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PubMed1993

[The effect of peptide-type epiphyseal hormones on the functional activity of the human thyroid in vitro. The action of epiphyseal peptides on the accumulation of cyclic nucleotides in the normal human thyroid and on its secretory activity].

Effects of pineal peptides on the accumulation of cyclic nucleotides of the human thyroid and its secretory activity were analysed on the basis of the data obtained after operation from patients with nodular euthyroid goiter) incubated with Epithalamine and Epiphisan, were studied. It was shown, that pineal peptides not only inhibited thyroid secretion function and cAMP accumulation, but also acted as modifiers of TSH stimulatory effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[The effect of peptide-type epiphyseal hormones on the functional activity of the human thyroid in vitro. The characteristics of the action of epiphyseal peptides on the accumulation of cyclic nucleotides in the thyrotoxic thyroid and on its secretory activity].

Reaction of the human TSH-sensitive and TSH-refractory thyroid, obtained from patients with hyperthyroidism, on pineal peptides was studied in vitro. It was shown, that pineal peptides (Epythalamine) are inhibitors of cAMP accumulation and hormone release only of normal and TSH-sensitive thyroid, but are ineffective in case of TSH-refractory thyroid. Thus, pineal peptides are modulators of specific TSH effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of thyroid hormone and growth hormone on recovery from hypothyroidism of epiphyseal growth plate cartilage and its adjacent bone.

Hypothyroidism was induced in young female Sprague-Dawley rats by the addition of methimazole (0.67 mg/ml) to drinking water for a period of 7 weeks (7-14 weeks of age). The responses of the articular cartilage, epiphyseal growth plate cartilage, epiphyseal trabecular bone, and metaphyseal trabecular bone in the proximal tibia were assessed by structural parameters. In addition, replacement therapies were introduced for the last 2 weeks of the experimental period. These included 0.7 U/kg BW human GH (hGH), 15 micrograms/kg BW L-T4 (T4), and a combination of hGH and T4 at the same doses. In the hypothyroid rats, the width of epiphyseal growth plate cartilage decreased by 27%, that of articular cartilage by 35%, epiphyseal trabecular bone volume by 30%, and metaphyseal trabecular bone volume by 66% relative to those in age-matched control tissues. T4 treatment led to a full restoration of the epiphyseal trabecular bone and surpassed by 40% the control value. The magnitude of the articular cartilage and the epiphyseal trabecular bone volume returned to control values, while that of metaphyseal trabecular bone was 68% of control values. Treatment with hGH did not improve the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage or articular cartilage. It did restore epiphyseal trabecular bone to almost normal values, but metaphyseal trabecular bone improved to only a small though significant level (45% of control value). The combination of T4 and hGH resulted in an additional enlargement in the width of the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage and an increase in metaphyseal trabecular bone volume compared to those in the T4 group. Qualitative examinations indicated that it was only in the T4 and T4 plus hGH groups that the lowest chondrocytes in the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage resumed their normal hypertrophied size. These results suggest that the change in the hypothyroid state do not rely solely on the lack of pituitary GH synthesis and secretion, as replacement by exogenous GH did not restore normal epiphyseal growth plate cartilage morphology or its remodeling into metaphyseal trabecular bone. Treatment with T4 (which restored endogenous pituitary GH to 30% of control levels) results in full recovery of the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage morphology along with its associated metaphyseal trabecular bone. In addition, it can also be concluded that the decrease in epiphyseal trabecular bone volume observed in the hypothyroid animals was due solely to the GH-deficient state that accompanied hypothyroidism.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Retinoid-induced epiphyseal plate closure in guinea pigs.

Vitamin A and its derivatives (retinoids) have been known to cause premature epiphyseal closure in humans as an unwanted side effect of chronic treatment. The purpose of the present study was to determine if guinea pigs could serve as an animal model of retinoid-induced epiphyseal plate closure, and to utilize this model to study the mechanism. Weanling male Hartley guinea pigs were treated ip via osmotic pump for up to 14 days with vehicle or 0.50 to 5.5 mg/kg/day of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-selective agonist AGN 190121. Histopathological examination of the proximal tibia of AGN 190121-treated guinea pigs revealed a dose-dependent disruption of the epiphyseal plate. The natural retinoids all-trans-retinoic acid and 13-cis-retinoic acid also induced epiphyseal plate closure in guinea pigs when administered by ip injection for 10 days. Prominent histological features of retinoid-induced epiphyseal closure included the loss of basophilic staining in the extracellular matrix of epiphyseal plate chondrocytes and the invasion of the epiphyseal plate by osteoclasts. To determine if the epiphyseal closure detected histologically was reversible, guinea pigs were treated for 6 days with the RAR-selective agonist (E)-4[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthyl)propen- 1-y1]benzoic acid (TTNPB) or vehicle, and groups of guinea pigs were euthanized on Day 7 or 57. TTNPB but not vehicle treatment caused histological evidence of epiphyseal closure at both time points, and significant bone elongation between Day 7 and Day 57 was detected only in vehicle-treated animals. Epiphyseal closure and other toxic effects of TTNPB were blocked by cotreatment of guinea pigs with a fivefold molar excess of AGN 193109, an RAR antagonist. Taken together, these data demonstrate the utility of the guinea pig as an animal model of retinoid-induced epiphyseal closure and suggest that RAR activation is necessary and sufficient for this activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Epiphyseal union and dental eruption Macaca mulatta.

Age of dental eruption and epiphyseal fusion is estimated for the permanent dentition and long bone epiphyses of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), with 299 skeletons of individuals with known age of death, from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection. Epiphyses at a given joint tend to have the same time. While males and females tend to have the same pattern of epiphyseal fusion, females' epiphyses fuse earlier than those of malep rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), with 299 skeletons of individuals with known age of death, from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection. Epiphyses at a given joint tend to have the same time. While males and females tend to have the same pattern of epiphyseal fusion, females' epiphyses fuse earlier than those of males, especially at the elbow and knee joints. The order of epiphyseal fusion in rhesus macaques follows the general primate pattern. Times of dental eruption for males and females are generally the same, except for the relatively late eruption of the canine in the males. The order of eruption follows a common primate pattern (dm2-M1-I1-I2-M2-(P3, P4)-C-M3). Multiple regressions were calculated in order to allow determination of developmental state, or predictions of chronological age, from epiphyseal fusion and/or dental eruption scores in juvenile rhesus macaques. Standard deviations of residuals from these regressions indicate considerable variation in developmental state among animals of the same chronological age. The lack of correlation between residuals from the separate skeletal and dental regressions, indicates that skeletal and dental development are largely independent.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

The histology of epiphyseal union in mammals.

Epiphyses of man and dog in various stages of union are described. As union approaches, new cartilage is added to the epiphyseal surface of the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate by chondrification of the epiphyseal marrow. Before and during early union the cellular arrangement of the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate is well preserved, with good cartilage columns. Mineralization of the cartilage, demarcated by tide-lines, spreads from both surfaces, engulfing the cartilage columns. The first union of an epiphysis is by such mineralized tissue, a form of metaplastic bone. In the smaller and earlier-uniting epiphyses, the mineralized cartilage and the sheets of lamellar bone that cover its surfaces are first removed in one restricted area and replaced by new bone and marrow. The original perforation is later enlarged until all the cartilage is destroyed and union in complete, leaving no scar. In the larger and later-uniting epiphyses there are multiple perforations in the epiphyseal plate and remnants of epiphyseal bone often persist as an epiphyseal scar. In both types of union remnants of the peripheral parts of the plates may be found for a while with the cartilage columns set at right angles to the axis of the bone as a whole, an unexplained peculiarity. At full union all such "residual" cartilage is destroyed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Use of a novel joint-simulating culture system to grow organized ex-vivo three-dimensional cartilage-like constructs from embryonic epiphyseal cells.

A method for growth and maintenance of vital cartilaginous tissue is necessary for cartilage repair by in-vitro produced biologic implants. A previously tested perfusion system simulating joint activity was used. Whole epiphyses collected from thirty 11-day-old chick embryos were divided into two groups. One group was grown in a tissue culture dish for 10 days. The other group was placed in a perfusion system termed a joint-simulating device (JSD). After a period of 10 days, histology and immunohistochemistry were performed on five epiphyses from each group. Histologically, epiphyses grown in the device coalesced into a homogenous three-dimensional mass. The bridging tissue between individual epiphyses was highly cellular (PCNA staining positive) and was composed of mesenchymal stem cells as shown by expression of FGF receptor 3. No such tissue formed between epiphyses in the tissue culture dish and the epiphyseal cores were shown to be necrotic. The rest of the epiphyses were evaluated for radioactive sulfate incorporation into glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). A tenfold increase in sulfate incorporation occurred in epiphyses grown within the JSD as compared to the traditional culture method. In conclusion, embryonic epiphyses could be a suitable source for the ex-vivo growth of tissue-engineered cartilage constructs that might later be used as an in-vivo cartilage implant. The joint simulating device effectively maintains cartilage viability and bioactivity for as long as 10 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Epiphyseal injuries in the growing athlete.

The epiphyses and epiphyseal plates are vital structures in the bone development of the growing athlete. The epiphyseal plate is two to five times weaker than the surrounding fibrous tissue in children and adolescents; consequently a force causing a ligamentous tear in adults is likely to cause an epiphyseal plate injury in growing children. Two types of epiphyseal injury that are common in the growing athlete are (a) separation across the epiphyseal plate, which is usually produced by a direct blow to the joint area or by a strong muscular contraction, and (b) traumatic epiphysitis, the more common of the two, which is usually caused by strong, repetitive contraction of a muscle attached to a traction epiphysis. Each epiphyseal site has specific anatomic features and the forces causing injury differ slightly at each site. An improperly treated separation of an intra-articular pressure epiphysis can have a disastrous effect on the proper functioning of the normally well-fitted articulation of bone ends in the joint. Consequently, proper diagnosis and treatment are essential. Traumatic epiphysitis can result in chronic inflammation or fragmentation, or both, if the condition is not arrested. Therefore the athlete must discontinue the activities that are causing the trauma until the inflammation is completely arrested. Absolute rest may even be required.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed2006

The effect of the epiphyseal growth plate on the length of the first metacarpal in triphalangeal thumb.

PURPOSE: Triphalangeal thumb is characterized as a congenital difference of the thumb with an extra phalanx. Additional thumb length is attributed mostly to the extra phalanx. The influence of the epiphyseal plate positions on growth in congenital hand anomalies is unclear. The purpose of this article was to compare the length of the first metacarpal in triphalangeal thumbs with the length of the same bone in normal thumbs and to investigate the influence of the often aberrant metacarpal epiphyseal plates on the length of the triphalangeal thumb metacarpal during growth. METHODS: The positions of the epiphyseal plate and the relative length of the first metacarpal were examined retrospectively in 37 patients with triphalangeal thumb. Ratios of the measurements were calculated (metacarpal II/metacarpal I) and compared with a normal population. Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the position of the epiphyseal plate (double, proximal, distal). RESULTS: The distally placed growth plate was the most common variety, present in 22 of patients, followed by the proximal position in 14, and double epiphyseal plates in 6. All ratios of patients with triphalangeal thumb were significantly smaller than those of a normal population, indicating a longer first metacarpal in this condition. First metacarpals in triphalangeal thumb with double epiphyses grew disproportionately more than those of a normal population, whereas those with distal epiphyses grew disproportionately less than normal. First metacarpals with proximal epiphyses grew at the same rate as normal first metacarpals. CONCLUSIONS: In this study population the most common growth plate location was distal whereas the most common location in the normal population is proximal. The different positions of the epiphyseal plates correlate with growth differences in patients with triphalangeal thumb.

Adolescent↗