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PubMed1981

Perforating eye injuries treated at Helsinki University Eye Hospital 1970 to 1977.

A total of 477 perforating eye injuries (PEIs) were treated at Helsinki University Eye Hospital during the years 1970 to 1977. This study concerns perforations in children and those in adults during leisure time, the two categories representing 60% of all perforations. The results were compared with two previous series from this clinic from 1950 to 1959 and 1930 to 1939. The proportion of children was 27% of all perforations, a clear decrease from the 1950s (32%). The proportion of males was 78% both in children and in adults. Sharp objects were the most common cause of injury in children; explosions had diminished remarkably as compared with the 1950s and 1930s, there is a great increase in the number of assaults and road accidents. Prognosis was better for children than for adults. This reflects the better outcome of anterior segment injuries, which formed the majority of children's perforations, 71%, but only 48% of adult perforations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Causes of pediatric eye injuries. A population-based study.

Eye injuries are an important cause of ocular morbidity in children. We conducted a population-based study of eye injuries requiring hospital admission for children younger than 16 years in the state of Maryland during the 1982 calendar year. The population-based estimate of the incidence of ocular trauma in Maryland children was 15.2 per 100,000 per year (95% confidence interval, 12.8 to 17.7). Male patients outnumbered female patients as victims of eye injuries by a ratio of approximately 4:1; eye injuries in 11- to 15-year-old children occurred at more than twice the rate than for younger children. The most common cause of pediatric ocular trauma was accidental blows and falls (37%). Sports and recreational activities accounted for 27% of all eye injuries, 39% of all nonpenetrating injuries, and 40% of all injuries in 11- to 15-year-old children. A comparison of the causes of eye injuries at statewide specialty trauma centers and community-based hospitals indicated that sports-related injuries were treated at general hospitals more than 10 times more frequently than at the trauma centers. Other important causes of eye injuries were burns (9%), car crashes (11%), and nonpowder firearm accidents (4%). We conclude that the majority of pediatric eye injuries are preventable, and that the implementation of well-established safety precautions would greatly reduce this source of visual disability in our nation's children.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1991

Prevention of sports-related eye injury.

Sports-related eye injury is an important cause of vision loss. Many eye injuries can be prevented through the supervision of play, the enforcement of game rules and the use of eye protective devices. State-of-the-art eye protective devices incorporate highly impact-resistant optical material, usually polycarbonate lenses, in a sturdy frame. Protective devices are available for use in racquet sports, baseball, basketball, football, ice hockey and other sports.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A case-control study of eye injuries in the workplace in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVE: Eye injury in the workplace is common worldwide. This study proposed to explore both risk and preventive factors re eye injuries in Hong Kong. DESIGN: Case-control study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 239 work-related eye injury patients, and 253 subjects without a history of any eye injury as controls. METHODS: Patients with all incident cases of work-related eye injuries attending the ophthalmology clinics of 3 major public hospitals in Hong Kong during the first 3 months of 2000 were invited to participate. Controls were selected from the general population and were frequency matched to patients based on gender. Patients were interviewed face-to-face by trained interviewers in the ophthalmology clinics, using a structured questionnaire. Telephone interviews were used for controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk and protective factors associated with eye injuries. RESULTS: Among eye injury cases, 158 patients (66.1%) reported having incurred 1 episode of eye injury during employment, 49 (20.5%) having suffered 2 episodes, and 32 (13.4%) having experienced >/==" BORDER="0">3 eye injuries at work. Most of the patients (85.4%) did not wear any protective devices at the time of injury. Subjects who wore safety glasses regularly were less likely to have eye injuries (odds ratio [OR] = 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.14-0.62). Having a safety requirement for wearing safety glasses was negatively associated with eye injuries (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.15-0.62). Multivariate analysis indicated that exposures to certain work hazards and working in the construction industry were positively associated with eye injuries. Subjects who worked longer in their current job, who reported having received job safety training before employment, or whose machines or equipment were maintained or repaired regularly by employers were at lower risk of experiencing eye injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Construction workers and those exposed to multiple hazards may get eye injuries at work. They should be provided with protective devices that are effective in preventing such exposures. Health education and safety training are important in preventing eye injuries. Maintenance and repair of machines and equipment may effectively reduce or eliminate the sources of exposures.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

[The present situation and progress in the research of the mechanical eye injury in China].

The patients of eye injury of inpatients and outpatients in county and prefecture hospitals were reported in some proportion in the ophthalmologic literature. Eye injury was the leading cause among the blind eyes determined at the discharge from the hospitals. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of eye injury has been the priority for Chinese ophthalmologists. In recent years, the international standard classification of the type and location of eye injury has been accepted and adopted in China. The level of primary wound management for eye injury has been raised in all hospitals. The timing of continued treatment sustaining vitrectomy procedures has been emphasized widely. The indications of primary enucleation have been strictly controlled by ophthalmologists. The remarkable progress has been made in rescue of presumed enucleation candidates. It is essential to establish a nationwide registry system and to conduct the multicenter trial for the control of eye injury in the future.

China↗
PubMed2001

Department of defense eye injuries from fiscal year 1988-1998.

BACKGROUND: The U.S. Army Safety Center, U.S. Navy Safety Center, and U.S. Air Force Safety Center collect data on occupational injuries that occur in each respective military service. METHODS: An 11-year retrospective study of ground eye injuries collected by the Army Safety Center, Navy Safety Center, and Air Force Safety Center, from Fiscal Year (FY) 1988 through FY 1998 was performed. Demographic data analyzed included rank, gender, age, and military/civilian status. Injury data analyzed included severity of injury, eye protection use, injury cost, work days lost due to injury, and days hospitalized due to injury. RESULTS: Statistics for Department of Defense (DoD) eye injuries indicate the average military individual who sustains an eye injury is a 20- to 24-year-old male, E3-E5. This individual is not wearing eye protection and will lose an average of 5.9 days from work at a cost averaging $6,295. The average civil service employee who sustains an eye injury is a WG6-10 who is a 30- to 39-year-old male. This individual is not wearing eye protection and will lose an average of 3.5 days from work at a cost averaging $1,598. Statistically significant differences in the numbers of eye injuries were observed between military occupational groups. In addition, incidence rates between military occupational groups were statistically significant. Category 1, Infantry, Gun Crews, and Seamanship Specialists, has the highest count of injuries and Category 7, Craftsworkers, has the highest incidence. CONCLUSIONS: Proactive vision conservation education at local levels needs to focus on these military occupational groups.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Surgery of eye injuries in an eight-year period].

BACKGROUND: Eye injuries constitute a leading problem in eye surgery worldwide, as well as at our department. Their treatment is very complex, and requires a wide surgical knowledge and surgical skills supported by the material and the equipment. AIM: To analyze the results of vitreoretinal surgery on 647 patients with severe penetrating eye injuries in the period from 1991 to 1998. METHODS: The study included a retrospective analysis of the treatment of 647 injuries, out of which 500 were penetrating, and 147 were severe contusion injuries. Attention was payed to the penetrating injuries with intraocular foreign body (IOFB), to the number of the performed pars plana vitrectomies (VPP), to the number of the extirpated foreign bodies, as well as to the number of the conventional retinal ablation surgeries. Also significant proved the consequences of contusion injuries, and the method of their complete surgical management--the surgery combined with the implantation of intraocular lens, as well as their functional results. RESULTS: Inside the said period, 558 VPPs were performed, 60 conventional retinal ablation surgeries, and 29 combined anterior/posterior segment surgeries. VPP was applied in 286 (51.3%) of the cases with penetrating injuries with IOFB, and in 58 (10.4%) of the cases with contusion injuries. VPP in one eye was applied in 464 (83%) of the cases, in both eyes in 65 (11.8%) of the cases, and in a single eye in 29 (5.2%) of the cases. Following VPP, silicone oil tamponade was done in 352 (63%) of the cases, air tamponade in 123 (22%) of the cases, and Ringer-BSS tamponade in 83 (15%) of the cases. Laser photocoagulation (LFC) was performed in 484 (87%) of the cases, cryocoagulation in 45 (8%), while neither of them was done in 29 (5%) of the cases. In all of the cases of the conventional retinal ablation (n = 60), a placement of a serclage was applied and exocryocoagulation was performed, while in the 52 cases a placement of a scleral flap was applied. Combined surgery--lensectomy, VPP, and an anterior chamber intraocular lens (AC IOL), was applied in 16 of the cases, and phacoemulsification, VPP and a posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) in 13 of the cases. CONCLUSION: Vitrectomy was the most frequently applied surgery in solving the complex eye injuries. The eye injuries treated in our department were with the IOFB, and the retinal ablation. The IOFBs in our patients were almost completely extirpated. The applied combined anterior/posterior segment surgeries had the potential to safely and successfully condense those separate procedures in one surgery. A relatively high incidence of endophthalmitis was recorded in the injuries treated in our department.

Contusions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics and causes of penetrating eye injuries reported to the National Eye Trauma System Registry, 1985-91.

Ocular trauma is one of the most important preventable causes of visual impairment. The National Eye Trauma System was developed to provide optimal clinical care for severe ocular injuries, to foster research on eye injury, and to increase awareness of ocular trauma as a public health problem. From 1985 through 1991, the National Eye Trauma System Registry collected data on 2,939 cases of penetrating eye injury reported by ophthalmologists at 48 collaborating eye trauma centers in 28 States and Washington, DC. Eighty-three percent of the cases involved men; the median age of the patients was 27 years, ranging from 1 to 92 years of age. Seventy-seven percent of the injuries were unintentional, 22 percent were the result of assault, and 1 percent were self-inflicted. In 62 percent of the cases studied, the injured person's initial best corrected visual acuity in the injured eye was the ability to perceive hand motion, or worse. The settings in which the injuries occurred included the home (28 percent), the worksite (21 percent), at recreation (11 percent), and in transportation (8 percent). At the time of the injury, 1.5 percent of the injured persons were wearing safety glasses and 2.9 percent were wearing nonsafety glasses. There was evidence of definite or possible alcohol use by at least 24 percent of the injured persons and illicit drug use by 8 percent. The most frequent types of tissue damage included corneal or scleral laceration, traumatic cataract, intraocular foreign body, vitreous hemorrhage, and prolapse of intraocular tissue. Analyses of the causes and characteristics of ocular injuries reported to the National Eye Trauma System Registry will help identify high risk settings for such injuries. Results will be used to develop and implement interventions that will reduce the incidence of eye trauma.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Priority trends in the sphere of eye injuries].

Comprehensive recent research of eye traumatism is described, aspects related with changes in the trauma structure are defined and advanced methods of diagnostics as well as of therapeutic and surgical treatment in eye trauma are elucidated in the paper. It is pointed out that the above study results are valuable for rehabilitation of victims during peacetime, in emergency situations and in calamities; the contribution of civil ophthalmologic institutions to rendering a specialized medical care to victims of military conflicts is equally important. The case study comprises extensive research findings that can be used in the below cases requiring a specialized medical care: penetrating eye injuries, contusion, burn injuries of the eye, splintered trauma etc.; the current micro-surgery standards must be adhered to and the latest technologies must be used. Finally, the important role of and valuable contributions to the above research made by the Calamity Medicine Center ("Zashchita") are underlined.

Disasters↗
PubMed2006

Consumer product-related eye injury in the United States, 1998-2002.

PROBLEM: Eye injury is currently a leading cause of visual impairment and monocular blindness in the United States. Information regarding consumer products associated with eye injuries can have important implications for the prevention of these injuries. METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was used to describe the types of consumer products associated with emergency department treated eye injuries in the United States from 1998 through 2002. RESULTS: The leading product type associated with eye injuries was welding equipment followed by household cleaners, basketball equipment, workshop equipment, and adhesives. Eye injuries attributed to hardware, tools, construction, sports, toys, and lawn equipment were more common among males. In females, eye injuries attributable to chemicals, housewares, storage and organization, and bed and bath items were more common. Differences were also apparent across the age spectrum. CONCLUSION: This study identified specific products and categories of products frequently associated with eye injury and prevention initiatives should focus on these items. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This study has identified consumer products associated with eye injuries requiring medical treatment in the United States. Manufacturers of these products could be encouraged to add or strengthen safety messages regarding the potential for eye injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eye injuries in athletics and recreation.

Sports-related eye injuries represent a significant eye health hazard worldwide. In the USA, it is estimated that eye injuries from sports account for more than 100,000 physician visits per year at the cost of greater than $175 million. The sports responsible for the greatest number of injuries are baseball, ice hockey, and racquet sports. In the USA there are over 189 million participants in these sports with a disproportionate number (one-third) of injuries involving the pediatric population. The most common injuries are abrasions and contusions, followed by more serious injuries, including hyphema. Substantial reduction in the incidence of eye injuries through prevention has been demonstrated in the sport of hockey which can serve as a model for other sports. Specific criteria for protective eyewear must be developed. Polycarbonate plastic lenses and frames which are sturdy and impact resistant provide optimal protection. Lensless goggles, street wear and spectacle correction glasses do not provide adequate eye protection. The ophthalmologist's role in preventing sports-related eye injuries includes addressing particular sports participants needs, identifying one-eyed athletes, and informing patients of the need for protective eyewear.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1995

The role of eye protection in work-related eye injuries.

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: A recent survey of general hospitals by the Victorian Injury Surveillance System found that ocular trauma represented 15% of work-related injuries. As circumstances surrounding occupational eye injuries have been poorly documented previously, their associations to occupation, industry and work-safety practices, including safety eyewear use, need to be identified to develop appropriate preventive strategies for high-risk groups. DESIGN AND SETTING: From a prospective cross-sectional survey of all eye injuries treated at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, work-related cases were analysed for demographic, occupational and safety eye-wear information. Hospital-based data were supplemented by information from WorkCover Authorities and Labour Force statistics to derive incidence and cost estimates. RESULTS: There were 9390 eye injuries during the 18-month survey period; 42% (n=3923) of total and 29% (n=52) of penetrating ocular injuries occurred at work. The most frequently injured were metal, automotive and building trades workers grinding and drilling (41% of outpatients) and hammering (53% of penetrating eye injuries). Automotive workers had the highest frequency for penetrating injuries, and most were exposed to hammering and were also the least likely to wear safety eye-wear. CONCLUSION: Eye injuries are frequent (10% of work-related injuries) and highly preventable by the correct use of safety eye-wear, a cost-effective intervention that may result in cost savings of $59 million for work-type activities in the occupational and domestic settings in Australia each year.

Accidents, Occupational↗