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PubMed1993

Baseline entomological data for a pilot malaria control program in Equatorial Guinea.

Entomological studies conducted on the island of Bioko and the mainland province, Río Muni, in Equatorial Guinea provided baseline data for a pilot malaria control program. The main species collected resting in houses at low density were Anopheles gambiae s.l. Giles and Anopheles funestus Giles. An. gambiae s.l. density increased during the rainy season, whereas An. funestus populations remained stable during both dry and wet seasons. Both species tended to be endophilic and were not collected resting or biting outdoors. Overall, delayed sporozoite rates were about 10% for both species and were highest in the dry season. An. gambiae s.l. from the mainland showed resistance to 4% DDT, but the island population was still susceptible. All populations were completely susceptible to 5% malathion and 0.025% deltamethrin.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effect of repeated targeted mass treatment with praziquantel on the prevalence, intensity of infection and morbidity due to Schistosoma intercalatum in an urban community in equatorial Guinea.

A longitudinal community-based study was carried out in order to evaluate the impact of repeated selective population chemotherapy with praziquantel on the epidemiology of an urban focus of Schistosoma intercalatum in the city of Bata, capital of the Continental Region of Equatorial Guinea. Three surveys were undertaken in January of 1988, 1989 and 1990, determining parasitological prevalence, intensity of infection and morbidity and applying repeated targeted mass treatment. One dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg body weight) was given one week after treatment with mebendazole (100 mg every 12 hours for 3 days). A reduction of the overall prevalence by S. intercalatum of 69.9% and 79.3% in the first and second year respectively was found. Persons showing high parasite burden suffered a reduction of 95.7%. The cure rate (no more eggs in stool) was between 90% and 98.9%. A significant decrease of signs and symptoms was observed. No important side effects were detected. This study shows the positive action of praziquantel in reducing prevalence, intensity of infection and morbidity due to S. intercalatum, above all in the case of a high human population participation response. Cure rates obtained being similar to the ones observed using the same drug in Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A new subtype of hepatitis C virus genotype 1: complete genome and phylogenetic relationships of an Equatorial Guinea isolate.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease and is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. However, there have been few studies on the distribution and genetic diversity of HCV isolates in non-developed countries. Here, the complete genome sequence of an HCV genotype 1 isolate from Equatorial Guinea is reported, the first complete HCV-1 genome of African origin. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this sequence always grouped with sequences of genotype 1, but did not group clearly with any subtype described so far. An analysis of partial NS5B gene sequences with additional sequences of African origin also failed to find close similarities between the new sequence and any previously known isolate. Genetic divergence of the coding region of this new sequence with respect to the recognized subtypes of HCV-1 ranged from 20 to 22%. It is proposed that this isolate is a representative of a new, distinct variant of HCV subtype 1.

DNA, Viral↗
PubMed2003

Surveillance of in vivo resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs from 1992 to 1999 in Malabo (Equatorial Guinea).

From 1992-1999, we have assessed the therapeutic efficacy of three malaria treatment regimens (chloroquine 25 mg/kg over three days, pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine 1.25/25 mg/kg in one dose, and quinine 25-30 mg/kg daily in three oral doses over a four-, five-, or seven-day period) in 1,189 children under age 10 at Malabo Regional Hospital in Equatorial Guinea. Of those children, 958 were followed up clinically and parasitologically for 14 days. With chloroquine, the failure rate varied from 55% in 1996 to 40% in 1999; the early treatment failure rate increased progressively over the years, from 6% in 1992 to 30% in 1999. With pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine, the failure rate varied from 0% in 1996 to 16% in 1995. The short quinine treatment regimens used in 1992 and 1993 (4 and 5 days, respectively) resulted in significantly higher failure rates (19% and 22%, respectively) than the 7d regimen (3-5.5%). We conclude that: a) failure rates for chloroquine are in the change period (> 25%), and urgent action is needed; b) pyrimethamine/ sulfadoxine failure rates are in the alert period (6-15%), and surveillance must be continued; and c) quinine failure rates are in the grace period (< 6%), so quinine can be recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Spatial variability in the density, distribution and vectorial capacity of anopheline species in a high transmission village (Equatorial Guinea).

BACKGROUND: Malaria transmission varies from one country to another and there are also local differences in time and space. An important variable when explaining the variability in transmission is the breeding behaviour of the different vector species and the availability of breeding sites. The aim of this study was to determine the geographical variability of certain entomological parameters: human biting rate (HBR), sporozoitic index (SI) for Plasmodium falciparum and entomological inoculation rate (EIR). METHODS: The study was carried out in a small village in the mainland region of Equatorial Guinea. Adult mosquitoes were collected by CDC light traps. Polymerase Chain Reaction was employed to identify the species within the Anopheles gambiae complex and to detect P. falciparum sporozoites. The geographical position of all the dwellings in the village were taken using a global positioning system receiver unit. Data relating to the dwelling, occupants, use of bednets and the mosquitoes collection data were used to generate a geographical information system (GIS). This GIS allowed the minimum distance of the dwellings to the closest water point (potential breeding sites) to be determined. RESULTS: A total of 1,173 anophelines were caught: 279 A. gambiae s.l. (217 A. gambiae s.s. and one Anopheles melas), 777 Anopheles moucheti and 117 Anopheles carnevalei. A. moucheti proved to be the main vector species and was responsible for 52.38 [95% IC: 33.7-71] night infective bites during this period. The highest SI was found in A. carnevalei (24%), even though the HBR was the lowest for this species. A significant association was found between the distance from the dwellings to the closest water point (River Ntem or secondary streams) and the total HBR. CONCLUSION: A clear association has been observed between the distance to potential breeding sites and the variability in the anopheline density, while the other parameters measured do not seem to condition this spatial variability. The application of GIS to the study of vector-transmitted diseases considerably improves the management of the information obtained from field surveys and facilitates the study of the distribution patterns of the vector species.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Medicinal plants used by the Fang traditional healers in Equatorial Guinea.

This work is an ethnobotanical study of some medicinal plants used by the Fang traditional healers of two regions of Equatorial Guinea in Central Africa: Malabo and Bata. For each species listed, the family, the botanical name, the voucher specimen number, the vernacular name, the pharmacological and therapeutical properties are given.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Serum filariasis due to Loa loa and Mansonella perstans in the continental area of equatorial Guinea. Preliminary results].

For the first time, a parasitologic survey has been carried out in the Niefang District (continental area of equatorial Guinea) within a sample of 829 people aged of more than 10 years. Parasitologic incidence was 27.1 p.c. for Loa-Loa and 66.3 p.c. for Mansonella perstans. Significant differences were noted in the prevalence and in the mean density of microfilariae of both species according to the altitude of the villages surveyed.

Africa, Central↗
PubMed1990

Urban epidemiology of Schistosoma intercalatum in the city of Bata, Equatorial Guinea.

In a cross sectional study, 1221 individuals were enrolled to determine the urban epidemiology of Schistosoma intercalatum in the city of Bata, Equatorial Guinea. Bulinus forskalii was the only intermediate host for schistosomes found in the study areas. The only Schistosoma species detected in faeces was S. intercalatum. However, no Schistosoma eggs were found in urine. The overall prevalence of S. intercalatum infection was 21.2%. Although infected subjects were found in all age groups, peak prevalence and highest parasite load occurred in 5-14 years old children. But only 38 individuals (3.1%) had infection with more than 400 eggs per gram faeces. Thirty out of these (78.9%), were children between 5 and 14 years of age. In the heavily infected subjects (greater than 400 eggs/g. faeces) highly significantly more diarrhoea with microscopic and macroscopic blood in stool was present (p less than 0.0001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Malaria imported from Equatorial Guinea caused by Plasmodium falciparum probably resistant to chloroquine].

The authors present the case of a 4 year old girl affected by malaria, the latter having been imported from Equatorial Guinea. The initial treatment of the disease with adequate administration and duration of chloroquine therapy, did not impede the recurrence of the disease, once the patient seemed apparently cured. Although due to the special evolutionary circumstances it was not possible to clinically confirm the chloroquine resistant of the parasite, it is considered, to best of our knowledge, to be the first pediatric case of probable chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria imported into Spain from Western Africa.

Africa, Central↗
PubMed2003

Potential vectors of loiasis and other tabanids on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea.

The biting flies Chrysops dimidiatus Wulp and C.silaceus Austen (Diptera: Tabanidae), vectors of Loa loa (Cobbold) (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) on the African mainland, were found to be widespread on the island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) during 1996-2001. These tabanids were particularly prevalent in the southern part of Bioko, indicating potential transmission of loiasis on the island. The only other tabanids previously recorded on Bioko, Tabanus argenteus Surcouf (from 1915) and Haematopota near heptagramma Speiser (from 1933), were also collected. The possibility of loiasis being endemic on Bioko contra-indicates ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis cases, due to risks of adverse side-effects.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The Fang population of Equatorial Guinea characterised by 15 STR-PCR polymorphisms.

Allele frequencies for 15 STR loci (D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D19S433, HUMVWA31A, HUMTPOX, D18S51, D3S1358, HUMTHO1, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D5S818 and HUMFGA) were analysed in the Fang population of Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. No deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found for all loci. Statistical parameters demonstrated the forensic utility of the analysed systems.

DNA Fingerprinting↗
PubMed1987

In vitro chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea: case reports.

For many years the chloroquine-resistant problem in Africa was circumscribed to East Africa, but in the last two years it has been spreading progressively to the West. We report here the two first cases of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria imported into Spain from Equatorial Guinea. Both cases show a parasitological grade III resistance in a W.H.O. in vitro macrotest. The clinical recovery with the alternative treatment (Fansidar) was satisfactory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

STR allelic frequencies for an African population sample (Equatorial Guinea) using AmpFlSTR Identifiler and Powerplex 16 kits.

We present allele frequencies and forensic parameters for 17 STRs included in the AmpFlSTR Identifiler (CSF1PO, D2S1338, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D19S433, D21S11, FGA, TH01, TPO and VWA) and Powerplex 16 System (CSF1PO, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, FGA, Penta D, Penta E, TH01, TPO and VWA) in a sample of 134 unrelated individuals from Equatorial Guinea located in Western Africa, between Cameroon and Gabon. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested for each locus and the sample was compared with five African databases: Promega's and AB Applied Biosystems African-Americans and samples from Mozambique, from Cabinda (Angola) and Guinea-Bissau.

DNA Fingerprinting↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nutritional status of the children population in the Annobon island (Republic of Equatorial Guinea)].

The prevalence of protein energetic malnutrition in the island of Annobon is very high. A summary of the nutritional state of the Annobonese children would show that 36% of them suffered from protein energetic malnutrition at the time of the study, and that 41% had prior exposure to such malnutrition. The group of children with low weight for their age, and short stature, is the one aged 13 to 24 months. Apart from the results of the nutritional study, mention is made of environmental factors (resources and eating habits), which influence the results obtained. That which is considered a priority in child health in Equatorial Guinea is pointed out.

Adolescent↗