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PubMed1987

[Exercise hypertension: historical, physiologic and clinical aspects of ergometry].

More than a decade before Riva Rocci in 1896 described the principles of blood pressure measurement as still employed today, in 1881 Zadek reported that there is an increase in blood pressure during physical work. The blood pressure increase during physical exercise as well as its extent as a relatively constant physiological response to a given workload were delineated accurately for the first time, however, in the 1950s. There is no significant difference between the blood pressure increase seen in conditioned athletes and untrained individuals at comparable workloads. In healthy male subjects, a comparison was carried out of the reactions of cardiopulmonary and metabolic parameters during five different modes of exercise. The highest values for oxygen uptake as well as the highest heart rates can be observed during treadmill ergometry; with this method, the largest muscle mass is activated. During both treadmill ergometry as well as during step climbing, the blood pressure can be measured only invasively. As compared with bicycle ergometry in the seated position, the stroke volume increase is only relatively small during supine pedaling. Accordingly, to reproduce situations similar to that of everyday activity exercise testing should be carried out in an upright position. Vascular and cardiac catheterization, however, can be performed more easily in the supine than in the seated position. With these facts in mind, the appropriate methods should be chosen according to the needs of the study and the condition of the patient. During continuously increasing workloads, the systolic pressure increases proportionately. Immediately after termination of exercise, this pressure decreases rapidly over two to three minutes. The diastolic pressure measured noninvasively during seated bicycle ergometry is not particularly accurate and should be interpreted with caution. In general, exercise blood pressure should be determined during a standardized test beginning with a workload of 30 watts for three minutes and subsequent workloads incremented 40 watts for three minutes each. The normal ranges for younger and older patients differ substantially. Additionally, body weight exerts an influence on exercise blood pressure. During exercise, patients with hypertension may show one of three different reactions: the increased pressure can be maintained relative to the normal values during the specified workloads, the blood pressure can show normalization and the systolic blood pressure can remain constant or even decrease at higher workloads.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Blood Pressure Determination↗
PubMed1982

[99mTc-pyrophosphate scintigraphic indices during the bicycle ergometry test in myocardial infarct in the early phase of healing].

Scintigraphy with 99mTc-pyrophosphate during bicycle ergometry has been undertaken in 32 patients with myocardial infarction in the early phase of its healing. There were 3 scintigraphic investigations: one during bicycle ergometry and two control ones - before and the day after the test. The determination of changes in the degree of 99mTc-pyrophosphate accumulation under the influence of the exercise in patients with myocardial infarction in the early phase of its healing permitted the authors to detect several variants in the time course of scintigraphic values. Drop or rise of concentration of the labelled pyrophosphate at the height of the bicycle ergometry test compared to the data obtained prior to it are apparently due to changed bloodflow in the focus of lesion during exercise. Changes in the character and intensity of accumulation of the radiodrug after bicycle ergometry can be explained in the majority of cases by increase of metabolic disorders in the myocardium, supervening during the exercise, and in some patients, possibly, to sustained decrease of bloodflow in the affected area of the cardiac muscle.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Methodologic and exercise-physiologic principles of ergometry: value of noninvasive parameters in the detection of compromised exercise capacity due to heart disease (author's transl)].

1. Ergometric studies enable comparable and reproducible determinations of the cardio-pulmonary-corporeal performance. Prerequisite, however, is a well-based knowledge of the methodology and exercise-physiologic principles of ergometry. 2. With respect to the methodologic prerequisites, consideration must be given to the length of shaft displacement and the inertial mass of the ergometer. Additionally, at submaximal workloads, standardized performance at 50 revolutions/min must be ensured. This also holds true for r.p.m.-independent ergometers since the biologic capacity varies at differing r.p.m. values. Furthermore, the results of ergometric examinations are comparable only on standardization of workload and duration (for example, 10 watts/1 min, 25 watts/2 min). Consideration should also be given to ancillary determinants of exercise capacity such as environmental factors, previous physical exertion, nutrition, medications and other self-administered drugs or stimulants as well as the clothing worn at the time of examination. 3. Based on the limited equipment necessary and the good reproducibility, the physical working capacity 170 (the capacity in watts at a heart rate of 170 beats/6 min) is well-suited for assessment of cardio-pulmonary-corporeal performance. The results do not differ significantly at workloads of 25 watts/min or 50 watts/6 min. The decreasing maximal heart rate with increasing age (on the average 10 beats/min per decade; in the individual case, substantially more) may result in a marked misestimation in elderly subjects. This also applies to patients with coronary artery disease in whom, for example, a slow heart rate during ergometry is caused by ischemia and only mimics an economic circulatory function. Evaluation of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure during ergometry is, to some degree, indicative of the pump function in patients with coronary artery disease. Measurement of oxygen uptake alone at submaximal workloads does not permit differentiation between healthy and diseased subjects since the latter compensate for a reduced cardiac output by a more marked oxygen extraction with subsequently greater arterio-venous oxygen differences. On calculation of the oxygen uptake per stroke, however, in relation to the heart volume, a clinically relevant differentiation between healthy subjects and diseased patients can be established. Thus, in patients with heart disease, noninvasive parameters also enable assessment of the cardio-pulmonary-corporeal performance. 4. Under physiological conditions, there is a close relationship between invasively and noninvasively-measured parameters during ergometry. In patients with heart disease, however, the response of noninvasively-measured parameters is not a reliable indicator of pressure in the pulmonary circulation and the cardiac output.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

State anxiety and blood pressure following 30 min of leg ergometry or weight training.

The effect of different modes of acute exercise on state anxiety and blood pressure was examined. Collegiate varsity athletes (11 females and 15 males) completed 30-min sessions of leg cycle ergometry or weight training in a randomized order on separate days. Both exercise modes were performed within 70-80% of the maximum capacity of each subject. State anxiety, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were measured at baseline prior to exercise, immediately post-exercise, 20 min and 60 min following exercise. Repeated-measures ANOVA detected significant (P < 0.05) trial by condition effects for state anxiety and SBP. State anxiety increased (P < 0.001) immediately following weight training but returned to baseline for the remaining assessments. State anxiety decreased (P < 0.05) below baseline at 60 min following ergometry. SBP did not decrease following weight training but was reduced (P < 0.05) by 6.5 mm Hg below baseline at 60 min following ergometry. DBP did not change following either exercise mode. In summary, state anxiety and blood pressure responses to acute physical activity appear to be dependent on the exercise mode, with reductions in state anxiety and systolic blood pressure being associated with ergometry but not weight training.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Thallium perfusion scintigraphy and bicycle ergometry in the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. Comparison with coronarography findings].

In 76 patients (66 men and 10 women, age 20-71 years) with stable angina pectoris planar thallium myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, bicycle ergometry and coronary angiography were performed. Thallium scintigraphy was highly sensitive (97%) for detection of ischaemic heart disease, the sensitivity of ergometry was 75%. When comparing patients with affected 1, 2 and 3 coronary arteries perfusion scintigraphy had a sensitivity of 100%, 90% and 100% resp., while bicycle ergometry 62%, 90% and 82% resp. The specificity of perfusion scintigraphy was low (47%), compared with ergometry (60%). The finding of s reversible perfusion defect during scintigraphy indicated significant affection of coronary arteries. The scintigraphic finding of diffuse myocardial ischaemic affection was not significant for assessment of the severity of the coronary artery disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Step ergometry: is it task-specific training?

Maximal exercise responses were measured before and after 10 weeks of training in two groups of men, one trained on a treadmill (n = 12) and the other on a step ergometer (n = 9); the groups were pre- and post-tested on both machines to examine the specificity of the training modes. Training for both groups consisted of 3 days week-1, 30 min day-1, progressing to 50 min day-1, at an intensity of 75%-80% heart rate maximum reserve. Pre-training maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was significantly higher on the treadmill for both groups (X = 8.5%). VO2max increased 6.9% on the treadmill (P less than 0.05) and 6.9% (P greater than 0.05) on the step ergometer after treadmill training. The small increases may be attributed to the specificity of the testing protocols used to elicit VO2max. Significant (P less than 0.01) increases in VO2max were found for both modalities after step-ergometry training (treadmill = 11.8%; step ergometer = 23.2%). These increases resulted in equal post-test VO2max values (4.05 l min-1; 51 ml kg-1 min-1) on the step ergometer and treadmill. The significant increases in VO2max found for both modalities after step-ergometry training shows that (1) step ergometry is an effective training modality, and (2) its effects can be measured on the treadmill and therefore it is not task-specific training.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effect of crank rate on physiological responses and exercise efficiency using a range of submaximal workloads during arm crank ergometry.

This study examined the effects of variations in crank rate on physiological responses during submaximal arm ergometry. Fifteen non-specifically trained male subjects volunteered to participate in this study. Each subject undertook a discontinuous arm crank ergometry test (30, 50, 70, 90 W) on three separate occasions using crank rates of 50, 70, and 90 rev.min(-1). Respiratory parameters and heart rate were continuously monitored. An 80-microL capillary blood sample was obtained immediately following each exercise bout for the determination of whole blood lactate. Measures of efficiency were calculated using specific caloric equivalents of oxygen consumption (V(O2)). Heart rate was lowest (p < 0.05) at 30, 50, and 70 W using 50 rev.min(-1). Values of gross and net efficiency tended to be higher (p < 0.05) using 50 rev.min (-1) at the lower absolute workloads, but no differences (p > 0.05) were observed between the three crank rates at 90 W. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed between crank rates for delta efficiency. This study confirms that variations in crank rate can influence gross and net values of V(O2) and exercise efficiency at low absolute workloads, but crank rate ceases to be an influential factor at moderate workloads. Further research is required to identify the specific mechanisms underpinning the observations reported in the present study relating to the interaction between crank rate, workload, and exercise efficiency during arm crank ergometry.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cardio-respiratory responses to rowing ergometry and treadmill exercise soon after myocardial infarction.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the cardio-respiratory differences between rowing ergometry and treadmill exercise in beta-blocked men participating in exercise rehabilitation soon after myocardial infarction (postMI). METHODS: Eleven males all receiving beta-blockade medication were measured for oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at individualized submaximal exercise target heart rates (THR) during 6 min of exercise on each of a motorized treadmill and a rowing ergometer 2-6 wk (4.9 +/- 1.4) postMI. RESULTS: The mean THR of the group, predetermined from an exercise ECG stress test, was 107 +/- 16 beats x min(-1). No significant difference was found between rowing versus treadmill VO2 (19.4 +/- 3.2 vs 19.7 +/- 4.2 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1); P = 0.53) or RPE (12.6 +/- 1 vs 12.7 +/- 1; P = 0.72). RER was significantly greater (P = 0.02) during rowing (0.99 +/- 0.07) compared with treadmill exercise (0.94 +/- 0.07). CONCLUSION: Exercising at a specified submaximal THR during rowing versus treadmill exercise in beta-blocked men participating in very early cardiac rehabilitation represents the same VO2 and RPE. A significantly greater RER was, however, apparent during rowing compared with treadmill exercise; thus, agreement was shown with previous studies on healthy individuals where rowing ergometry was less metabolically efficient than treadmill exercise. The results suggest that establishing a THR from a standard treadmill stress test soon after MI is not only suitable for walking/treadmill exercise but also in setting exercise intensity for rowing ergometry.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimating oxygen consumption during treadmill and arm ergometry activity in males with coronary artery disease.

PURPOSE: This study compared the accuracy of common clinical treadmill and arm ergometry equations in estimating the rate of oxygen consumption for males with coronary artery disease. METHODS: Measured and estimated submaximal and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2sub and VO2max) were compared during clinical treadmill (TM) and arm ergometry (AE) graded exercise tests in 15 males with established coronary artery disease (CAD). Estimated VO2sub and VO2max were derived from popular modality specific estimation equations, including those of the American College of Sports Medicine, Bruce and colleagues, Balady and colleagues, and Manfre and colleagues. RESULTS: The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) 1991 TM equation overestimated VO2sub from 0.3 +/- 0.6 to 1 +/- 0.7 metabolic equivalents (METS) and VO2max by 3 +/- 3 METS, whereas the Bruce Normal Submax and Bruce Cardiac Submax equations inaccurately estimated VO2sub from -1 +/- 0.6 to 0.9 +/- 0.7 METS. The Bruce Active Max and Bruce Sedentary Max equations overestimated VO2max from 1 +/- 2 to 2 +/- 2 METS, whereas the Bruce Cardiac Max equation accurately estimated oxygen consumption at maximal exercise. The ACSM and Manfre Healthy AE equations underestimated VO2sub at low and intermediate workloads from 0.4 +/- 0.4 to 0.8 +/- 0.4 METS. However, the Balady Male and Manfre Cardiac AE equations underestimated VO2 at each submaximal work load from 0.6 +/- 0.3 to 1 +/- 0.6 METS and at maximal work loads from 0.8 +/- 0.9 to 2 +/- 0.8 METS. The ACSM and Manfre Healthy AE equations accurately estimated VO2 at greater submaximal work loads and at maximal exercise. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the ability to estimate VO2 in males with CAD is more accurately performed during nonweight-bearing arm activity, although the reason is not entirely understood, and significant inconsistencies exist in the ability to accurately estimate VO2 during treadmill exercise. These data further suggest concern regarding exercise prescription from estimated values derived from both treadmill and arm ergometry tests, because submaximal, and in some instances maximal, estimations were inaccurate. Future research should focus on the development of accurate estimations for those with CAD, primarily during submaximal work.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Physiological and biomechanical differences between wheelchair-dependent and able-bodied subjects during wheelchair ergometry.

The purpose of this study was to compare the physiological and biomechanical responses of wheelchair-dependent persons (WCD) to able-bodied persons (AB) during manual wheelchair ergometry. Five WCD and five AB performed a discontinuous wheelchair ergometer test starting at 12.8 W at 30 rev.min-1 (57 m.min-1) with increments of 7.0 W at 6-min intervals. Biomechanical data were collected 3.5 min into each stage followed by the collection of physiological data. After the fifth stage, peak oxygen consumption was determined by having the subject work against a resistance of 14.7-19.6 N at 30 rev.min-1. The WCD had significantly higher net mechanical efficiency at 26.7, 33.6 and 40.6 W in comparison to the AB. The WCD had significantly greater shoulder extension at the point of initial wheel contact as measured by the shoulder angle, while the AB had significantly greater shoulder range of motion at all work rates in comparison to the WCD. The results demonstrate that a significant physiological difference exists in the manner by which WCD and AB accomplish wheelchair ergometry. The biomechanical differences between AB and WCD were found to be a prominent factor contributing to the higher mechanical efficiency of WCD over AB. It was concluded that basic physiological and biomechanical differences exist between WCD and AB in manual wheelchair locomotion and that these differences are important considerations to the interpretation of data in wheelchair ergometry studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Stroke volume response to cycle ergometry in trained and untrained older men.

UNLABELLED: The aims of this study were threefold: (1) to investigate the stroke volume (SV) response of trained older male cyclists [Cyclists: 65 (2.1) years, n = 10] during incremental cycle ergometry (20 W.min-1); (2) to determine the SV dynamics and total peripheral resistance response of untrained, but healthy and active older male controls [ CONTROLS: 66 (1.1) years; n = 10]; (3) to compare the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and SV response of trained older male runners [Runners: 65 (3.4) years; n = 11] with that of age-matched Cyclists. Impedance cardiography was used to assess the response of cardiac output (CO), SV and total peripheral resistance to exercise involving cycle ergometry. The mean VO2max of the trained Cyclists [54 (1.6) ml.kg-1.min-1] was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the Runner [48 (3.9) ml.kg-1.min-1], whereas both groups possessed a significantly higher VO2max than the CONTROLS [28 (1.3) ml.kg-1.min-1]. During exercise, at a heart rate of 90 beats.min-1, the SV of the Cyclists increased by 41%, that of the Runners increased by 47%, and that of the CONTROLS increased by 31%. However, the Cyclists' and Runners' SV response was significantly greater than that of the CONTROLS. The SV for cyclists and controls peaked at 30% of VO2max. This early increase in SV was a major factor underlying the increase in CO during exercise in both the trained and the untrained subjects. In addition, all three groups showed a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance throughout exercise. The finding that older male runners possessed a large exercise SV and high VO2max suggests that run training results in enhanced cardiovascular performance during cycle ergometry.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Mechanomyography of the human quadriceps muscle during incremental cycle ergometry.

The mechanical activity of the human quadriceps muscle during maximal incremental cycle ergometry was investigated by mechanomyography (MMG). MMG and surface electromyography (EMG) recordings of vastus lateralis muscle activity were obtained from nine males. Cycle ergometry was performed at 60 rev/ min and work load was incremented step wise by 20 W (3.2 Nm) every minute until volitional fatigue. The mean amplitudes of MMG (mMMG) and EMG (mEMG) during the contraction phase were calculated from the last six contractions in each load. The duration, load and work rate of exercise at exhaustion were 13.3 (1.6) min, 44.1 (5.5) Nm, 276.7 (34.7) W, respectively. A linear relationship between mMMG and load was evident in each subject (r = 0.868-0.995), while mEMG seemed to dissociate as the load became greater. In the grouped mean data, mMMG was linearly related to load whether aligned to the absolute (r = 0.995) or maximal (r = 0.995) load. Involvement of the noise component was further investigated by studying passive cycling by four subjects. Pedals were rotated passively for the first half of each stage (PAS) and the subject then pushed the pedals for the second half (ACT). In the lighter load region, the mMMG of ACT was as small as that of PAS. However, the change in the mMMG of PAS was very small compared with that of ACT. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a linear relationship between the mMMG of the quadriceps muscle and work load during maximal incremental cycle ergometry. The effect of movement noise was thought to be small and stable.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Mechanomyography and oxygen consumption during incremental cycle ergometry.

The purpose of this investigation was to describe and compare the relationships for mechanomyography (MMG) and oxygen consumption rate (VO2) versus power output during incremental cycle ergometry. Twenty four adult males [mean (SD) age, 22.1 (2.0) years] volunteered to perform an incremental test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. A MMG piezoelectric recording device was placed mid-thigh over the vastus lateralis muscle and VO2 was measured using standard open circuit procedures. The r2 values for the MMG and VO2 versus power output relationships ranged from 0.79 to 0.99 and 0.97 to 0.99, respectively. In 20 of the 24 subjects there was no significant (P > 0.10) difference between the slope values for the normalized MMG and VO2 (expressed as a percentage of maximal values) versus power output relationships. The results of this study indicate that MMG procedures can be used to quantify muscular activity and monitor changes in exercise intensity during cycle ergometry. Furthermore, the present findings demonstrated a close association between the mechanical (MMG) and metabolic (VO2) aspects of muscular contraction during incremental cycle ergometry.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effects of innervation zone on electromyographic amplitude and mean power frequency during incremental cycle ergometry.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of electrode placements over the innervation zone (IZ), as well as proximal and distal to the IZ, on the patterns for the absolute and normalized electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and mean power frequency (MPF) versus power output relationships during incremental cycle ergometry. Fifteen men [mean +/- S.D. age = 24.3 +/- 2.4 years; VO2max = 47.3 +/- 4.9 ml kg(-1) min(-1)] performed incremental cycle ergometry tests to exhaustion. Surface EMG signals were recorded simultaneously from bipolar electrode arrangements placed on the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle over the IZ, as well as proximal and distal to the IZ. Polynomial regression analyses were used to describe the relationships for absolute and normalized EMG amplitude (microVrms and %max) and MPF (Hz and %max) versus power output (%max) for each subject at the three electrode placement sites. In addition, separate one-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine mean differences between the three sites for absolute and normalized EMG amplitude and MPF at power outputs of 80, 110, 140, and 170 W. The results of the polynomial regression analyses revealed that the best fit model for each site for the absolute and normalized EMG amplitude versus power output relationship was linear for 11 subjects and quadratic for 2 subjects. The remaining two subjects exhibited both linear and quadratic patterns that were site-dependent. For EMG MPF, 10 subjects exhibited significant relationships (linear and/or quadratic) across power outputs for at least one site. In addition, there were significant (P < 0.05) mean differences between the electrode placement sites for absolute EMG amplitude, but not absolute EMG MPF at 80, 110, 140, and 170 W. There were no significant (P > 0.05) mean differences, however, between the three sites for normalized EMG amplitude or MPF at 80, 110, 140, and 170 W. These findings indicated that the placement of bipolar electrodes over the IZ, as well as proximal and distal to the IZ, had no effect on the pattern of the normalized EMG amplitude versus power output relationship or the mean normalized EMG amplitude and MPF values. Thus, during cycle ergometry, normalized EMG amplitude values (but not absolute values) can be compared between studies that have utilized various electrode placement sites on the VL.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1979

[Comparison of bicycle ergometry and step-ladder exercise (author's transl)].

Repeat exercises (three hours apart) on a bicycle ergometer and a vertical step-ladder were performed in a randomised series on 79 subjects: 13 doctors, 44 patients and 22 sportsmen. Duration of exercise was on average 250% longer in the three groups on the step-ladder than the bicycle. Correspondingly, exercise-pulse sums, recovery-pulse sums and exercise indices were two-and-a-half to three times higher than on bicycle ergometry. As a sign of comparability of the exercise by the two methods there was, on average, no significant difference with regard to the final heart rate, although duration of exercise was longer on the step-ladder. 67% of subjects discontinued the exercise because of peripheral muscle fatigue on the bicycle ergometer, compared with only 8% on the step-ladder. During bicycle ergometry lactate concentration rose by 6.7 mmol/l compared with only 0.78 mmol/l during step-ladder exercise. These results indicate that the value of bicycle ergometry exercise is limited by muscle fatigue in the legs: step-ladder exercise can be extended much longer. The practical significance is that patients with coronary heart disease especially have symptoms and/or ECG changes of ischaemia only at higher levels of physical exercise.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Psychometric correlates of perception during arm ergometry in males and females.

This study examined psychometric correlates of rated perceived exertion (RPE) and perceived dyspnea (RPD) during progressive arm ergometry. Thirty female and 30 male subjects completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Profile of Mood States Questionnaire (POMS) and the Body Awareness Scale (BAS) followed by progressive arm ergometry to exhaustion. Heart rate, minute ventilation, RPD and RPE were obtained during the last 30 seconds of every two minute stage of the exercise test. The female group had significantly (p < 0.05) higher RPE (overall and local), RPD, minute ventilation, and heart rate than did the male group during exercise at absolute power outputs of 33, 50 and 67 watts. At each of these work loads, both state anxiety and body awareness were positively and significantly (p < 0.05) related to RPE and RPD in the male but not in the female sample. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed that a subset of high trait anxious males (N = 10) exhibited higher minute ventilatory volumes and dyspnea ratings than a subset of low trait anxious males (N = 10). The results show that elevated trait anxiety is associated with dyspnea during arm ergometry and that there are gender differences in psychological correlates of perception during arm exercise, but shed no light on why the gender differences exist.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effect of toeclip use during cycle ergometry on ventilatory threshold and VO2 max in trained cyclists and runners.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the use of toeclips on the ventilatory threshold (VT) of cyclists and runners during cycle ergometry. Ten competitive cyclists and ten well-trained runners performed two continuous maximal cycle ergometer tests, once with toeclips and once without toeclips. Respiratory data were collected every 20 s and used to determine VT and VO2 max. For cyclists, the mean (congruent to SEM) oxygen uptake at VT (VO2, VT) was greater during the trial with toeclips (48.8 +/- 1.9 ml kg-1 min-1 and 46.9 +/- 1.9 ml kg-1 min-1 during cycle ergometry with and without toeclips, respectively; p less than 0.05). No significant difference in VO2, VT was noted between trials for runners. The cyclists also demonstrated a higher VO2 max during the trial with toeclips (58.8 +/- 3.0 ml kg-1 min-1) compared to the trial without toeclips (54.4 +/- 2.0 ml kg-1 min-1; p less than 0.05). When expressed relative to VO2 max (%VO2 max) the VT during the toeclip trial for cyclists was significantly decreased (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that the cyclists in this study developed specific adaptations related to the use of toeclips, and the use of toeclips during cycle ergometry is therefore recommended. We recommend that future studies report results with VT expressed in both absolute (VO2) and relative (%VO2 max) terms.

Bicycling↗
PubMed1983

Effect of arm ergometry training on physical work capacity of individuals with spinal cord injuries.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate arm cycle ergometry as an aerobic training method in the rehabilitation of individuals with spinal cord injuries. Four male subjects with spinal cord injuries trained for five weeks with arm cycle ergometry. Training sessions were 30 minutes long three times a week at an intensity of 60 to 80 percent of maximal heart rate. Pretraining and posttraining maximal exercise testing consisting of noncontinuous, multistage graded arm ergometry was completed by each subject. Heart rates, oxygen consumption, and work loads were measured. Mean increases of 64.32 percent and 60.54 percent were found for posttraining maximal work loads and maximal oxygen consumption values, respectively. A paired t test (p less than .05) revealed that only the change in posttraining mean maximal oxygen consumption value to be statistically significant. That only this value was significant may be attributable to the small sample size and the large intersubject variability. Implications of these results for clinicians and the limitations of the study are discussed.

Adult↗