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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Leptin secretion after a high-fat meal in normal-weight rats: strong predictor of long-term body fat accrual on a high-fat diet.

The objective of this study was to investigate meal-related endocrine changes that permit one to identify Sprague-Dawley rats at normal weight that are prone (OP) vs. resistant (OR) to obesity. In blood collected via chronic cardiac catheters, a 2-h high-fat meal (HFM, 50% fat, 40 kcal) at dark onset caused a significant increase in leptin, insulin, and triglycerides compared with premeal levels. Similar to patterns in already obese compared with lean rats on a high-fat diet, these meal-induced endocrine changes in normal-weight rats on lab chow were almost twofold larger in OP rats that, compared with OR rats, subsequently accumulated 100% more fat mass on a chronic high-fat diet. These exaggerated endocrine changes were similarly observed in blood collected using a simpler tail vein puncture procedure. In three separate experiments, the HFM-induced rise in leptin was found to be the strongest, positive correlate (r = +0.58, +0.62 and +0.64) of long-term body fat accrual. The lowest (2-5 ng/ml) vs. highest (6-9 ng/ml) scores for this post-HFM leptin measurement identified distinct OR and OP subgroups, respectively, when they were similar in body weight (340-350 g), premeal leptin (2.6-3.4 ng/ml), and meal size (40 kcal). Subsequent tests in these normal-weight OP rats revealed a distinct characteristic compared with OR rats, namely, exaggerated HFM-induced rise in expression of the orexigenic peptide galanin in the paraventricular nucleus. Thus, with this HFM-induced leptin measurement, OP rats can be identified while still at normal weight and then investigated for mechanisms that contribute to their excessive body fat accrual on a high-fat diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Body fat and fat distribution by anthropometry and the response to high-fat cholesterol-containing diet in monkeys.

Considerable variability exists among individuals in the response of plasma cholesterol to changes in dietary fat and cholesterol, and obesity is one variable reported to affect this response. This study was performed to determine the relationship between body fat and changes in plasma cholesterol in cynomolgus monkeys fed a high-fat cholesterol-containing diet for 12 months. The animals gained significant body weight (body mass index increased from 30.5 +/- 0.5 to 35.7 +/- 2.8 kg/m2) and skinfold parameters of body fat increased as well. Total cholesterol increased from 109 +/- 4 to 390 +/- 25 mg/dl (P < 0.001), and there were also significant increases in LDL- and HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride. While there was very little relationship between body fat and plasma lipids before the diet, after 12 months, there were significant negative correlations between total and LDL-cholesterol and anthropometric measures of body fat (r ranged from -0.37 to -0.55, P < 0.01). The correlations were not affected when the effects of baseline body mass index and serum cholesterol and total food intake were controlled by partial correlation analysis. In this sample of animals, the acquisition of greater body fat appeared to protect against rises in cholesterol in response to consumption of a high-fat cholesterol-containing diet.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Effect of visceral fat accumulation on uric acid metabolism in male obese subjects: visceral fat obesity is linked more closely to overproduction of uric acid than subcutaneous fat obesity.

We investigated the relationship between uric acid (UA) metabolism and fat distribution in 36 obese men with a mean +/- SD age of 38 +/- 16 years and mean body-mass index (BMI) of 34 +/- 4 kg/m2. Subjects were divided into two groups: subcutaneous fat obesity (SFO) and visceral fat obesity (VFO), according to their abdominal fat distribution based on the results of computed tomography (CT). SFO was defined as having a ratio of visceral fat area (VFA) to subcutaneous fat area (V/S) of less than 0.4, and VFO was defined as having a V/S ratio > or = 0.4. The levels of serum total cholesterol (T-Chol), triglyceride (TG), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and the diastolic blood pressure (dBP) were significantly higher in the VFO group than in the SFO group. Serum UA levels were much higher in both the SFO and VFO groups than in the non-obese control group (492 +/- 107 and 474 +/- 90 v 309 +/- 48 micromol/L, respectively). The 24-hour urinary urate excretion (u-UA24h) and the UA clearance (Cua) to creatinine clearance (Ccr) ratio were significantly higher in the VFO group than in the SFO group (3.75 +/- 1.43 v 2.69 +/- 1.12 mmol/d, P < .05; and 5.9% +/- 2.0% v 3.6% +/- 1.7%, P < .001, respectively). The frequency of hyperuricemia was markedly higher in both the SFO and VFO groups compared with the control group (71% and 73% v 0%, respectively). Although the high serum UA level seemed to be related to low u-UA24h in 80% of SFO subjects with hyperuricemia, this was the case in only 10% of VFO subjects. While 44% of VFO subjects with hyperuricemia were designated as an overproduction type. These results suggest that the mechanism of hyperuricemia in obesity may be affected by the difference in body fat distribution and that the assessment of body fat distribution and types of hyperuricemia is crucial for the treatment of obese patients with hyperuricemia.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Longitudinal variance of fat mass deposition during pregnancy evaluated by ultrasonography: the ratio of visceral fat to subcutaneous fat in the abdomen.

BACKGROUND: Defining regional fat distribution is of importance because of regional variation in adipocyte metabolism. In order to investigate whether maternal body fat distribution changes during pregnancy we measured the abdominal maternal fat thickness. METHODS: A longitudinal study of the thickness of the preperitoneal fat layer (P) and subcutaneous fat layer (S) in the abdomen was conducted; ultrasonography was used to obtain the measurements and the P/S ratio was calculated during each trimester as well as postpartum. RESULTS: When compared with the first and second trimesters, a significant increase in both the P and P/S ratios was observed in the third trimester; thus, regional fat distribution changes during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Intra-abdominal visceral fat accumulation increases during pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of warning and information labels on consumption of full-fat, reduced-fat, and no-fat products.

Participants in a taste test study were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: warning label (e.g., "In this product, 90% of the calories come from fat. Warning: The U.S. Surgeon General has determined that eating high fat food increases your risk of heart disease."), information label (e.g., "In this product, 90% of the calories come from fat."), and no label. Participants rated how much they wanted to taste full-, reduced-, and no-fat cream cheeses, and they chose 1 type to eat. People in the warning- and no-label groups wanted to taste the full-fat product more than those in the information-label group. People in the warning- and information-label groups were less likely to eat the full-fat product than those in the no-label group. People reacted to the warning label but avoided the full-fat product. For products with credible and familiar risks, information labels may be more effective than warning labels because they don't arouse reactance.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Effect of low-fat, high-fat, and fiber-supplemented high-fat diets on colon cancer risk factors in feces of healthy subjects.

Normal healthy volunteers (n = 8) received low- and high-fat (14% and 53% energy/day, respectively) and dietary fiber-supplemented high-fat diets (fiber 25 g/day, fat 52% energy/day) for 10 days each. Colon cancer risk factors in feces were measured by colonic nuclear aberration assay, the Ames Salmonella test using strain TA100, and measurement of bile acids and calcium soaps. Nuclear aberrations in colonic epithelium increased during the high-fat diet period and then decreased during the fiber-supplemented high-fat diet period. There were no significant differences in the mutagenicity on Salmonella TA100 or in the concentration of bile acids during the high-fat diet period. Bile acids decreased during the fiber supplementation period. The marked increase in calcium soaps during the high-fat diet period indicates an increase in long-chain fatty acids in the fecal lipid component and conversion of these fatty acids to insoluble calcium soaps when enough calcium is present.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The role of reduced fat diets and fat substitutes in the regulation of energy and fat intake and body weight.

The suggested link between a high intake of dietary fat and obesity has led to a proliferation on the market of reduced fat foods. The preceding year has seen the publication of more long-term studies investigating the effects of reduced fat and fat substituted foods on energy intake, fat intake and body weight. Effects on the proportion of the diet consumed as fat are encouraging (with most studies showing a decrease towards dietary recommendations), whilst effects on energy intake and body weight remain equivocal.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1987

[Interactions of fats and proteins of meat. 1. Dynamics of fat oxidation and quantitative determination of protein-fat complexes].

It was tried in model experiments to explain some phenomena of the mutual influence of fats and proteins by analyzing protein-fat complexes as well as the influence of meat protein on the dynamics of fat oxidation. Gel of muscle meat and a tissue sample served as meat substrate, methyl esters and oxidation products of linoleic acid as fat substrates. It has been found that meat proteins influence the kinetics of fat oxidation throughout the oxidation process. The tissue sample lowered, with simultaneous change of the process dynamics, the induction time of the methyl-linoleate oxidation by nearly half. The extent of effect of the products of the methyl linoleate oxidation on the muscle gel proteins depended on changes in the protein structure under the influence of technological processes. In muscle gel exposed to thermal treatment, the quantity of stable protein-fat complexes increased.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Nutritional physiology effect of dietary fats in the diet of growing pigs. 1. Effect of an isocaloric exchange of carbohydrate energy compared with fat energy on protein retention, in vitro synthesis of fat from glucose and on several blood parameters in piglets].

Three groups of male, castrated piglets of the German Landrace breed, weight range 3-30 kg, were used to study the relation between fattening performance and blood parameters when feeding rations containing different amounts of fat. The fat content of the rations was either 5% (group I), 18% (group II) or 35% (group III). Concomitantly with the increased metabolizable energy (ME) content of the ration the content of digestible protein (DP) was increased and the amount of feed reduced in order to guarantee an equal intake of ME and DP in all three groups. The digestibility of the crude nutrients and protein retention of the subjects were determined in nine subsequent trials each lasting 7 days. At a body weight of 27 kg the blood concentrations of insulin, glucose, free fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol were determined at different times after feeding. In addition, an oral glucose tolerance test was made and the in-vitro synthesis of fat from glucose was measured. The apparent digestibility of fat amounted, unexpectedly, to approximately 94% on the high rat rations II and III. In all groups a significant positive relation between body weight and digestibility of the fat was determined. Despite equal daily intakes of ME in all groups, in group III daily weight gain and protein retention were 7% (p less than 0.01) and 4% (p less than 0.01) higher than in group I, respectively. Blood urea levels of group III were 67% (p less than 0.01) lower than in group I. The mean daily nitrogen retention of the three groups rose gradually from 4 g at a body weight of 5 kg to 16-17 g at a body weight of 25 kg. The feed conversion of group I was lower by 22 and 36% as compared to groups II and III, respectively. Highly significant differences were observed among either groups (p less than 0.01). It has been calculated that in group III the consumption of ME/kg weight gain was about 8% (p less than 0.05) lower than in the two other groups. According to the increased fat percentage of the rations, body protein content diminished from 17,1% in group I to 16,5 and 16% in groups II and III, respectively. Only the difference between groups I and III proved to be significant (p less than 0.05). In group I feed intake resulted in an increase in the insulin level by 55% (p less than 0.05) whereas glucose did not change significantly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Nutritional-physiological effects of dietary fats in rations for growing pigs. 4. Effects of sunflower oil and coconut oil on protein and fat retention, fatty acid pattern of back fat and blood parameters in piglets].

Rations containing 12% sunflower oil (Ration II) and 12% coconut fat (Ration III) were compared with a control ration (Ration I) in a 34 day experiment with growing boars of the German Landrace breed (12-30 kg body weight). The relationships between DP and ME were held constant for all 3 rations, and because of the higher ME contents of the two fat rations, this was achieved by reducing the feed intake, relative to that of the control ration. Parameters measured were growth, composition at slaughter, the apparent digestibility of the crude nutrients and energy, the N-balance and the concentrations of urea, insulin, glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol in the blood. In comparison to Ration I, the apparent digestibilities of crude protein in Rations II and III were 5 and 4% (p less than 0,05) higher, respectively. There was little difference in the apparent digestibility of crude fat between the Rations II and III. However, large differences in the values were determined depending upon method of extraction. There were little differences in the productive performance of the animals fed the fat diets. The control animals had, however, a 13% lower growth rate (p less than 0,05) when compared at similar ME-intakes. As the energy concentration and the growth rate were higher in groups II and III, the feed conversion efficiency and the ME required per kg growth were approximately 30 and 13% lower than that of the control animals. The efficiency of protein utilization of the animals in group III was 4% higher (p greater than 0.05) and the blood urea concentration 20% lower (p less than 0.05) than that in group II. The values for the control animals were intermediate. A similar result was obtained concerning the fat content of the animals. The fat content of the animals in group III was 15.9% and this was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than that of 21.1% measured in group II. That of the control animals, 18.6%, was not significantly different from the above values. The differences in feeding over the relatively short period of 34 days lead to marked differences in the fatty acid pattern of the backfat. The contents of myristic acid and linoleic acid were significantly different between group II and III; for the former values of 0.8% and 16.9% were determined, respectively, with corresponding values of 48.7 and 11.3% for the latter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

High fat feeding of lactating mice causing a drastic reduction in fat and energy content in milk without affecting the apparent growth of their pups and the production of major milk fat globule membrane components MFG-E8 and butyrophilin.

Lactating mice were fed either a low fat or a high fat diet. Milk samples were collected and the composition was examined. Triglyceride and free fatty acid contents were greatly reduced in the milks of high fat diet group, while protein and lactose contents were almost the same between both diet groups. Although the energy content of each component was also lower in milk of high fat diet group, there was apparently no significant difference in the growth of the pups raised by either diet group. This discrepancy might be in part explained by a hypothesis that the pups might monitor calorie content in milk and keep suckling until the energy intake reaches their satisfaction. Moreover, nearly the same amounts of major milk fat globule membrane proteins MFG-E8 and butyrophilin were shown to be present in the milks from both diet groups and gene expression of both proteins in the mammary glands were also indistinguishable, suggesting that production of major MFGM components is not simply related to fat production and secretion.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Absolute fat mass, percent body fat, and body-fat distribution: which is the real determinant of blood pressure and serum glucose?

Associations of body mass index (BMI), absolute fat mass, percent body fat, and regional fat distribution with concentrations of fasting blood glucose and blood pressure were examined cross-sectionally in 1551 men and women aged 15-79 y from two study centers. Measurements included height, weight, multiple skinfold thicknesses, body density by underwater weighing, and waist and hip girths. Three principal findings emerged: 1) Absolute overall body mass and fat mass were stronger predictors of blood pressure and blood glucose than were relative fat mass, after age, height, and current cigarette-smoking status were adjusted for; 2) when diastolic blood pressure and serum glucose were used as the external validity criteria, densitometry was not a "gold standard" for body composition associated with risk for increased blood pressure and serum glucose; and 3) BMI was as good a predictor of blood pressure and glucose as was any other measure of body fat in nearly all analyses.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Substituting dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat changes abdominal fat distribution and improves insulin sensitivity.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: British dietary recommendations are to decrease total fat intake to less than 30 % of daily energy intake and saturated fat to less than 10 %. In practice, it is difficult for people to make these changes. It may be easier to encourage people to switch from a diet rich in saturated fatty acids to one rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. METHODS: A total of 17 subjects - six people with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, six non-obese and five obese people without diabetes - were randomised to spend two 5-week periods on a diet rich in saturated or in polyunsaturated fatty acids, in a crossover design. At the start of the study and after each dietary period, we assessed abdominal fat distribution using magnetic resonance imaging, insulin sensitivity using hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps and fasting lipid parameters. RESULTS: Dietary compliance, assessed by weekly 3-day dietary records and measurement of biochemical markers, was good. Energy and fat intake appeared to be reduced on the diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids although body weights did not change. Insulin sensitivity and plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations improved with the diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with the diet rich in saturated fatty acids. There was also a decrease in abdominal subcutaneous fat area. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: If this result is confirmed in longer-term studies, this dietary manipulation would be more readily achieved by the general population than the current recommendations and could result in considerable improvement in insulin sensitivity, reducing the risk of developing Type II diabetes.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1976

Effect of feeding fat to dairy cows receiving a fat-deficient basal diet. II. Fatty acid composition of the milk fat.

The effects on the fatty acid composition of milk fat of feeding various oil-enriched diets (soya oil, red palm oil/palmitic acid and tallow) to dairy cows receiving a fat-deficient basal diet are reported. It was found that a linear relation was obtained between the dietary intake of C18 fatty acids and their output in milk fat. A similar relation, applicable only to the oil-rich diets, was found for the C16 acids. The significance of these relations is discussed. Fatty acid compositions and yields are discussed and compared with literature examples in which similar oil-rich diets were fed, but in which the low amount of fat in the basal diet did not markedly depress milk yield. The proportion of trans-isomer in the octadecnoic acid was found to increase appreciably on feeding soya oil, and to a lesser extent with dietary tallow. A linear relation between the 18:0 and 18:1 contents of milk fat was found, and its significance is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Fat-specific satiety in humans for fat high in linoleic acid vs fat high in oleic acid.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of 2 week use of oils high in linoleic (LA), gamma-linolenic (GLA) and oleic acid (OA) on energy intake (EI), macronutrient composition, parameters of appetite and taste perception. DESIGN: A randomized placebo-controlled 2-week treatment, followed by a test day. SETTING: Two-week treatments, daily life; test day, laboratory restaurant. SUBJECTS: Eight overweight men and eight overweight women (body mass index 27.4+/-1.5 kg/m(2)). INTERVENTIONS: Three 2 week treatments, in which subjects replaced their habitual fat products by three different oils (relatively) high in LA (66.8%), GLA (20.2%) or OA (79.6%, placebo). The wash-out periods were 2 weeks. Before each intervention period, taste perception and sensory specific satiety was tested. RESULTS: Even though energy intake was higher during dinner, subjects ate relatively less fat with LA (45.0+/-9.4 E%, P<0.05) than with OA (48.3+/-8.3 E%). Subjects did not distinguish the oils with the different fatty acids from each other. There was no relation between satiety or fat-specific satiety and taste characterization without as well as with sucrose. Although no differences were seen for the AUC of the appetite profile, aet 15:00 h subjects were less satiated with LA (46.1+/-6.2 mm, P<0.05) or GLA (45.1+/-5.8 mm, P<0.01) than after treatment OA (62.5+/-4.8 mm). 24 h EI on the test day was 7.6--8.0 MJ and did not differ between treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Fat-specific satiety during dinner with LA vs OA was shown after a 2-week treatment of each oil, but no change in general satiety. Fat specific satiety was not related to taste perception or characterization of the oils.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Partial fat-saturated contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography compared with non-fat-saturated and conventional fat-saturated MR angiography.

Abdominal three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography was performed in 35 patients in the equilibrium phase without fat saturation, with conventional fat saturation, and with fast partial fat saturation. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation demonstrated significantly better vessel visualization with both fat-saturated techniques. The partial fat-saturated technique provided water-specific images within a breath hold, reducing motion artifacts significantly.

Abdomen↗