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PubMed2004

Results of the European Commission MARINA II study: part I--general information and effects of discharges by the nuclear industry.

From the collated data relevant to discharges by the nuclear industry, it results that the input of beta activity (excluding Chernobyl fallout and tritium) into the OSPAR region decreased by a factor of 4 from 1986 to 1991, reaching by this date the same level as in the early 1950s. Over the same period the discharges of the alpha activity into the OSPAR region also decreased by a factor 3, the same trend has been seen also for tritium. Since 1986 the effective dose to members of the critical group in the vicinity of Sellafield and Cap de La Hague was consistently below the ICRP and EU limit of 1 mSv per year to members of the general public. The overall radiological impact from nuclear industry on the population of the European Union from the OSPAR area has decreased from 280 manSv y(-1) in 1978 to 14 manSv y(-1) in 2000.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1995

European School of Oncology Advisory report to the European Commission for the Europe Against Cancer Programme: oral carcinogenesis in Europe.

A European School of Oncology Advisory Group has reviewed current knowledge on the epidemiology, treatment and prevention of cancer of the oral cavity. While the major factors in the aetiology of such cancers are thought to be well understood, i.e. tobacco and alcohol consumption, current increases in the occurrence of the disease, especially in young adults throughout Europe, are cause for concern. The reasons for such increases are not clearly evident and the Advisory Group has suggested further work which is required to be carried out to understand the aetiology. In treatment of the disease there have been no major improvements in survival for patients in recent decades and the importance of examining new radiotherapy modalities and defining the role of chemotherapy is emphasized. Primary prevention of oral cancer could be achieved by stopping smoking tobacco, limiting alcohol consumption to a minimum (2-3 drinks per day) and increasing intake of fruits and vegetables. To supplement these actions, while neither population screening programmes nor screening trials could be recommended by the Advisory Group, initial chemoprevention trials have produced some promising results and this represents an interesting area which is the focus of much current research.

Europe↗
PubMed2002

[White Paper of the European Commission--strategy for a new chemicals policy].

The current chemicals regulation in EU member states provides sufficient data on new chemicals but almost non on the about 100.000 existing chemicals. To improve the situation the EU Commission is proposing in a recent White Paper on a strategy for a new chemicals policy to regulate new and existing chemicals in an identical manner. The Commission suggests to use in vitro methods to provide information rapidly on hazardous health and environmental properties of chemicals. The fundamental change in the testing strategy, which is relying on in vitro methods rather than testing in animals is most welcome not only from the scientific and economic point of view but also from the perspective of the protection of animals and the environment. A calculation of the costs and time for testing all existing chemicals in animal experiments shows that this task is unrealistic from a financial point of view and also when taking into account the time required for testing. Taking into account the proposals provided by several working groups of the EU validation centre ECVAM during the past year, a concept is described that will allow the testing of all existing chemicals applying only non-animal tests. Since the new testing strategy will be cheaper and faster it will be more acceptable from both the financial and the ethical point of view. Finally, establishing the proposed new in vitro tests in the safety testing strategy will require considerable funding of validation studies by the EU Commission.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗