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PubMed1998

Eyebrow keyhole approach in vascular neurosurgery.

The authors review their experience in the surgery of intracranial aneurysms via an eyebrow keyhole approach. The eyebrow keyhole approach presumes a skin incision in the lateral two-thirds of the eyebrow followed by small supraorbital craniotomy (15 x 25 mm). Using this approach and an intraoperative endoscope for better visualisation of the aneurysmal neck, the authors operated on thirty-seven patients with forty intracranial aneurysms. There was no mortality, postoperative recovery was fast, and the cosmetic effect was excellent. Advantages and possibilities of this approach are discussed and results are presented. The authors recommend this approach as a minimal invasive surgery procedure in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. When performed by experienced vascular neurosurgeons this approach is neither more difficult for the surgeon nor more dangerous for the patient than any other standard craniotomy procedure. According to the authors' present results, surgery of intracranial aneurysm via an eyebrow keyhole approach is the method of choice when performed by an experienced vascular neurosurgeon.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Severe allergic blepharoconjunctivitis induced by a dye for eyelashes and eyebrows.

PURPOSE: To report a case of severe allergic blepharoconjunctivitis induced by a dye for eyebrows and eyelashes. METHODS: A 38-year-old healthy female was examined one day after dyeing her eyebrows and eyelashes with a black cream dye intended for this purpose (FDA-approved). The patient complained of severe eye itching, redness, and epiphora. RESULTS: Vision was 20/40 in both eyes; a moderate edema of the eyebrows and eyelid margins was noted. The conjunctiva was severely hyperemic with papillary reaction and chemosis. The corneas, anterior chambers, irides, lenses, and posterior segments were normal. The patient was treated with Dexamethasone 0.1% and ocular lubrication. After five days of treatment, the ocular symptoms improved, her vision returned to 20/20 in both eyes, and the ocular examination was within normal limits. CONCLUSION: FDA-approved dyes for eyebrows and eyelashes can sometimes irritate the ocular surface.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Partial eyebrow reconstruction using subcutaneous pedicle flaps to preserve the natural hair direction.

Five cases of partial eyebrow reconstruction using subcutaneous pedicle flaps from the ipsilateral eyebrow are presented. Proper use of this method will enable safe one-stage transfer of the skin and the eyebrow hair, preserving the natural hair direction and properties. It will also leave minimal scars and dog-ears. This method is especially suitable for the reconstruction of moderate- to small-sized eyebrow defects.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Advancement flaps for large defects of the eyebrow, glabella, forehead, and temple.

PURPOSE: To describe a system for reconstruction of large defects of the eyebrow, glabella, forehead, and temple. The system maximizes the use of direct approximation and advancement flaps before resorting to less aesthetic techniques. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study drawn from approximately 70 patients with post-Mohs defects of the eyebrow, glabella, forehead, and temple. Surgical intervention involved the graded application of direct approximation, horizontally oriented advancement flaps, rotational flaps, and free skin grafts. The selection of individual and combined techniques was based on defect area and depth, elasticity of adjacent tissues, and relations of the defect to the neighboring eyebrows and hairlines. RESULTS: Reconstructive techniques applied to defects of the eyebrow, glabella, forehead, and temple can be arranged in an incremental scale that provides progressively more tissue but at an escalating aesthetic cost. The usual defect size limits for direct approximation and advancement flaps can be expanded. CONCLUSIONS: To avoid the limitations of large rotational flaps and skin grafts in this region, maximal use of direct approximation and advancement flaps is recommended.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed1997

Aesthetic analysis of the eyebrows.

Advances in surgical techniques and instrumentation have led to an increased popularity of brow-lifting procedures. However, because of patient variability and differing surgeon opinions, eyebrow aesthetics and thus surgical goals remain to be clearly defined. We performed an in-depth evaluation of current eyebrow aesthetics using two study groups. Popular fashion models were evaluated and compared with our own patient population. Important differences in eyebrow position and shape between these groups are delineated and the surgical implications defined. Criteria that contribute to the aesthetics of the eyebrow are reviewed, and guidelines to optimize surgical results and avoid potential complications are discussed.

Esthetics↗

PubMed2006

Isolated eyebrow and eyelash trichotillomania mimicking alopecia areata.

BACKGROUND: Isolated Trichotillomania (TM) of the eyebrows and eyelashes is occasionally seen and may be mistaken for alopecia areata (AA). OBJECTIVE: The clinical study of the patients with isolated eyebrows and eyelashes alopecia suggesting of TM. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Seven children and young adult patients who referred with recalcitrant eyebrows and eyelashes alopecia were diagnosed as TM based on the clinical criteria for TM. The hair specifications for TM were include: hairs are broken at different levels, they may be tufted, tortuous and some hair fibers may be abnormally longer than others. The hair follicles may be prominent. The patients and their parents studied for psychopathology using a semistructured interview based on the Diagnostic Statistical manual of Psychiatric disorders (DSM-1V) and maudsley inventory. RESULTS: Our clinical study, interview with the patients and their parents and the clinical criteria used to differentiate TM from AA all support the clinical diagnosis of TM. The patients and their parents mainly suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs). CONCLUSION: TM as a hair pulling habit in patients with underlying psychopathology can be considered in cases with isolated eyebrows and eyelashes alopecia when the hair are broken at different levels. And they may be malaligned, nonuniform, tortuous, and tufted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Familial eyebrow diffuse alopecia.

Eyebrows are important structures both cosmetically and functionally. Diffuse alopecia of the eyebrows (sparseness of the eyebrows) may be seen in many acquired or congenital conditions. In this article, a family with diffuse eyebrow alopecia is reported.

Alopecia↗

PubMed1982

The use of kite flaps to prevent displacements of eyebrows.

Displacements of eyebrows, with or without loss of tissue, attract attention because of their prominent sites. The kite flap is a useful surgical technique to cover a cutaneous defect adjacent to an eyebrow when closure of a wide fusiform excision by straight-line suturing may displace the eyebrow. Excisions of cutaneous lesions close to eyebrows and reconstructions by kite flaps are described and illustrated.

Esthetics↗

PubMed2001

[Reconstruction of both eyebrows with scalp flaps with the anastomotic branch in occipital region of superficial temporal artery as the pedicle].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of the reconstruction of both eyebrows with scalp flaps with pedicles supplied by superficial temporal arteries. METHODS: The parietal branch of the superficial temporal and its anastomotic branch of occipital artery at temporoparietal region on the same side were designed as the pedicles, with which two scalp flaps on temporoparietal and temporo-occipital regions with reverse directions were employed to restore the eyebrows on both sides. RESULTS: Four patients were treated with this method with satisfactory appearance and survival rate (100%). The reconstructed eyebrows appeared symmetrical and heavy. CONCLUSION: Scalp flaps with the anastomotic branch at occipital region of superficial temporal artery as the pedicle might be a good choice for the reconstruction of lost eyebrows.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Upper eyelid and eyebrow dimensions in Malays.

The upper eyelid crease height pretarsal skin and eyebrow height were studied in 305 Malay subjects (146 males and 159 females) varying in age from 2-80 years, who were randomly selected from the residents of Kota Bharu, Kelantan. In females, from the age of 11 years the mean pretarsal skin height increased progressively with age. In males, however, it decreased with age up to 60 years. In both sexes, subjects more than 60 years old showed highest values for pretarsal skin height. The mean eyelid crease height increased progressively with age from 11 years onwards in males but not in females. The mean eyebrow height increased with age in females but not in males. Eyebrow and eyelid measurements seem to show a definite racial variation. Besides establishing normal values for eyelid and eyebrow measurements in Malays, our findings indicate that age and sex should be taken into consideration to achieve satisfactory results in cosmetic eyelid surgery in Malays.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Superciliary upsweep or tented eyebrows. A distinct mendelian trait.

Facial appearance is influenced by the anatomic relationship of the eyebrows and eyelids. Anatomic variants may characterize members of a pedigree and thus constitute a family mark. We studied three white families with circumscribed upward slanting eyebrows. In one pedigree the family mark was inherited over four generations, suggesting an autosomal dominant inheritance. In the other two families the eyebrow variation was documented in three members over two generations, compatible with an autosomal dominant mode of transmission. In two families the expression of the trait varied in the form of both bilateral and unilateral involvement. No diseases or malformations were associated with this eyebrow anomaly.

Eyebrows↗

PubMed1999

Use of the Q-switched alexandrite laser (755 nm, 100 nsec) for eyebrow tattoo removal.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Permanent tattooing for cosmetic reasons has increased in recent years; as a consequence, there has been an increase of requests for pigment removal due to complications or undesired results. The Q-switched alexandrite laser has been found useful in removing black exogenous pigment, which is the most popular color in eyebrow enhancement. We report the case of a patient with black-pigment eyebrow cosmetic tattoo after treatment with the Q-switched alexandrite laser. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Treatment conditions included 755-nm wavelength, 100 +/- 10-nsec pulse width, and 3-mm spot size. Fluence threshold was determined, and a spot test was made at the first visit. Single impact technique with 10% overlapping was applied to the whole tattoo. Five treatments were performed with a mean fluence of 7 J/cm(2). RESULTS: Complete pigment removal was achieved after five sessions. Superficial bleeding and vesicle formation was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Eyebrow tattooing can be treated efficiently with the use of the Q-switched alexandrite laser when black pigment has been used for cosmetic reasons.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Scanning electron microscopic observations of extracted terminal hair follicles of the adult human scalp and eyebrow with special references to the bulge area.

Scanning electron microscopic studies of human terminal hair follicles of the scalp and eyebrow have previously been limited to the hair shaft. In this study we investigated EDTA-treated extracted whole hair follicles in which most of the basal cell surface of the outer root sheath was well preserved. In the bulge area of scalp follicles there were many knob-like or villous projections. These were located in some specimens on one side of the follicle, while in others they were located around the entire circumference of the follicle. These projections were thought to represent the anchoring points of the branched follicular end of the arrector muscles. Ring-like elevations with groove-like depressions above and below were also observed surrounding the entire follicle. These were thought to represent the track of circumfollicular arrector muscles which depressed the outer root sheath when they repeatedly contracted. Most anagen eyebrow follicles showed morphological variations in the bulge area such as lattice-window-like structures and undulation patterns. In telogen follicles, the bulge became indistinguishable from the clubbed end. The lower end of these telogen follicles showed irregularly shaped bulge areas, but did not show lattice-window-like structures or undulation patterns as observed in anagen follicles. Interestingly, a hole was found in some bulge areas of both anagen and telogen follicles. Serial vertical sections of follicles revealed invaginated areas, which seemed to correspond to the openings seen in whole mounts. In vertical sections of eyebrow follicles some keratinocytes of the outer root sheaths of the bulge area were seen to be melanized to various extents. This phenomen was independent of hair cycle phase.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Lifting of the eyebrows in blepharoplasties.

Excessive skin in the upper eyelid may be totally or partially a result of ptosis of the eyebrows. In this case, blepharoplasty corrects this deformity insufficiently and may even increase the sagging of the eyebrows, giving the face a sad expression. A technique for lifting the eyebrows during a blepharoplasty is presented. It consists of affixing the dermis and galea to the aponeurosis of the temporal muscle through a subgalean tunnel in the scalp. We believe that this is an anatomically based procedure, is easy to execute, has few complications, yields lasting results with hidden scars, and is of low cost. Among the 100 cases in which this technique was used, the majority showed highly satisfactory results.

Eyebrows↗

PubMed2005

Anthropometric analysis of eyebrows and eyelids: an inter-racial study.

The shape of the eyebrow and upper eyelid are distinctive facial landmarks. In cosmetic and reconstructive operations, maintenance of the anatomical relations of these landmarks ensures a pleasing postoperative appearance. The measurements differ, however, among different ethnic groups. We studied the position of the eyebrow and eyelids in three different racial groups, white, Indian, and Chinese. The aim of the study was to quantify the position of the eyebrow and eyelids and to find out if there were significant differences among the races.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The occipitofrontalis muscle is composed of two physiologically and anatomically different muscles separately affecting the positions of the eyebrow and hairline.

After the surgical correction of aponeurotic blepharoptosis or blepharoplasty, the positions of the eyebrow and hairline change as if the frontal belly is independent from the occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle. Therefore, the occipitofrontalis muscle was studied physiologically with electromyographic evaluation in healthy subjects and anatomically with cadaver dissections. Along with contraction of the levator muscle to maintain an adequate visual field, at a less upward gaze position, contraction of only the frontal belly was induced, and at a more upward gaze position, contraction of both the frontal and the occipital bellies was always induced to lift the eyebrow with the upper eyelid skin. The superficial fascia overlying the occipital belly becomes the temporoparietal fascia and ends at the superior end of the frontal belly, thus creating a superficial musculoaponeurotic system that lifts the eyebrow and pulls the scalp forwards. Beneath the superficial musculoaponeurotic system, the occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle becomes the galea aponeurotica and inserts into the underside of the frontal belly, thus creating a deep musculoaponeurotic system that pulls the superficial musculoaponeurotic system with the scalp backwards. Thus, the occipitofrontalis muscle appears to be composed of two physiologically and anatomically different muscles.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Hair transplantation to the eyebrow, eyelashes, and other parts of the body.

Since its earliest applications, hair transplantation has been used for treating not only the scalp in pattern baldness but also other parts of the body, commencing with eyebrow reconstruction. The earliest micrografts were applied to the eyebrow more than 30 years before their application to the scalp became the standard of care. Today hair transplantation is applied to a number of other areas. The principle behind transplanting these areas is the same-once transplanted, the hairs continue to grow because of the phenomenon of donor dominance. This article reviews the role and technique of hair transplantation to the eyebrows and eyelids, chest, beard and moustache, and pubic escutcheon.

Esthetics↗

PubMed1999

Eyebrow reconstruction with free skin and hair-bearing composite graft.

We describe a surgical reconstruction after micrographic surgery of a recurrent basal cell carcinoma of the middle third of the left eyebrow. After micrographic surgery there was a 46- x 26-mm defect in the middle part of the eyebrow. To perform a cosmetically satisfactory repair a combined nude and hair-bearing full-thickness skin graft was harvested from the contralateral postauricular temporoparietal region and placed in the defect with hair growth direction of the graft and the recipient bed in the same direction. By using a combined nude and hair-bearing full-thickness skin graft, larger eyebrow defects can be repaired with an optimal functional and aesthetic result.

Aged↗