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PubMed2003

New perspectives about Hemotrophic mycoplasma (formerly, Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon species) infections in dogs and cats.

The new perspectives about hemotrophic mycoplasma infections in cats and dogs can be summarized as follows: Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon species infecting the dog and cat have been reclassified as mycoplasmal parasites and given the names M haemofelis (Ohio or large form of H felis), M haemominutum (California or small form of H felis), and M haemocanis (H canis). The prevalence of hemotrophic mycoplasma infections in anemic cats in the United States is about 25% and usually involves M haemofelis. However, nonanemic cats may also be infected most commonly with M haemominutum. Chronic infections with hemotrophic mycoplasmas may promote myeloproliferative disorders in FeLV-infected cats. M haemocanis infection in dogs may be a widespread latent disease in kennel-raised dogs and is being investigated. The PCR assay is exquisitely sensitive for detection of M haemofelis and M haemominutum, and testing of blood donor cats and perhaps dogs should be done regularly. Fleas are involved in the transmission of M haemofelis to the cat, whereas R sanguines may be involved with transmission of M haemocanis to the dog. Treatment with doxycycline effectively controls acute infection in the cat and dog, and enrofloxacin may also be effective in the cat, but none of the antibiotics tested to date consistently clears the parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Eperythrozoon ovis: the difference in carbohydrate metabolism between infected and uninfected sheep erythrocytes.

The glucose utilization lactic and pyruvic acid production and oxygen uptake of normal and Eperythrozoon ovis infected sheep erythrocytes were measured under aerobic conditions. Infected cells showed marded increases in both glucose utilization and acid production as compared with controls. Uninfected erythocyte samples which included a percentage of reticulocytes comparable to that found in E. ovis infection showed no apparent difference in glucose utilization and lactic acid production form the normal control erythrocytes, although considerable increases in the oxygen uptake were recorded.

Anaplasmataceae Infections↗
PubMed1976

Autoimmune factors associated with anaemia in acute Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon infections of rodents.

Eperythrozoon coccoides and Haemobartonella muris produced in mice and rats respectively, essentially the same disease, characterized by anaemia, splenomegaly and in severe cases, haemoglobinuria with death. In both infections anaemia was associated with phagocytosis of erythrocytes by monocytes of the spleen, and with the presence of cold-active haema-glutinin for trypsinized red cells (CAH). An antigen similar to the serum antigen (SA) associated with acute malaria and babesiosis was also found in the blood of the anaemic animals. One or two days later antibody to SA (ABSA) was detected and for several days thereafter, both SA and ABSA could be detected in plasma samples. Anaemia crisis with haemoglobinuria was better correlated with the appearance of ABSA than with the presence of CAH. It is suggested that CAH, and complexes of SA and ABSA could have acted as anaemia factors and were in part causal in the sequestration or haemolysis of erythrocytes during acute infection.

Anaplasmataceae↗
PubMed1995

Effect of immunosuppressive treatment on Eperythrozoon suis infection and porcine peripheral-blood natural-killer-(NK) cell activity.

The effects of immunosuppressive treatment on natural-killer-cell activity and the manifestation of eperythrozoonosis in swine were investigated. After infection with Eperythrozoon suis (E. suis), German Landrace piglets received daily intravenous (i.v.) applications of cyclophosphamide (CY, Endoxan) on 6 consecutive days. A combined immunosuppressive treatment using azathioprine (Imurek), a single application of dexamethasone (Devan), and two injections of anti-asialo GM1 serum (1:50) was performed with a piglet over a period of 9 days. Leucocyte counts, differential blood-cell count, and microhaematocrit and rectal temperature were controlled. Direct microscopic observation of E. suis organisms was performed in Giemsastained blood smears. Immunosuppressive treatment resulted in relative lymphocytosis and transient agranulocytosis. CY and azathioprine therapy caused a temporary increase of E. suis organisms in red blood cells. Natural-killer-(NK) cell activity mediated by nylon-wool non-adherent peripheral-blood mononuclear leucocytes (NAD-PBML) was recorded during and after immunosuppressive treatment of pigs infected with E. suis. Cytotoxic activity of NK cells was consistently reduced after two CY injections and further decreased to 70-100% of the initial NK-mediated tumor cell lysis. NAD-PBML of two E. suis infected animals were monitored for cytotoxicity during CY immunosuppressive treatment and were compared to Percoll density separated NK effector cells derived from the same blood sample. Enhancement of NK-cell activity by density separation of NAD-PBML was not longer possible on days 3 and 4 during CY treatment, indicating a decrease of NK cells in peripheral blood. In vitro, only a high dose of CY (4 microgram/ml) suppressed cytolytic activity of NAD-PBML. Short-term treatment with immunosuppressive agents did not replace splenectomy in inducing clinically apparent eperythrozoonosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Eperythrozoon ovis infection in a commercial flock of sheep.

A flock of sheep consisting of 60-70 winterfed ewes was examined. Blood was collected from approximately 30% of the sheep four times from 1991 to 1995. Eperythrozoon ovis (Ep. ovis) organisms were not detected in blood smears stained with Wright's stain in 1991 and 1993. In 1995, examination of blood smears stained with acridine orange revealed Ep. ovis organisms in 11 of 26 sheep, whereas examination of smears stained with Wright's stain revealed organisms in only one ewe with a high degree of infection. The prevalence of antibodies detected by IFAT varied from 58-100%. The antibody titres varied from 1:20 to 1:12,000. This investigation indicates that Ep. ovis infection once present in a flock of sheep may spread easily among the sheep, and that the infection seems to persist within the flock.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Mycoplasma cavipharyngis and Mycoplasma fastidiosum, the closest relatives to Eperythrozoon spp. and Haemobartonella spp.

The 16S rRNA gene sequences of Mycoplasma cavipharyngis and Mycoplasma fastidiosum have been determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these species formed a new cluster within the so-called pneumoniae group of the mollicutes (class Mollicutes). This cluster will be referred to as the M. fastidiosum cluster. Interestingly, the M. fastidiosum cluster formed a sister lineage to the haemotrophic bacteria. Eperythrozoon spp. and Haemobartonella spp. The two latter genera, formerly classified as rickettsias, formed a stable phylogenetic entity in the tree as judged from branch lengths, bootstrap values and sequence signatures. Thus, the members of the M. fastidiosum cluster are the closest known relatives to the haemotrophic bacteria. Our data strongly support that the haemotrophic bacteria should be reclassified to reflect their actual phylogenetic affiliation.

Anaplasmataceae↗
PubMed1977

The effect of Eperythrozoon ovis infection on the glucose level and some acid-base factors in the venous blood of sheep.

Eperythrozoon ovis infected sheep have low venous blood glucose levels and correspondingly increased blood lactic acid levels as compared with control sheep. Acid-base studies showed that these changes were accompanied by significant falls in venous pH, and standard bicarbonate as well as a negative base excess. All these changes were considered to result from the increased alvcolytic activity of infected erythrocytes. The acidosis and hypoglycaemia associated with E. ovis infection, while not having any apparent effect on young, well-fed sheep, could be potentially serious in pregnant ewes and in sheep on a low plane of nutrition.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1986

A modified indirect immunofluorescent assay for the detection of antibody to Eperythrozoon ovis in sheep.

Experimental ovine eperythrozoonosis was studied using Giemsa staining of blood films and a modified indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay (IFAA). The serums of 21 Border Leicester Merino cross lambs between 12 weeks and 7 months-of-age were analysed before and after infection with Eperythrozoon ovis (E. ovis) using the IFAA test. No rise in the IFAA titre was seen until day 7 and this coincided with the first detection of E. ovis organisms in blood smears stained with Giemsa. The percentage of E. ovis infected red blood cells peaked on day 14, but the IFAA titre did not peak until day 35. Titres to E. ovis, on average, had begun to drop by day 63. There was considerable individual variation in response to E. ovis infection as measured by the IFAA. Titres as high as 6,400 were observed in individual sheep at the peak of E. ovis parasitaemia of red cells. One sheep had a titre of 51,200 nineteen days after infection, and titres of 3,000 were maintained for several months in a few sheep. The assay proved reliable, and up to 100 samples per day could be tested. The antigenicity of the slide preparations was found to be satisfactory after storage for 6 months at -20 degrees C and 4 degrees C and for 28 months at -70 degrees C. Temperature fluctuations during storage rendered slides unsuitable for the IFAA after these times. A method of storing E. ovis infected blood in liquid nitrogen is described.

Anaplasmataceae Infections↗
PubMed1991

A cross-sectional study to show Eperythrozoon ovis infection is prevalent in Western Australian sheep farms.

A serological survey and risk factor study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Eperythrozoon ovis infection in Western Australian weaner sheep, the prevalence of farms with infected sheep, and to identify factors affecting initiation and maintenance of infection on the farm. The study was conducted on 91 farms, purposively chosen from 41 randomly selected regional shires stratified by sheep number and rainfall zones. Twenty sheep were selected systematically from a mixed-sex flock on each farm and tested for serum antibody to E ovis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Information on putative risk factors was collected using an interview questionnaire. Antibody to E ovis was detected in 4.5% of sheep on 47% of the farms sampled. The prevalence of E ovis infection in sheep was estimated at the 95% confidence level to be between 3.6 and 5.5%, and the prevalence of farms with infected sheep was estimated to be between 37.5 and 56.5%. Most farms with serological evidence of infection occurred in the Great Southern agricultural region (79.5%), south-east of Perth through to Albany (latitude 32 to 34 degrees S, longitude 116 to 120 degrees E), and in the Northern region (12.8%) surrounding Geraldton (latitude 29 degrees S, longitude 114 degrees E). There were significantly more farms (P less than 0.05) with evidence of infection in the Great Southern region compared to the Central region between Geraldton and Perth, and on farms in the region south compared to north of latitude 32 degrees S. None of the putative risk factors examined in the questionnaire were associated with serological evidence of infection on the farm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1967

Eperythrozoon coccoides: influence on course of infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mouse.

Mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi obtained from two sources were found to be contaminated with Eperythrozoon coccoides. At each transfer of blood parasitized with plasmodia, eperythrozoa were also passed. In the presence of these organisms, the malarial infection assumed a low-level, chronic course infrequently resulting in death of the mice. When the eperythrozoa were eliminated through treatment with oxophenarsine hydrochloride, the malarial infection took an acute course always ending in death.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Agglutination of mouse erythrocytes by Eperythrozoon coccoides.

Erythrocytes from blood of mice infected with Eperythrozoon coccoides for 3 or 4 days agglutinated spontaneously. Washed E. coccoides particles agglutinated washed erythrocytes of uninfected mice. E. coccoides-mediated agglutination of normal mouse erythrocytes would be an excellent system for studies of bacterial adhesion.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1971

Eperythrozoon coccoides. I. Effect on the interferon response in mice.

Eperythrozoon coccoides is a common blood parasite of rodents and the etiological agent of a chronic infection present in many mouse colonies. After primary infection, mice develop a parasitemia and anemia followed by a chronic, latent infection. During the acute phase of infection, mice manifest a striking suppression of interferon production in response to induction with Newcastle disease virus, Chikungunya virus, and poly I:C. These data suggest that the reticuloendothelial system involvement with this agent is associated with impairment of the interferon response. The enhanced susceptibility of E. coccoides-infected animals to certain viral infections may be related to this suppression of interferon production.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Eperythrozoon coccoides. II. Effect on interferon production and role of humoral antibody in host resistance.

Eperythrozoon coccoides was shown to inhibit the interferon response in mice only during the first 3 weeks after acute infection. By 6 weeks the production of interferon in response to Newcastle disease virus returned to a normal level. Antibody to E. coccoides could be demonstrated by three methods: (i) neutralization, (ii) indirect fluorescent antibody, and (iii) gel diffusion. The clearance of the parasitemia could be correlated with the appearance of circulating antibody. The critical role of humoral antibody was confirmed by evidence that immunosuppressive therapy prevented, in an infected animal, clearing of E. coccoides from the blood and converted a nonlethal infection to one with a 100% mortality. Administration of immune serum to the E. coccoides-infected, immunosuppressed animal, however, resulted in clearing of the parasitemia and prevention of death. Finally, a series of immunosuppressive regimens failed to exacerbate E. coccoides in animals after recovery from the acute phase of infection. E. coccoides may not be as important a laboratory contaminant as postulated originally.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMed1997

Western immunoblot analysis of Haemobartonella muris and comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences of H. muris, H. felis, and Eperythrozoon suis.

Infectious agents were isolated from the spleens of three wild mice (Apodemus argenteus) by intraperitoneal inoculation of the spleen homogenate into laboratory mice. The laboratory mice developed clinical signs and splenomegaly, and three isolates were maintained by passage in mice. Tetracyclines were effective in preventing infection of mice with these agents, but streptomycin and penicillin were ineffective. The agents did not grow in bacterial growth media or chicken embryos. In smears of blood from infected mice stained by the Giemsa or the indirect immunofluorescence method, numerous organisms were found on the surfaces of erythrocytes. Electron microscopy revealed cell wall-less pleomorphic cocci of 350 to 700 nm in diameter. On the basis of these results, the isolates were identified as Haemobartonella muris. There was no antigenic cross-reactivity with Rickettsia or Ehrlichia spp. or other related organisms. Western immunoblot analysis of three strains of H. muris with mouse antisera to H. muris revealed identical major antigens of 118, 65, 53, 45, and 40 kDa. By heteroduplex analysis of the three PCR-amplified segments of the 16S rRNA genes, the three strains of H. muris were found to be identical. The 16S rRNA genes of one of the H. muris strains, four strains of H. felis, and two strains of Eperythrozoon suis were sequenced and compared. The sequences of two strains of H. felis from cats in California were identical, as were the sequences of a strain from a cat in Ohio and a strain from a cat in Florida, but the similarity of sequences between the California and the Ohio-Florida strains was only 85%. The sequence of an H. muris strain was unique and was more closely related to that of the Ohio-Florida strain of H. felis (89%) than to that of the California strain of H. felis (84%). The sequence of E. suis from a pig in Illinois was identical to that from another pig from Taiwan. The similarity of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of E. suis with those of three Haemobartonella strains was 84 to 92%, with that of E. suis being most similar to that of the H. felis strain from California. In the phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the Haemobartonella spp. and E. suis formed a distinct clade more closely related to Mycoplasma spp. (79 to 83% similarity) than to Anaplasma marginale (72 to 75% similarity). Our results suggest that the Haemobartonella spp. and E. suis may be reclassified in the same genus in the family Mycoplasmataceae.

Anaplasmataceae↗
PubMed1997

Anaemia and low viability in piglets infected with Eperythrozoon suis.

Eperythrozoon suis infection was identified in a pig herd during an investigation into anaemia and low viability in newborn piglets and severe regenerative macrocytic anaemia in older piglets. The organisms were identified in the erythrocytes of piglets a few days old. Extensive investigations failed to detect other causes of the anaemia and low viability. There was no response to parenteral iron administration alone but the piglets' viability and anaemia responded to the administration of tetracyclines. This is the first report of E suis infection in Northern Ireland.

Anemia↗
PubMed2007

Exploratory study of Mycoplasma suis (Eperythrozoon suis) on four commercial pig farms in southern Brazil.

Mycoplasma suis (Eperythrozoon suis) was detected by PCR and Southern blot in 186 pigs (121 sows, 61 piglets and four boars) on four farms in southern Brazil. DNA was extracted from blood samples and a 16S rRNA gene fragment of M suis was amplified by PCR; Southern blot analysis was then performed on all the samples. Twenty-two of the sows (18.2 per cent) were positive by PCR, and 40 (33.1 per cent) were positive by Southern blot; only one piglet and one boar were positive. The packed cell volume and total plasma protein of the pigs and their PCR and Southern blot results were not significantly different on the four farms, but higher proportions of the pigs were positive by Southern blot than by PCR (P<0.05). The packed cell volume and total plasma protein concentrations of the M suis positive and negative sows were not significantly different.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Genome size of Eperythrozoon suis and hybridization with 16S rRNA gene.

The genome size of Eperythrozoon suis, an unculturable haemotropic mycoplasma, was estimated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Gamma irradiation was used to introduce one (on the average) double-strand break in the E. suis Illinois chromosome. Restriction enzymes that cut infrequently were also used to analyze genome size. The size estimate for the full-length genome was 745 kilobases (kb), whereas the size estimates based on the summation of restriction fragments ranged from 730 to 770 kb. The 16S rRNA gene was located on the 120-kb MluI fragment, 128-kb NruI fragment, 25-kb SacII fragment, and 217-kb SalI fragment by Southern blotting.

Genes, Bacterial↗