ppm) and 3.3 in Middlesbrough (F = 0.2 ppm). Forty per cent of Hartlepool 15-year-olds were caries free, compared with 30% in Newcastle and 24% in Middlesbrough. Caries prevalence for both Hartlepool and Newcastle 'continuous residents' was lower than for non-continuous residents, whereas in Middlesbrough, the low fluoride area, non-continuous residents had a lower DMF value than those who had lived in Middlesbrough all their lives. There was a slight trend in both Newcastle and Middlesbrough for DMFT values to increase from social class I to social class V, but no discernable trend was observed in Hartlepool. The results for Hartlepool 15-year-olds were very similar to those reported by Weaver in 1949.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Influence of growth mode and sucrose on susceptibility of Streptococcus sanguis to amine fluorides and amine fluoride-inorganic fluoride combinations.

This study evaluated the susceptibility to amine fluorides (AmFs) of planktonic and biofilm cultures of Streptococcus sanguis grown with and without sucrose. Cultures were incubated with AmFs (250 mg of fluoride liter-1) for 1 min. The susceptibility of biofilms was less than that of the planktonic form and was further decreased by growth in the presence of sucrose.

Amines↗
PubMed2006

Sources of dietary fluoride intake in 6-7-year-old English children receiving optimally, sub-optimally, and non-fluoridated water.

OBJECTIVES: Due to increased consumption of pre-packaged drinks, tap water may no longer be the principal source of water intake and consequently fluoride intake. Little is known about the importance of solid foods as fluoride sources and how the relative contribution of foods/drinks to fluoride intake is affected by residing in fluoridated or non-fluoridated areas. This study investigated the relative contributions of different dietary sources to dietary fluoride intake and compared this in children residing in optimally artificially fluoridated, sub-optimally artificially fluoridated, and non-fluoridated areas. METHODS: Thirty-three healthy children aged 6 years were recruited from fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities and categorised into three groups based on fluoride content of home tap water: optimally fluoridated (< or =0.7 mgF/L), sub-optimally fluoridated (> or =0.3 to < or =0.7 mgF/L) and non-fluoridated (50.3 mgF/L) drinking water. A 3-day dietary diary collected dietary information. Samples of foods/drinks consumed were collected and analyzed for fluoride content. RESULTS: Drinks provided 59%, 55% and 32% of dietary fluoride intake in optimally, sub-optimally and non-fluoridated areas respectively. Tap water, fruit squashes and cordials (extremely sweet non-alcoholic fruit flavoured drink concentrates) prepared with tap water, as well as cooked rice, pasta and vegetables were important sources of fluoride in optimally and sub-optimally fluoridated areas. Carbonated soft drinks and bread were the most important contributors to dietary fluoride intake in the non-fluoridated area. CONCLUSION: The main contributory sources to dietary fluoride differ between fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas. Estimating total fluoride intake from levels of fluoride in tap water alone is unlikely to provide a reliable quantitative measure of intake. Studies monitoring dietary fluoride exposure should consider intake from all foods and drinks.

Beverages↗
PubMed2001

Relative anti-caries efficacy of 1100, 1700, 2200, and 2800 ppm fluoride ion in a sodium fluoride dentifrice over 1 year.

There is limited evidence from clinical trials on the dose response of sodium fluoride dentifrices at concentrations above 1100 ppm fluoride ion, with respect to caries efficacy. This randomized, double-blind study examined the anti-caries effectiveness of sodium fluoride dentifrices containing 1700 ppm, 2200 ppm and 2800 ppm fluoride ion relative to an 1100 ppm fluoride ion control. A population of 5439 elementary schoolchildren, aged 6-15 years, was recruited from an urban central Ohio area with a low fluoride content water supply (<0.3 ppm). Subjects were examined by visual-tactile and radiographic examination at baseline and after 1, 2, and 3 years of using the sodium fluoride dentifrices. Subjects were stratified according to gender, age and baseline DMFS scores derived from the visual-tactile baseline examination and randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: 0.243% sodium fluoride (1100 ppm fluoride ion), 0.376% sodium fluoride (1700 ppm fluoride ion), 0.486% sodium fluoride (2200 ppm fluoride ion), and 0.619% sodium fluoride (2800 ppm fluoride ion). All products were formulated with the same fluoride compatible silica abrasive. Results after 1 year provided evidence of a positive sodium fluoride dose response. Compared to the 1100 ppm fluoride treatment group, the 1700 ppm fluoride treatment group had an 11.0% reduction in DMFS that was not statistically significant, while the 2200 ppm and 2800 ppm fluoride treatment groups showed statistically significant (P<0.05) reductions of 18.6% and 20.4%, respectively. The reductions in caries delivered by the higher fluoride dentifrices were present across all tooth surface types, but were most pronounced for occlusal surfaces. Results at years 2 and 3 were confounded by a concurrent fluoride rinse program, which involved portions of the study population. While the trends for the higher fluoride dentifrices observed at year 1 remained at years 2 and 3, the difference observed between treatments were substantially less and failed to reach statistical significance (P<0.05). Collectively, the data demonstrate that the 2200 ppm and the 2800 ppm fluoride treatments delivered statistically significantly greater caries efficacy than the 1100 ppm fluoride treatment. This large-scale clinical trial provides evidence of a positive statistically significant dose relationship between dental caries and sodium fluoride in a dentifrice at levels above 1100 ppm fluoride at year 1.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of fluoride concentrations in unstimulated whole saliva following the use of a fluoride dentifrice and a fluoride rinse.

Recent evidence has suggested that the cariostatic effects of topical fluoride (F) are related to the presence of low concentrations of ionic F in the oral environment. The purpose of this study was to compare the retention of F in the oral environment over 24-hour periods after the use of a F dentifrice or a F rinse. Groups of ten consenting adult subjects (age 18-52 years) brushed and/or rinsed (B/R) in a standardized manner twice per day in the morning (AM) and before bed (PM) with either a placebo dentifrice (8 ppm F), NaF dentifrice (1100 ppm F), or NaF rinse (225 ppm F). Experiments were performed with placebo dentifrice only (PD); F dentifrice only (FD); F dentifrice followed by F rinse (FD/FR); placebo dentifrice followed by F rinse (PD/FR); and F rinse followed by placebo dentifrice (FR/PD). Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected at baseline and then at 0, 15, 30, and 45 min, 1, 2, and 8 hr after B/R in the AM, after B/R in the PM and upon rising the following morning. Salivary flow rate and F were determined for each sampling interval. The results of this study suggest that: (1) F rinse may be a more effective way of delivering topical F than F dentifrice; (2) based on F retention, the combination of FD/FR was not more effective than FR only (PD/FR); (3) older individuals with gingival recession retained higher F levels; and (4) bedtime F application resulted in longer F retention than did daytime application, which may have important implications for enamel remineralization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Fluoride intake from foods, beverages and dentifrice by young children in communities with negligibly and optimally fluoridated water: a pilot study.

UNLABELLED: While the level of fluoride intake that affords optimal cariostatic efficacy without causing dental fluorosis is not precisely known, it has been suggested that the threshold of fluoride exposure above which fluorosis may occur is between 0.05 and 0.07 mg/kg/day. OBJECTIVE: To monitor and compare fluoride intake from diet and dentifrice use (theoretical F: 0.10-0.11%) by three groups of 16- to 40-month-old children: two groups living in the negligibly water-fluoridated communities of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Connersville, Indiana, and the third group residing in the optimally water-fluoridated region of Indianapolis, Indiana. METHODS: Fluoride intake from diet was monitored by the "duplicate plate" method, and fluoride ingested from dentifrice was determined by subtracting the amount of fluoride recovered after brushing from the amount originally placed on the child's toothbrush. RESULTS: The mean combined amount of fluoride ingested daily by children living in the negligibly fluoridated communities was not significantly different from that ingested by children in the fluoridated community. The major component of fluoride ingested by children in the negligibly fluoridated communities came from fluoridated dentifrice, and in the fluoridated area children ingested as much fluoride from toothpaste as they did from beverages. In San Juan mean daily fluoride intake was within the estimated range for safe fluoride exposure; however, in the "halo" community of Connersville and in Indianapolis, daily fluoride ingested by many of the children may have exceeded this level. CONCLUSION: Attention needs to be given, in negligibly water-fluoridated as well as in optimally water-fluoridated communities, to reducing the daily intake of fluoride by young children in order to avoid putting them at risk of developing dental fluorosis.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Fluoride release and uptake by various dental materials after fluoride application.

PURPOSE: To measure the amounts of fluoride released from fluoride-containing materials before and after daily topical fluoride applications. METHODS: A conventional glass-ionomer: Fuji Ionomer Type II (F2); a resin-modified glass-ionomer: Fuji Ionomer Type II LC (LC); two "giomer" materials: Reactmer Paste (RP), and Beautifil (BT); a fluoride-containing resin composite: Unifil F (UF); and a non-fluoride resin composite: AP-X (AP) were used in this study. Each material was filled into a plastic mold, with inner diameter of 9 mm wide x 3 mm high. The specimens were stored in vials filled with 8 ml distilled deionized water for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. The specimens were then removed from the vials and the amount of fluoride released into the water, over the 24-hour period, was measured. The amount of fluoride released was measured by using specific fluoride electrode and an ion-analyzer. These procedures were repeated at Days 2, 3, 7, 14, and 21. After 21 days, all specimens were exposed to 1000 ppm F NaF solution for 5 minutes once a day. This procedure and measurement of fluoride release were continued for 14 days. After 14 days, the specimens were placed in water for 7 days and fluoride release was measured. The results were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-test (P< 0.05). RESULTS: At the 22nd day (1 day after starting fluoride exposure), there was no difference between the F2 and RP, though there were significant differences between the two GICs and the groups BT and UF. After that day, there were significant differences between GIC and the group RP, BT and UF. All materials showed a decrease in fluoride release 7 days after end of the fluoride immersion period. F2, LC, and UF showed no significant difference of fluoride release between Day 21 and 1 day after the end of the fluoride immersion period (P= 0.310: F2 and UF, 0.548: LC). On the other hand, RP and BT revealed lower fluoride release 1 day after the end of the fluoride immersion period as compared to Day 21 (P= 0.075: RP, 1.000: BT). For AP, fluoride release was not detected after the fluoride immersion period.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of daily fluoride exposures on fluoride release by glass ionomer-based restoratives.

It is well documented that glass ionomer cements absorb and release fluoride following single fluoride exposures. This study examined fluoride release among three glass ionomer-based restorative materials following multiple daily exposures to three topical fluoride regimens. Using a Delrin mold, 32 cylindrical specimens, each of a glass ionomer (Ketac-Fil), resin-modified glass ionomer (Photac-Fil) and polyacid-modified resin (Dyract AP) were created. Each specimen was subjected to one of four daily treatments (n = 8): (1) no fluoride treatment (control); (2) application of a fluoride dentifrice (1000 ppm) for one minute once daily; (3) application of the same dentifrice for one minute twice daily; (4) the same regimen as (3), plus immersion in a 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouth rinse (225 ppm) for one minute immediately following the second dentifrice application. Each specimen was suspended in a polyethylene test tube containing 1.0 ml demineralizing solution (pH 4.3) at 37 degrees C for six hours, then transferred to a new test tube containing 1.0 ml remineralizing solution (pH 7.0) at 37 degrees C for 18 hours. Fluoride treatments were completed at the time of transfer daily for seven days. Media solutions were buffered with equal volumes of TISAB II; fluoride levels were measured using a digital ion analyzer and fluoride electrode. Fluoride release decreased significantly from Day 1 to Day 3 for all materials regardless of fluoride treatment (Repeated Measures ANOVA, Tukey HSD, p < 0.05). All specimens released significantly more fluoride in demineralizing solution than in remineralizing solution. For Days 2-7, Treatment 4 produced greater fluoride release than both the control and Treatment 2 for all three materials (p < 0.05); For each material, the fluoride release produced by Treatments 3 and 4 was statistically similar on most days throughout the study. By Day 7, Photac-Fil demonstrated both the greatest total fluoride release and the greatest rechargability, followed by Ketac-Fil and Dyract AP. Although subsequent daily fluoride release never approached that of Day 1, increasing daily fluoride exposures enhanced fluoride release for all three restorative materials.

Absorption↗
PubMed1994

Effects of plasma fluoride and dietary calcium concentrations on GI absorption and secretion of fluoride in the rat.

This 30-day balance study with weanling rats was designed to determine the effects of plasma fluoride and dietary calcium concentration and their interaction on the absorption, balance, and tissue concentrations of fluoride. The three major groups differed according to the total exposure and plasma concentrations of fluoride. One group received fluoride only in the diet and the other two received additional fluoride by continuous infusion from miniosmotic pumps implanted S.C. Each group was divided into two subgroups with dietary calcium concentrations of 0.4% or 1.4%. Fluoride intake with the diet did not differ among the groups. Fecal fluoride excretion was directly related to plasma fluoride concentration. The absorption and balance of dietary fluoride were inversely related to plasma fluoride concentration. These effects were greatest in the groups fed the 1.4% calcium diet. The interactions of plasma fluoride and dietary calcium on these variables were highly significant (P < 0.0001). The balance of dietary fluoride was negative in the four groups that received additional fluoride by infusion. In the two groups that received fluoride only in the diet, the plasma and bone fluoride concentrations were 41% and 59% lower, respectively, in the 1.4% dietary calcium group. The findings indicate that net fluoride secretion into the GI tract can occur when plasma fluoride concentrations and calcium intake are elevated. They suggest that elevated plasma fluoride levels and calcium intake are factors that may diminish the effect of oral fluoride treatment in osteoporotic patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Urinary fluoride excretion in children drinking fluoridated school milk.

OBJECTIVE: To determine fluoride excretion under various conditions of fluoride intake and to estimate the fractional urinary excretion of fluoride in individual children participating in a school milk fluoridation scheme. DESIGN: In the first part of the study, individual urine samples were collected from each of eight 4 to 5-year-old children for a continuous period of 55 h. For each child (n = 8) and for each day (n = 3) the maximum urinary fluoride concentration (p.p.m.F), the maximum fluoride excretion rate (microgram F/h) and the total daily fluoride excretion (mg) were calculated. The second part of the study was carried out to determine the 24 h fractional percentage of fluoride excreted following administration of a known dose of fluoride in the absence of other sources. RESULTS: Under usual conditions of fluoride intake (i.e. milk containing 0.5 mg fluoride, customary diet and toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste) the children's daily fluoride excretion was 0.33 mg. The fractional urinary fluoride excretion of a 0.5-mg fluoride tablet was 30%. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the children's mean 24 h fluoride excretion was somewhere between that reported in low fluoride conditions and that reported in optimally fluoridated areas. The fractional urinary fluoride excretion was found to be in agreement with the findings of other workers.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Urinary excretion of fluorides in inhabitants of the Canton Vaud who consume fluoridated salt as compared with that of the inhabitants of neighboring cantons who consume nonfluoridated salt].

In the Swiss canton of Vaud (512000 inhabitants) the salt available for human consumption has been fluoridated since 1969 by adding 250 mg F- per kg of salt. The urinary excretion of fluoride has been investigated in large samples of the population in 1970 and in 1974. The present study reports the results of the 1974 study, in which the urinary fluoride excretion of persons living in the canton of Vaud was compared to that of a smaller sample of people living in small townships across the border of the canton, in which neither edible salt nor water are fluoridated. The concentration of fluoride in 444 single samples of urine from adult persons living in the canton of Vaud was 1.06 +/- 0.03 mg/l, in 40 subjects living two townships across the border 0.62 +/- 0.06 mg/l. The excretion of fluoride per 24 hrs has been evaluated by measuring simultaneously the creatinine concentration in the urine samples under the assumption of constant creatinine and fluoride excretion within 24 hour periods. The calculated fluoride excretion in 366 subjects living in the canton of Vaud was 1.14 +/- 0.03 mg/24 hrs, that of 40 subjects living outside of the canton 0.60 +/- 0.05 mg/24 hrs when the figure inserted for the excretion of creatinine within 24 hours was taken from a study of Rowe [9]. A few data reported suggest that the mean excretion of creatinine in the urine of normal subjects living in Switzerland was only 67% of that measured in the U.S. by Rowe. Total fluoride excretions calculated under this assumption were 0.76 +/- 0.02 mg/24 hrs for persons living in Vaud vs. 0.40 +/- 0.04 mg/24 hrs in the subjects living outside of Vaud. The concentrations of fluoride found in the urine of the adult subjects of the present study did not differ significantly from those found in school children aged 7-15 living in the same communities. Concentrations of fluoride in urine appear to have increased since 1970 in subjects living in the canton of Vaud. This fact may indicate that a steady state equality between intake and urinary excretion of fluoride had not yet been reached in 1970. In 366 urine samples of subjects living in Vaud in 1974, the concentration of fluoride in urine could be represented as a linear regression on the concentration of creatinine. The slope of this regression was smaller than unity indicating an enhanced fluoride excretion at higher rates of urine flow and a depressed excretion at low rates of urine flow. The occurrence of diurnal variations in the urinary excretion of fluoride or of creatinine could not be excluded in the present study. The urinary excretion of fluoride exceeded 2.5 mg/24 hr in approximately 2% of the subjects living in the canton of Vaud but was smaller than 0.8 mg/24 hr in approximately 18%. It was concluded that fluoridation of salt at the level indicated should be an effective measure for the prevention of dental caries. It was, furthermore, concluded that salt fluoridation at the level indicated does not present any risk of toxicity.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Sources of dietary fluoride intake in 4-year-old children residing in low, medium and high fluoride areas in Iran.

Accurate estimation of fluoride dietary intake is desirable for optimising caries prevention. Little is known about the dietary fluoride intake of children aged 4 years, an age when many permanent teeth are forming. This study was undertaken in Fars Province, Iran, in 1995-1996, where there are big differences in temperature between winter and summer. The aims were to determine: (a) the relative contributions of different components of the diet to fluoride intake, (b) the effect of variation in fluoride concentration in drinking water, and (c) the effect of climate temperature. Temperature varied between +40 degrees C in summer to -5 degrees C in winter. The mean fluoride concentrations in drinking water in the three areas were 0.3, 0.6 and 4.0 mgF/L. Dietary information was obtained by two 3-day diet diaries with interview, validated with reference to international standards. The fluoride content of foods was measured using the silicon-facilitated diffusion method. One hundred and three 4-year-old children completed the study. The mean (and 95% confidence interval) dietary fluoride intakes in each of the three areas, respectively, were 413 (+/- 21), 698 (+/- 89) and 3472 (+/- 557) micrograms/day. Drinks provided 72 to 87% of dietary fluoride--this proportion increased with increasing water fluoride concentration and increasing climate temperature. Tea (infusion) was an important source of dietary fluoride, providing 31 to 38% of total dietary intake. Tap water was a more important source of fluoride than soft drinks. Cooked rice and bread were the most important food source of fluoride and the amount of fluoride they contributed increased as water fluoride concentration increased. The results of this first such survey in the Middle East showed (a) that water (as a drink) and tea were by far the most important contributors to dietary fluoride intake, (b) substantial increases in fluoride intake with increasing water fluoride concentrations, and (c) substantially higher fluoride intakes in summer than in the winter.

Beverages↗
PubMed2002

Urinary fluoride excretion of young children exposed to different fluoride regimes.

AIMS: To compare 24-hour urinary fluoride excretion in young children exposed to different fluoride regimes. DESIGN: Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected from children aged between 1.8 and 5.2 years. Samples were collected from Cork, Ireland (n=19) where the water is fluoridated to a concentration between 0.8 and 1.0 mg/l; Knowsley, UK, where the water fluoride concentration is <0.1 mg/l (n=22); and from children in Knowsley drinking milk containing 0.5 mg fluoride in nursery school each day (n=16). The volume of the samples was measured, they were analysed for fluoride concentration and the 24-hour urinary fluoride excretion was calculated. RESULTS: It was found that the mean fluoride excretion in response to usual conditions of fluoride intake in these children was 0.21 mg (SD=0.14) in non-fluoridated Knowsley; 0.36 mg (SD=0.11) in fluoridated Cork and 0.30 mg (SD=0.10) in the children drinking fluoridated school milk. CONCLUSIONS: The daily fluoride excretion in these children, corrected for age and fluoride ingested from toothpaste, appeared to indicate that the fluoride intake in the children drinking fluoridated school milk was somewhere between those living in an optimally fluoridated area and those in a low fluoride area.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Fluoride uptake into the developing enamel and dentine of sheep incisors following daily ingestion of fluoridated milk or water.

Incomplete availability of fluoride from fluoride compounds when added to milk is claimed to reduce the effectiveness of fluoridated milk in caries prevention in humans. This study attempts to add to the understanding of the systemic bioavailability of fluoride ingested with milk compared with water, by measuring its uptake into developing incisors of sheep. Twenty-five sheep, aged approximately 10 months, were randomised into five groups and farmed under identical conditions. They were dosed orally each day for 22 weeks with fluoride as sodium fluoride in water or bovine milk. The doses of fluoride were 0.5 or 0.2 mg/kg body weight in milk or water; a control group received no additional fluoride. Tooth length was labelled at the start of dosing with intramuscular injection of tetracycline. After sacrificing, incisors were removed, sectioned, and analysed for fluoride and calcium by proton microprobe scans from the enamel surface to the pulp. Concentrations of ionised fluoride in the milk samples were 30 percent and 20 percent respectively for added fluoride at concentrations of 300 and 750 micrograms/ml. The mean fluoride concentrations in surface enamel, deep enamel, and dentine were dependent on the daily fluoride dose and independent of the carrier (milk or water). The teeth of sheep receiving the higher fluoride dose (0.5 mg/kg body weight) had significantly higher fluoride than those receiving the lower fluoride dose (0.2 mg/kg body weight), which were significantly higher than in the teeth of the control sheep. It was concluded that the bioavailability of fluoride from sodium fluoride mixed with milk or water was similar following metabolism, despite 20-30 percent and 100 percent ionisation in milk and water respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Deposition of fluoride on enamel surfaces released from varnishes is limited to vicinity of fluoridation site.

The aim of the in-situ study was to determine fluoride uptake in non-fluoridated, demineralized enamel after application of fluoride varnishes on enamel samples located at various distances from the non-fluoridated samples. All enamel samples used were demineralized with acidic hydroxyethylcellulose before the experiment. Intra-oral appliances were worn by ten volunteers in three series: (1, Mirafluorid, 0.15% F; 2, Duraphat, 2.3% F and 3, unfluoridated controls) of 6 days each. Each two enamel samples were prepared from 30 bovine incisors. One sample was used for the determination of baseline fluoride content (BFC); the other was treated according to the respective series and fixed in the intra-oral appliance for 6 days. Additionally, from 120 incisors, each four enamel samples were prepared (one for BFC). Three samples (a-c) were placed into each appliance at different sites: (a) directly neighboured to the fluoridated specimen (=next), (b) at 1-cm distance (=1 cm) and (c) in the opposite buccal aspect of the appliance (=opposite). At these sites, new unfluoridated samples were placed at days 1, 3 and 5, which were left in place for 1 day. The volunteers brushed their teeth and the samples with fluoridated toothpaste twice per day. Both the KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride were determined in all samples to determine fluoride uptake and were statistically analyzed. One day, after fluoridation with Duraphat, KOH-soluble fluoride uptake in specimen a (=next) was significantly higher compared to the corresponding samples of both the control and Mirafluorid series, which in turn were not significantly different from each other. At all other sites and time points, fluoride uptake in the enamel samples were not different from controls for both fluoride varnishes. Within the first day after application, intra-oral-fluoride release from the tested fluoride varnish Duraphat leads to KOH-soluble fluoride uptake only in enamel samples located in close vicinity to the fluoridation site.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The relationship between plasma fluoride, urinary excretion rate and urine fluoride concentration in man.

The fluoride concentration in urine is commonly used for monitoring fluoride exposure, e.g., in aluminium plants. Hitherto this parameter does not seem to have been related to the actual fluoride concentration in plasma following fluoride exposure. In the present study the fluoride concentration in urine, the urinary excretion rate of fluoride and the fluoride concentration in plasma have been studied in five volunteers after intake of 10 mg of fluoride in the form of sodium fluoride (NaF) tablets. In pharmacokinetic analyses of the data calculation of the half-life of fluoride from plasma data and from the urinary excretion rate yielded almost identical results; 5.78 hours (plasma) and 5.11 hours (urine). It was found that plasma fluoride levels were correlated with the fluoride concentration in urine (r = .7532; n = 70), but even more with the urinary excretion rate of fluoride (r = .9651; n = 63). The data suggest that plasma fluoride levels or urinary excretion rates of fluoride may give a more correct picture of occupational fluoride exposure than fluoride concentrations in urine.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effect of fluoride addition on ionized calcium in salivary sediment and in saliva containing various amounts of solid calcium fluoride.

The aim of the present study was to estimate the fluoride concentrations necessary for the precipitation of calcium fluoride or calcium fluoride-like substances in saliva and salivary sediment, in the presence of various amounts of chemically pure calcium fluoride. Fluoride was added in increments to whole saliva to which solid calcium fluoride had been added. The ionized calcium concentration was determined immediately after centrifugation. In salivary sediments and saliva with no calcium fluoride added the ionized calcium concentration was nearly independent of the fluoride concentration added below 10 and 20 mmol/l, respectively, and at fluoride concentration above 15 and 25 mmol/l, respectively, nearly no ionic calcium was detected. In the presence of calcium fluoride the ionized calcium concentration decreased rapidly with increasing concentrations of fluoride. The more calcium fluoride added, the lower the ionized calcium concentration at a certain fluoride level. The results suggested that in the in vivo-situation, caries preventive measures based on frequent oral exposure to low concentrations of fluoride may provide calcium fluoride or calcium fluoride-like substances, which will serve as a reservoir for fluoride.

Calcium↗