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PubMed2005

Treatment of chronic endometritis in dairy cows with an intrauterine application of enzymes. A field trial.

The use of proteolytic enzymes has been established in the non-antibiotic treatment of mastitis in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate, if enzymes are efficacious in the treatment of chronic endometritis. In a controlled field trial, cows with vaginal discharge 21-27 days in milk (DIM) were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. Endometritis was classified into three categories, depending on the type of vaginal discharge: clear mucus with flakes of pus (E1), mucopurulent discharge or fluctuating contents in the uterus (E2), and purulent discharge (E3). In group ENZYMES (n=191), cows received an intrauterine treatment with a salve containing the enzymes trypsin (16 mg), chymotrypsin (16 mg), and papain (8 mg). Cows in group PGF (n=225) were treated with 0.5mg of cloprostenol. Cows that did not show any clinical signs of chronic endometritis were regarded as healthy control group (HC, n=699). In groups ENZYMES and PGF, all cows were re-examined 35-41 DIM. In group ENZYMES, cows were re-treated with enzymes if signs of endometritis were found, while in group PGF all cows received a second dose of cloprostenol, regardless of their clinical findings. Cure rate after the first treatment, defined as the absence of vaginal discharge at the re-examinations, was 59.7 and 68.0% in groups ENZYMES and PGF, respectively (P>0.05). Reproductive performance measures showed no significant differences between the two treatment groups. Service rate was significantly lower for ENZYMES and PGF, respectively, compared to HC. Conception rates to all services and percentages of cows pregnant by 250 DIM were significantly lower in group ENZYMES compared to HC, while no further differences were found between PGF and HC. In both treatment groups, cure rate and reproductive performance measures were better for cows categorized E1 or E2, than for cows categorized E3, respectively. Conception rate to all services for cows with endometritis category E1 was higher in group PGF than in group ENZYMES (P<0.05). The results of this field trial suggest that prostaglandin F(2alpha) is still the treatment of choice for chronic endometritis in dairy cattle.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2005

Changes in malondialdehyde concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activity in purebred Arabian mares with endometritis.

Endometritis is an important factor in infertility. Free radicals play an important role in endometritis and we have investigated their possible role and scavenging systems in endometritis in purebred Arabian mares. The plasma concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were compared in healthy mares and in mares with endometritis. The level of MDA was significantly increased while GPx activity was decreased in the mares with endometritis. Our findings support the notion that GPx is consumed by increased lipid peroxidation in purebred Arabian mares affected with endometritis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Involvement of the plasminogen activation system in cow endometritis.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the: (a) presence and activity of components of the "plasminogen activators/plasmin" system in dairy cows with or without endometritis; (b) variations in enzyme activity according to the degree of endometritis; and (c) associations between these enzymes and changes in endometrial histology after intrauterine antibiotic treatment. Endometrial biopsies were collected from anestrus (no palpable ovarian structures and milk progesterone <1 ng/ml) Holstein cows, 30-40 days postpartum. On the basis of a vaginoscopic examination, rectal palpation of the cervix and uterus, and endometrial histology, there were 92 cows with endometritis and 20 cows without endometritis. After biopsy collection, each cow was given an intrauterine infusion of 1.5x10(6) IU of procaine penicillin G. In cows with endometritis, genital tract examinations and biopsies were repeated 2 weeks later. Both plasminogen activators (PAs), tissue type (t-PA) and urokinase (u-PA), were immunologically identified in all uterine biopsies. Plasminogen activator activity (PAA) increased, whereas plasminogen activator inhibition (PAI) and plasmin inhibition (PI) decreased in proportion to the degree of inflammation. Two weeks after intrauterine treatment, PAA had decreased significantly in all cows that had reduced severity of endometrial inflammation and had increased significantly in all cows with increased severity of inflammation. The change in the degree of inflammation depended upon plasminogen activator activity; cows with higher PAA were more likely to improve. In conclusion, there was evidence for a role of the plasminogen activation proteolytic system in bovine endometritis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Relationship between endotoxin and prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGFM) concentrations and ovarian function in dairy cows with puerperal endometritis.

Blood concentrations of progesterone, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha (PGFM) and endotoxin, and uterine fluid concentrations of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), PGFM and endotoxin were evaluated in 14 dairy cows with puerperal endometritis (mild (n=6) and heavy (n=8)). Endotoxin was measured using a quantitative kinetic assay. Cows with heavy endometritis had significantly higher concentrations of plasma PGFM (P<0.01) and uterine fluid PGE(2) and endotoxin (P<0.05) than cows with mild endometritis. Concentrations of PGFM in plasma and uterine fluid, of PGFM and PGE(2), and PGE(2) and endotoxin in uterine fluid were positively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated. The presence of endotoxin in plasma was detected in one out of six mild and in eight out of eight heavy endometritis cows. Peak plasma endotoxin concentrations (0.08-9.14 endotoxin units/ml (EU/ml) were observed between 1 and 12 days postpartum (pp) and thereafter amounts generally remained below 0.1 EU/ml (last day of detection: Day 27 pp). Abnormal ovarian function was observed in six cows (four with prolonged anoestrus and two with long luteal phase after the first postpartum ovulation). Plasma endotoxin concentrations were detected in the anoestric cows. The results suggest that: (i) concentrations of uterine fluid endotoxin and PGE(2) and of plasma PGFM are related to the degree of endometritis; (ii) absorption of endotoxin from the uterus to the bloodstream occurs, mainly in heavy endometritis cows; and (iii) there is a relationship between uterine infection, endotoxin production and resumption of pp ovarian activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Plasma cells in chronic endometritis are easily identified when stained with syndecan-1.

BACKGROUND: Chronic endometritis has been observed in 3-10% of women with irregular uterine bleeding who undergo endometrial biopsy. The diagnosis of chronic endometritis rests on the recognition of plasma cells in endometrial tissue that may show a prominent spindle cell stromal component, and is frequently difficult to date. Syndecan-1 is a cell-surface proteoglycan that is expressed on the cell surface of plasma cells. DESIGN: Eighteen endometrial curettage cases with the diagnosis of chronic endometritis and 25 endometrial curettage cases of dysfunctional uterine bleeding, in females under the age of thirty-five in whom no other histopathologic changes were noted, were reviewed for the presence of plasma cells. Sections were then stained with syndecan-1. RESULTS: All of the chronic endometritis cases showed easily visible syndecan-1 staining of plasma cell membranes. None of the cases of dysfunctional uterine bleeding showed presence of plasma cells in either the hematoxylin and eosin stained or syndecan-1 stained sections. CONCLUSIONS: In cases of suspected chronic endometritis in which no plasma cells can be found on hematoxylin and eosin stained slides, syndecan-1 may be an effective adjunct in the identification of plasma cells and thus aid in the diagnosis of chronic endometritis.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2002

Blood and intrauterine leukocyte profile and function in dairy cows that spontaneously recovered from postpartum endometritis.

The profile and function of blood and uterine leukocytes were evaluated in 14 dairy cows that spontaneously recovered from postpartum endometritis (mild, n=6 and heavy, n=8; general health not affected). From a minimum of 2 weeks before parturition until 6 weeks postpartum, blood samples were obtained twice weekly for leukocyte counts and leukogram determination and once weekly for flow cytometry assessment of polimorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) phagocytic capacity and oxidative burst activity. Uterine fluid-stained smears, obtained twice weekly from parturition until fluid was present in the uterus, were used for determination of the percentage of PMN, of phagocytizing PMN (phago-PMN) and of the mean number of phagocyted bacteria per phagocytizing PMN (phagocytic index; PI). Uterine swabs were obtained twice weekly from parturition until 35 days postpartum for bacteriological examination. The time of endometritis diagnosis was similar in cows with mild or heavy endometritis but the latter cows had a significantly longer persistence of the infection and of the isolation of Gram-negative anaerobes from the uterus. However, the effect of group (mild versus heavy) was not significant for all the blood and uterine parameters analysed. The effect of sampling day (within group effect) was significant (p<0.01 to p<0.00001) for all parameters, except for the blood monocyte count and the blood PMN phagocytic capacity, in which only a tendency for significance was observed (p<0.1). The effect of the interaction group x sampling day was significant only for the blood monocyte count. The phago-PMN and the PI were significantly correlated (r=0.70, p<0.001). A significant correlation was also observed between the uterine fluid phago-PMN and the blood PMN oxidative burst activity (r=-0.41, p<0.05). At the spontaneous recovery, the blood PMN oxidative burst activity was significantly higher (p<0.05) and the percentage of intrauterine phago-PMN and the PI were significantly lower (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively) than at diagnosis of endometritis. These results suggest that a decrease in blood PMN oxidative burst activity until the first week postpartum could be associated with an increased susceptibility to early postpartum endometritis. The later increase in this parameter as well as the increase in the intrauterine fluid phago-PMN and PI, might favour the spontaneous resolution of endometritis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Vaginal polymorphonuclear leukocytes and bacterial vaginosis as markers for histologic endometritis among women without symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease.

OBJECTIVE: The study was performed to determine whether vaginal polymorphonuclear leukocytes can be used as predictors of histologic endometritis among women at risk for, but without symptoms of, acute pelvic inflammatory disease. STUDY DESIGN: Five hundred thirty-seven women with, or at risk for, pelvic infection underwent pelvic examinations, including endometrial biopsies. These women were assessed for the presence of vaginal polymorphonuclear leukocytes, bacterial vaginosis, sexually transmitted diseases, and histologic endometritis. RESULTS: Vaginal neutrophils were present in 240 (44.7%) and histologic endometritis was present in 77 (14.3%) of the study population. Women with histologic endometritis were significantly more likely to have vaginal neutrophils present, with an odds ratio of 3.2 (95% CI 1.9-5.7). When study subjects were stratified by the presence of sexually transmitted diseases and vaginal neutrophils, the prevalence of histologic endometritis was highest in women with both conditions present, with an odds ratio of 7.0 (95% CI 3.5-14.3). When subjects were stratified by the presence of bacterial vaginosis and vaginal neutrophils, the prevalence of histologic endometritis was again highest in women with both conditions present, with an odds ratio of 4.8 (95% CI 1.4-16.3). The presence of vaginal neutrophils diagnosed by saline wet mount had a high sensitivity (90.9%) and negative predictive value (94.5%), but a low specificity (26.3%) and positive predictive value (17.1%) for the diagnosis of upper genital tract infection. CONCLUSION: The presence of vaginal polymorphonuclear leukocytes has a high sensitivity and negative predictive value for the diagnosis of upper genital tract infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Immunohistochemical characterization of endometrial leucocytes in endometritis.

AIMS: Leucocytes are a normal and variable component of the endometrial stromal cell population. The aim of this study was to characterize endometrial leucocytes in established cases of endometritis in order to determine whether there are objective characteristics of the leucocyte infiltrate which would allow its identification as part of an inflammatory process rather then the normal physiological leucocyte infiltrate. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined endometrial tissue from 79 cases of endometritis and 22 histologically normal controls. Leucocytes were characterized immunohistochemically for CD45, CD20, CD68, CD3 and CD56 and numbers were analysed semiquantitatively on a scale of 0-4. In many endometritis cases the overall number of leucocytes was increased. Furthermore, leucocytes were unusually distributed with a tendency to accumulate superficially beneath the endometrial surface. Whilst numbers of macrophages, T lymphocytes and endometrial granulated lymphocytes (uterine natural killer cells) did not differ between endometritis samples and controls, most endometritis cases contained a substantially increased number of B cells, which normally represent 1% or less of the endometrial leucocyte population. B lymphocytes were also observed in unusual locations such as intraepithelially and within glandular lumina. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that immunohistochemical characterization of endometrial leucocytes may be helpful in establishing a diagnosis of endometritis in equivocal cases.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1976

Some steroids in the blood of mares suffering from endometritis and post-partum mares as compared to normal cycling mares.

It appeared that in mares suffering from endometritis the concentrations of pregnenolone, of the compound "5.4", and of progesterone in the blood during the first 2 days of the heat period were significantly higher than in normal cycling mares, in which the concentrations of all steroids were less than or equal to 1 ng/ml. In five endometritis mares the "5.4" and progesterone concentrations decreased after the first days of the heat period, and at about two days before ovulation the values were comparable to those of normal cycling mares. Eight mares suffering from a severe endometritis did not ovulate, their oestrous period was prolonged, and the follicles became atretic. Possibly the relatively high progesterone content found in these mares, caused the reduction of the follicular growth, and this might explain the prolonged oestrous period which is observed in many mares suffering from endometritis. Often we observed in post-partum mares the same changes in concentration as in endometritis mares. An elevated level of these steroids was sometimes found in the blood a few days after foaling and, in four of eight post-partum mares, during the foal heat. Most probably this was caused by infection or stimulation of the uterus. The hypothesis is advanced that progesterone originating in the uterus can influence ovarian activity and that it may be one of the factors responsible for the anoestrous periods which can occur in mares with endometritis and in post-partum mares.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for post-cesarean endometritis.

Bacterial species associated with bacterial vaginosis have been isolated more frequently from endometrial cultures of patients with postpartum endometritis than expected from the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women. To further assess the association between bacterial vaginosis and postpartum endometritis, vaginal Gram smears were obtained from women admitted for delivery. Vaginal smears of women delivered by cesarean were scored as normal or as indicating bacterial vaginosis. Factors related independently to postpartum endometritis by multiple logistic regression analysis included maternal age less than 25 years, any duration of membrane rupture, and bacterial vaginosis. The unadjusted odds ratio for the development of postpartum endometritis associated with bacterial vaginosis (odds ratio = 6.1, 95% confidence interval 3.3-15.9) was not appreciably changed in the multivariable analysis (odds ratio = 5.8, 95% confidence interval 3.0-10.9) after adjusting for maternal age, duration of labor, and duration of membrane rupture. At the time of endometritis, Bacteroides sp, Peptostreptococcus sp, and Gardnerella vaginalis were isolated more frequently from the endometrium using a triple lumen endometrial sampling method among patients with bacterial vaginosis than among those with a normal Gram stain. Bacterial vaginosis appears to be an important risk factor for postpartum endometritis after cesarean delivery.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The relationship between surgeon experience and endometritis after cesarean section.

We studied 294 primary cesarean section and repeat cesarean section deliveries with premature rupture of membranes which occurred over a two year period to determine if an association existed between postoperative endometritis and the level of physician training. The results of preliminary analysis revealed that a relationship existed between the level of physician training and the presence of endometritis (p less than 0.01). Endometritis rates for patients under the care of attending physicians, chief residents and residents serving as the primary surgeon were six, 13 and 24 per cent, respectively. Stepwise discriminant function analysis allowed us to account for the contribution of independent risk factors for endometritis. When surgeon experience was evaluated with other risk factors, the presence of a resident serving as the lead surgeon and the age of the patient were the only significant predictors of endometritis (p = 0.046 and 0.007, respectively). The clinical and biologic relevance of the actual age difference between infected and noninfected patients (22 years for infected patients versus 25 years for noninfected patients) is not readily apparent. However, in this study, the identification of a resident acting as a lead surgeon has been shown to be a new independent risk factor for predicting endometritis. This study demonstrates the need for the evaluation of training programs for residents who serve as the principal surgeon for patients who underwent cesarean section.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[The significance of genital mycoplasmas in the etiology of puerperal endometritis].

The rate of genital Mycoplasma isolation from the uterine cavity was studied in 147 puerperae (80 ones with a normal course of the puerperium and 67 with acute postpartum endometritis). Mycoplasma were isolated from the metroaspirate in 11.3% of puerperae in whom the postpartum period ran a normal course; M. urealyticum were found in 8.8% and M. hominis in 2.5% of cases. In endometritis Mycoplasma were isolated from the infection focus 2.5 times more often, i.e. from 28.4% of patients with postpartum endometritis (M. urealyticum were detected in 9.0% and M. hominis in 19.4% of cases). Mycoplasma were the sole agents of endometritis in 9.0% of patients. Hysteroscopic and morphologic studies helped verify the contribution of genital Mycoplasma to the development of acute postpartum endometritis in 19.4% of the patients. Therefore, virtually every fifth patient with postpartum endometritis was in need of purposeful antimycoplasma therapy with tetracycline.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Identification and treatment of endometritis].

Endometritis represent a debatable entity because genital infectious disease is a contre-indication of endoscopy. So, the diagnosis is rarely realized by hysteroscopy. Two kinds of endometritis are discerned: acute endometritis characterized by an oedema of bleeding endometrium, covered by an abnormal mucus; chronic endometritis with areas of red endometrium, flushed, with a white central point, localized or scattered out the cavity. This is the "strawberry aspect". Whereas, the correlation between hysteroscopic aspect and histologic or bacteriologic samples exists in only 35% of cases. According to R. Frydman and J. Hamou, chronic endometritis is occurred among 22% of patients in IVF program, in 14% of unexplained infertility and 23.6% of women with an history of first trimester miscarriages. Chlamydiae an Ureaplasma seem to be the most frequent germs. In this way, in case of unexplained infertility, the hysteroscopic diagnosis of chronic endometritis can lead to an antibiotic treatment test.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Detection of chronic endometritis by diagnostic hysteroscopy in asymptomatic infertile patients.

Chronic endometritis has been related to infertility and recurrent abortion. It is usually asymptomatic, and the diagnosis is rarely clinically suspected. We performed a prospective study to evaluate both the role of diagnostic hysteroscopy in the detection of chronic endometritis in infertile patients and Chlamydia trachomatis is a potential etiologic factor. Fifty consecutive patients who sought treatment for infertility in a tertiary academic hospital were submitted to diagnostic hysteroscopy and an endometrial biopsy for histopathological study and for diagnosis of C. trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction. The patients' mean age was 33.7 +/- (SD) 5.4 years, and the duration of the couples' infertility ranged from 1 to 18 years. The overall prevalence of chronic endometritis was 12% (6 patients). Among all patients, no cases of chlamydial infection were detected by polymerase chain reaction. In the detection of chronic endometritis, with 95% confidence intervals, the hysteroscopy sensitivity was 16.7% (range 0.9-63,5%), the specificity was 93.2% (range 80.3-98.2%), the positive predictive value was 25% (range 1.3-78.1%), and the negative predictive value was 89.1% (range 65.6-95.9%). These data suggest that hysteroscopy is not useful in the screening for chronic endometritis in asymptomatic infertile women. Further studies are needed to establish the etiology of endometritis in infertile patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The association between manual removal of the placenta and postpartum endometritis following vaginal delivery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether manual removal of the placenta after vaginal delivery is a risk factor for postpartum endometritis. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of vaginal deliveries compared 1052 patients who had manual removal of the placenta with 1085 patients whose placentas delivered spontaneously. Subjects were selected randomly from the 25,687 vaginal deliveries at the University of Iowa Hospitals during 1979-1992. The presence of endometritis was determined using information in medical records. The data were analyzed using odds ratios (OR) and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: After controlling for confounding variables, manual removal of the placenta was associated with postpartum endometritis (adjusted OR 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-4.9). Other risk factors for endometritis included maternal age less than 17 years (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5-7.2), postpartum anemia (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.9-4.5), and membranes ruptured longer than 24 hours (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-4.3). CONCLUSION: Manual removal of the placenta is a risk factor for postpartum endometritis after vaginal delivery.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A comparison of once-daily and 8-hour gentamicin dosing in the treatment of postpartum endometritis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether once-daily gentamicin dosing is as effective as the traditional 8-hour regimen for the treatment of postpartum endometritis. METHODS: Postpartum women with endometritis were randomized to receive gentamicin 5 mg/kg as a single daily dose or 1.75 mg/kg every 8 hours. All subjects also received clindamycin. Each participant had a peak serum gentamicin level of at least 5.0 micrograms/mL within the first 24 hours. The dosing regimens were compared by analyzing the number of hours that patients were febrile, the length of hospital stay, occurrence of complications, pharmacy costs, and nursing time required to administer the regimens. RESULTS: The study group (n = 62) and the control group (n = 65) were similar in demographic characteristics and the presence of endometritis risk factors. No differences were found between the groups in the number of patients who completed therapy without complications, required changes in antibiotics, or required readmission for endometritis. The groups did not differ in the number of hours that patients remained febrile after the start of therapy or in the length of hospital stay. No patient in the study group had an initial peak serum concentration less than 5.0 micrograms/mL, whereas 24 patients in the control group had initial peak serum concentrations less than 5.0 micrograms/mL and required dose adjustment, a statistically significant difference (P < .001). Pharmacy costs averaged $16.12 +/- 5.68 for the study group and $41.75 +/- 17.41 for the control group, also a significant difference (P < .001). Nurse tasking time averaged 13.62 +/- 2.56 minutes for the study group and 28.06 +/- 8.77 minutes for the control group (P < .001). CONCLUSION: In patients with postpartum endometritis, once-daily gentamicin dosing provides consistently high peak serum levels of gentamicin, requires less nurse tasking time, costs less, and is as effective as the 8-hour dosing regimen.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Association of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis with endometrial microbial colonization and plasma cell endometritis in nonpregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine whether asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis (BV) is associated with an increased risk of endometrial microbial colonization or plasma cell endometritis in nonpregnant women. STUDY DESIGN: In this observational cohort study conducted between August 1995 and August 2001, microbial cultures (n = 769) and histopathology (n = 482) were performed on endometrial specimens obtained from women with a recent preterm or term delivery (83 +/- 16 days). Endometritis was defined as the presence of plasma cells. BV was defined using Amsel and Nugent criteria. RESULTS: The study population was 71% black, 29% white, 69% single, and 31% had 12 years or more of education. Endometrial cultures were positive for at least 1 microorganism in 83% (n = 637/769) of the women and plasma cell endometritis was present in 39% (n = 190/482). BV was present in 26% (n = 191/722) by Amsel and 38% (n = 289/769) by Nugent criteria. Women with Nugent-BV (RR [relative risk] = 1.12, 95% CI 1.05-1.19) but not Amsel-BV (RR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.00-1.13) were significantly more likely to have a positive endometrial culture. A consistent and significant association was observed between BV (by Amsel or Nugent criteria) and an increased frequency of endometrial colonization with BV-associated microorganisms grouped and defined in various ways (RR ranged from 1.96-4.22). No association between BV and plasma cell endometritis was observed. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic BV is associated with a modest increased likelihood of endometrial microbial colonization and colonization by BV-associated bacteria but is not associated with plasma cell endometritis in nonpregnant women.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The effect of a single administration of cephapirin or cloprostenol on the reproductive performance of dairy cows with subclinical endometritis.

This study examined the effect of a single administration of cephapirin iu or cloprostenol im on the reproductive performance of dairy cows with subclinical endometritis. Cows (n = 228) at 20-33 days in milk (DIM) from two commercial dairy farms, determined to be normal for clinical endometritis (based on absence of abnormal uterine discharge on vaginoscopic examination) were enrolled. At enrollment, a thorough reproductive examination was performed, including rectal palpation, ultrasonography (US) and endometrial cytology (EC). The case definition for subclinical endometritis was the presence of >18% neutrophils on EC examination or fluid in uterus (FIU) on US examination. All cows were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments: 500 mg benzathine cephapirin iu, 500 microg cloprostenol im, or control (no treatment). Reproductive performance was monitored for a minimum of 8 months after treatment. Cows with subclinical endometritis treated with cephapirin or cloprostenol had a significantly increased relative pregnancy rate compared to control [hazard ratios 1.89 (P = 0.01) and 1.70 (P = 0.05), respectively]. In conclusion, a single treatment with cephapirin or cloprostenol at 20-33 DIM significantly improved the reproductive performance of cows with subclinical endometritis.

Animals↗