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PubMed1990

Effects of horn fly and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae on the development of parasitic nematodes in bovine dung.

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), and house fly, Musca domestica L., larvae on the development of a mixed population of parasitic nematodes in compressed and crumbled bovine dung. Fresh dung (100 g per sample) from a single calf passing trichostrongyle type eggs was infested with 150 horn fly or 150 house fly eggs. After 14-15 d, more horn flies and house flies had emerged from the compressed dung than from the crumbled dung, but more third stage parasitic nematode larvae were recovered from the crumbled dung containing either fly species than from dung containing no flies.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Cryobiology of the face fly and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

Face flies, Musca autumnalis De Geer, have a circumpolar distribution and overwinter as adults in reproductive diapause. House flies, Musca domestica L., have a cosmopolitan distribution and overwinter in northern latitudes in animal confinement quarters. We compared supercooling points with low temperature tolerances, as measured by bioassays, in all developmental stages of both species. There was no correlation between supercooling points and the ability to survive subzero temperatures. Rapid cold hardening was induced in adults of both species by a 2-h acclimation period at 0 degrees C. Hemolymph melting points were measured osmometrically in diapausing and reproductive face flies. Freezing point depressions differed between diapausing and reproductive flies and between reproductive flies given a 2-h pre-exposure to 0 degrees C and unexposed flies. Our data suggest that a -8 to 8 degrees C range with a mean close to 0 degrees C is necessary for successful face fly overwintering. House fly overwintering sites must offer microhabitats that remain above -5 degrees C with sufficient time above 10 degrees C to allow larval, pupal, and ovarian development.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed2006

Diagnostic utility of FLI-1 monoclonal antibody and dual-colour, break-apart probe fluorescence in situ (FISH) analysis in Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour (EWS/PNET). A comparative study with CD99 and FLI-1 polyclonal antibodies.

AIMS: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of the recently commercially available FLI-1 monoclonal (FLI-1m) antibody with the currently used antibodies [CD99 and FLI-1 polyclonal (FLI-1p)] in the diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour (EWS/PNET) and to determine the diagnostic value of the EWSR1 (22q12) dual-colour, break-apart rearrangement probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-three cases of well-documented EWS/PNET and 15 non-EWS/PNET cases were retrieved from the archival files. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for FLI-1p, FLI-1m and FISH analysis was performed. RESULTS: The most sensitive and specific test panel for the diagnosis of EWS/PNET is the combination of CD99 and FLI-1p. FISH had a very high specificity (100%) but only a moderate sensitivity (50%). CONCLUSION: The combination of CD99 and FLI-1p is the method of choice for the diagnosis of EWS/PNET. EWRS1 (22q12) dual-colour, break-apart rearrangement probe FISH should be used as a confirmatory test in addition to CD99 and FLI1-p due to its high specificity.

12E7 Antigen↗

PubMed2003

Time flies, a new molecular time-scale for brachyceran fly evolution without a clock.

The insect order Diptera, the true flies, contains one of the four largest Mesozoic insect radiations within its suborder Brachycera. Estimates of phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates among the major brachyceran lineages have been problematic or vague because of a lack of consistent evidence and the rarity of well-preserved fossils. Here, we combine new evidence from nucleotide sequence data, morphological reinterpretations, and fossils to improve estimates of brachyceran evolutionary relationships and ages. The 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene was sequenced for a broad diversity of taxa, and the data were combined with recently published morphological scorings for a parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic topology inferred from the combined 28S rDNA and morphology data set supports brachyceran monophyly and the monophyly of the four major brachyceran infraorders and suggests relationships largely consistent with previous classifications. Weak support was found for a basal brachyceran clade comprising the infraorders Stratiomyomorpha (soldier flies and relatives), Xylophagomorpha (xylophagid flies), and Tabanomorpha (horse flies, snipe flies, and relatives). This topology and similar alternative arrangements were used to obtain Bayesian estimates of divergence times, both with and without the assumption of a constant evolutionary rate. The estimated times were relatively robust to the choice of prior distributions. Divergence times based on the 28S rDNA and several fossil constraints indicate that the Brachycera originated in the late Triassic or earliest Mesozoic and that all major lower brachyceran fly lineages had near contemporaneous origins in the mid-Jurassic prior to the origin of flowering plants (angiosperms). This study provides increased resolution of brachyceran phylogeny, and our revised estimates of fly ages should improve the temporal context of evolutionary inferences and genomic comparisons between fly model organisms.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Distribution of horn flies on individual cows as a percentage of the total horn fly population.

Twenty-three mixed-breed herd cows were phenotyped for their ability to serve as a suitable host for Haematobia irritans, the horn fly. Based upon consistent observations within the lower quartile or upper quartile of individual fly counts, four cows were phenotyped as low carriers and five cows were phenotyped as high carriers of horn flies. The cows designated as low carriers consistently carried levels of flies below the economic threshold. However, during a period of fly population explosion, low carriers harbored flies well above the economic threshold. Although the number of flies counted on these low carrying cattle increased as the population increased, the relative percentage of the population that they carried changed very little. A hypothesis is proposed to explain this observation, and future studies are suggested.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Effectiveness of protein baits on melon fly and oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): attraction and feeding.

Attraction and feeding responses of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), were determined for different protein baits. In separate choice attraction assays for each species, significantly more flies arrived at stations with bait than water, but no differences existed among baits of GF-120 Fruit Fly Bait, GF-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait, Provesta 621 autolyzed yeast extract, and Mazoferm E802. In comparison with B. dorsalis, B. cucurbitae had 2.8 times more responders and a 4.8 times better discrimination between baits and water. In a second attraction assay with only B. dorsalis, volume of bait was negatively correlated to numbers of flies alighting on the bait. Feeding assays for both species demonstrated that time spent feeding and duration on a leaf were both significantly affected by bait type. B. dorsalis fed the longest on Provesta 621, with significantly less feeding on the other baits, and with all baits resulting in more feeding than water. The longest feeding times for B. cucurbitae resulted with Mazoferm E802 and Provesta 621, and all baits except GF-120 NF resulted in eliciting a significantly longer feeding duration than water. In separate toxicology assays for each species, significantly higher mortality resulted from bait formulations containing spinosad compared with blank baits, but no differences existed between GF-120 and GF-120 NF formulations. The differences are discussed between the two Bactrocera species primarily in regard to bait preference, extent of response, and previous work on laboratory flies.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Will they fly again? The probability of wounded military aviators returning to flying duty: a study of 70 cases.

In this study, 70 Israeli Air Force aviators, most of them suffering from severe or moderately-severe injuries, were evaluated as to their potential to return to active flying duty. Of these, 59 (84%) were able to return to flying and 11 (16%) were permanently grounded. While 44 of 51 fighter aviators (86%) returned to flying, only 30 of them (59%) returned to fly fighters, and the rest were transferred to another type of aircraft. The roles of age and severity of injury were studied in detail and it was concluded that higher age and severe injuries prolong the convalescence period but do not prevent the aviator from returning to flying. Nine aviators were permanently grounded because of medical reasons. In each case a single injury could be demonstrated as the direct cause of their permanent grounding. All aviators were followed-up for 3 years after having returned to flying. It was concluded that an evaluation period of 2 years is sufficient to determine the long-term success of military aviators returning to flying.

Accidents, Aviation↗

PubMed1999

Ultrastructural localization of unique neurosecretory granules in the corpora cardiaca of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, and the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans.

Ultrastructural analysis of the corpora cardiaca of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, and the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans, revealed the presence of elementary neurosecretory granules (ENG) unique to the intrinsic neurosecretory cells (INC) of these species. In addition to electron-dense spheres, the INC of the corpus species. In addition to electron-dense spheres, the INC of the corpus cardiacum of the stable fly contain electrondense angular granules, either square or rectangular in shape, while the INC of the tsetse fly contain electron-dense spindle-shaped ENG. The distinctive granules of these INC can be traced within nerves to their sites of storage and release, eliminating the need for labeling with artificial probes. Although the INC of the corpus cardiacum of most species have been found to be fuchsinophilic, neither the INC of the stable fly nor the tsetse fly are aldehyde-fuchsinophilic. These peptigenic cells offer neuroendocrinologists a unique opportunity to study the physiology and biochemistry of neurosecretory cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1984