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Among other things, this Act provides that only male witnesses are judicious witnesses. It also provides that one way the offence of fornication may be proved when there are not witnesses is by the husband repeating his testimony as to the fact of adultery five times, on the fifth time calling for Allah to curse him if he is lying. Criminal Court Circular 97/83 of 24 November 1983 specifically requires that witnesses be male Muslims.
Relationships between patterns of extradyadic involvement (EDI) and adult attachment were examined separately with undergraduates and community adults reporting prior EDI. Those with fearful or preoccupied styles reported more intimacy motivations for EDI, and undergraduates with these styles also reported more self-esteem motivations. Conversely, those with a dismissive style reported more autonomy motivations for EDI. Those with a fearful attachment style reported ambivalence about intimacy in the EDI. Fearful and preoccupied undergraduates and community males reported a more obsessive extradyadic relationship. However, dismissive individuals did not report more casual EDI. Gender effects also emerged, with females reporting more intimacy motivations than males, and undergraduate males reporting more casual EDI than undergraduate females. In the undergraduate sample, dismissive males had the most extradyadic partners over the prior 2 years relative to all other groups, and preoccupied females reported more partners than secure females. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Extrarelational affairs persist throughout the United States despite prevailing social pro-scriptions against them. In this article, we argue that psychotherapy stands to benefit from its neighboring discipline, anthropology, by adopting a non-judgmental, neutral position toward this ubiquitous human phenomenon. Two case studies are presented that exemplify how affairs can occur while minimizing the harm done to the marital couple and maximizing the benefits to the extrarelational couple. We consider the conceptualization of the couples' motives for pursuing an affair, as well as the challenges, treatment directions, and the outcome of the affair. We advocate that clients would be better served by therapists maintaining a relatively objective, neutral stance toward client behavior, rather than judging them in accordance with moral values that may not be shared by the clients. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attitudes toward premarital sexual behavior, lifetime prevalence of sexual activity, and the variation in exposure to sexual intercourse is described. The main focus is on the number of sex partners and the social context of partner change. The variation by social and demographic characteristics in the number of sex partners is analyzed. Despite considerable variation in partner change behavior among the women, the relative pervasiveness of this behavior across social and demographic categories is notable. The influence of the exposure variables stand out. The number of sex partners steadily increases with increasing length of exposure.
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In this paper I describe my work with a suicidal patient. The patient was a woman who failed to realize her creative potential in a much wished for and unattainable profession of teacher and transferred all her energy and desire for leadership into her family life. The slogan of her life was the pathetic phrase: 'Everything or nothing!' Her views on life differed from those of her husband who, at the age of 48, started a love affair with a 25-year-old woman. In relation to this, the patient became depressed and attempted suicide twice (by poisoning) in two years. From the Toxicology Department she was referred to the Psychiatric Department where she was treated as an out-patient.
CONTEXT: "Sugar daddy" relationships, which are characterized by large age and economic asymmetries between partners, are believed to be a major factor in the spread of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. Information is needed about sugar daddy partnerships-and about age and economic asymmetries more generally-to determine how common they are and whether they are related to unsafe sexual behavior. METHODS: The sample comprised 1,052 men aged 21-45 who were surveyed in Kisumu, Kenya, in 2001. Data on these men and their 1,614 recent non-marital partnerships were analyzed to calculate the prevalence of sugar daddies and sugar daddy relationships, as well as a range of age and economic disparities within non-marital partnerships. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess relationships between condom use at last sexual intercourse and various measures of age and economic asymmetry. RESULTS: The mean age difference between non-marital sexual partners was 5.5 years, and 47% of men's female partners were adolescents. Fourteen percent of partnerships involved an age difference of at least 10 years, and 23% involved more than the mean amount of male-to-female material assistance. Men who reported at least one partnership with both these characteristics were defined as sugar daddies and made up 5% of the sample; sugar daddy relationships accounted for 4% of partnerships. Sugar daddy partnerships and the largest age and economic asymmetries we constructed were associated with decreased odds of condom use. CONCLUSIONS: Although sugar daddy relationships are not as pervasive as generally assumed, age and economic asymmetries in non-marital partnerships are relatively common. All these types of asymmetries are associated with nonuse of condoms. Increasing women's power within asymmetric sexual relationships could improve their ability to negotiate safer sexual behaviors, such as condom use.
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BACKGROUND: The association between sexual behaviour and cervical cancer is well established. Despite a high incidence of cervical cancer in India, its role has not been widely investigated in Indian women among whom the rate of sexual promiscuity is known to be very low. A hospital-based case-control study was carried out to investigate the role of sexual risk factors in cervical cancer among rural Indian women. METHODS: A case-control design was used in which a total of 268 subjects, comprising 134 women with invasive cervical cancer as cases and 134 control women were studied. A multiple logistic regression model was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: The risk factors found to be associated with cervical cancer were early age at first coitus, extramarital sex partners of women and the time interval since first exposure. In a multiple logistic regression model, independent effects were observed for early age at first coitus, showing maximum risk in women who reported their first intercourse at < 12 years of age, compared to that of women at > or = 18 years (odds ratio [OR] = 3.5. 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-10.9). Increased risk was also seen for women who had extramarital sex relationships (OR = 5.5, 95% CI: 1.5-19.5). The significant effect of early age at first coitus persisted after adjustment for latency period which also showed its independent risk association with cervical cancer in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: These findings confirm the association between early age at first coitus and cervical cancer in women with a low rate of sexual promiscuity and define the role of these risk factors in cervical carcinogenesis among rural Indian women.
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One hundred and thirty Baganda women (65 HIV antibody positive and 65 HIV antibody negative), recruited from the Makerere University-Case Western Reserve University Collaborative Pediatric follow-up clinic in Kampala, Uganda were interviewed about cultural rules and norms for sexual behavior and HIV-specific risk behaviors. Interviews were analyzed for themes related to sexual risk, cultural rules regarding sex, and individual sexual practices. Statistical relationships were tested using chi 2 and t-test statistics. The mean age of the women was 21 years (range 15-30). Despite sexual norms prohibiting sex for women outside marriage, subjects reported that there are certain circumstances when a woman may take other partners, including economic need, desire for greater sexual satisfaction, or revenge on a husband with other partners. Cases were more likely to state that women may have outside partners for economic reasons (P < 0.05) and that women have outside partners for sexual satisfaction (P < 0.01). Women interviewed for this study are complying with Ugandan AIDS control messages to 'zerograze' and 'stick to one partner'. Fear of AIDS remains high, however, because women fear that their partners have not responded to risk reduction messages. Of those women stating fear of AIDS, 57% of cases and 62% of controls based their fear on their perceptions of their partners' activities. Therefore, women feel that they remain at risk of infection despite their own behavior change. We find that, while the potential for risk reduction is high for these women, cultural norms permitting males to have multiple partners limit a woman's ability to control her risk reduction. Important conclusions are: (1) a focus on women's behavior alone is not sufficient as both partners must respond to risk reduction messages; (2) knowledge about AIDS is not sufficient to achieve change in sexual behavior because sexual behavior is linked to economics, gender relations, and other complex socio-cultural factors; and (3) a study of Baganda male sexual values and behavior is urgently needed.
This paper compared the attachment injury resolution process in two distressed couples undergoing ten sessions of Emotional Focused Therapy (EFT), a short-term empirically validated treatment for relational distress. An attachment injury is a newly coined clinical construct that denotes a specific type of betrayal within the couple's relationship. The incident is so potent that it calls into question assumptions about the safety of the relationship. The task analytic method was used to examine the pathways of change as related to attachment injury of each couple. Several outcome and process measures were employed in order to differentiate the therapeutic process between the resolved versus non-resolved couple. Results indicated that the couple who resolved their identified attachment injury at the outset of therapy adhered to the attachment injury resolution model, while the non-resolved couple showed marked deviations from the expected pathways of change. Findings suggest that the resolved couple tended to show more differentiation of interactional positions and greater levels of experiencing throughout the therapeutic process in relation to the non-resolved couple. It is recommended that further research is necessary to examine the clinical utility of the attachment injury resolution model in the context of a larger number of case studies.