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PubMed2000

Emotion regulation in the workplace: a new way to conceptualize emotional labor.

The topic of emotions in the workplace is beginning to garner closer attention by researchers and theorists. The study of emotional labor addresses the stress of managing emotions when the work role demands that certain expressions be shown to customers. However, there has been no overarching framework to guide this work, and the previous studies have often disagreed on the definition and operationalization of emotional labor. The purposes of this article are as follows: to review and compare previous perspectives of emotional labor, to provide a definition of emotional labor that integrates these perspectives, to discuss emotion regulation as a guiding theory for understanding the mechanisms of emotional labor, and to present a model of emotional labor that includes individual differences (such as emotional intelligence) and organizational factors (such as supervisor support).

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Emotion processing in chimeric faces: hemispheric asymmetries in expression and recognition of emotions.

Since the discovery of facial asymmetries in emotional expressions of humans and other primates, hypotheses have related the greater left-hemiface intensity to right-hemispheric dominance in emotion processing. However, the difficulty of creating true frontal views of facial expressions in two-dimensional photographs has confounded efforts to better understand the phenomenon. We have recently described a method for obtaining three-dimensional photographs of posed and evoked emotional expressions and used these stimuli to investigate both intensity of expression and accuracy of recognizing emotion in chimeric faces constructed from only left- or right-side composites. The participant population included 38 (19 male, 19 female) African-American, Caucasian, and Asian adults. They were presented with chimeric composites generated from faces of eight actors and eight actresses showing four emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, and fear, each in posed and evoked conditions. We replicated the finding that emotions are expressed more intensely in the left hemiface for all emotions and conditions, with the exception of evoked anger, which was expressed more intensely in the right hemiface. In contrast, the results indicated that emotional expressions are recognized more efficiently in the right hemiface, indicating that the right hemiface expresses emotions more accurately. The double dissociation between the laterality of expression intensity and that of recognition efficiency supports the notion that the two kinds of processes may have distinct neural substrates. Evoked anger is uniquely expressed more intensely and accurately on the side of the face that projects to the viewer's right hemisphere, dominant in emotion recognition.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[French translation and validation of Izard's differential emotion scale. Study of the verbal qualification of emotions].

This work presents the validation of a French version of the emotional self rating scale by Izard (Differential Emotion Scale). This scale is based on the theory of the Discrete Emotions which proposes the existence of ten fundamental emotions. This self-rating scale consists of thirty emotional adjectives (three for each emotion). The validation was done by using a non inductive method (by asking the subject to describe his present emotional state) with 84 control subjects. It shows that this version is valid. Main results are first the binarisation of the emotions (positive and negative), then the existence of complex factors with psychopathological meaning after factorial analysis. These results are in agreement with a theory of expressive emotional levels more than with the theory of discrete emotions in psychopathology.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Mother-child dialogue about emotions and preschoolers' emotional competence.

Conversations about emotions between preschoolers and their mothers constitute an important form of shared meaning. As groundwork for a child's developing theory of mind, such conversations are expected to predict aspects of children's emotional competence. Forty-seven preschoolers and their mothers looked at a picturebook in which characters displayed emotions on almost every page; although the emotions were central to the plot, it was up to each mother and child (dyad) whether to discuss them or not. Conversations were transcribed and coded for frequency and function of emotional language as well as for specific emotions to which both mother and child referred. In general, mothers talked more than their children did about emotions, yet the frequency of emotional utterances that served as simple comments or to guide the other's behavior did not differ for mothers and children. As expected, patterns of emotional language of mothers and children were related to indices of positive social-emotional development.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2002

Parents' emotional availability and infant emotional competence: predictors of parent-infant attachment and emerging self-regulation.

One-year-old infants (N = 62) and their mothers and fathers were observed in free play and teaching sessions in order to examine parents' emotional availability and the infant's emotional competence. Mothers were more emotionally available than fathers, and infants exhibited more effortful attention with mothers than with fathers. Similar relations between parental emotional availability and infant emotional competence were found for mother-infant and father-infant dyads. Change in parental emotional availability covaried with change in infant emotional competence. Individual differences in parental emotional availability and infant emotional competence were more consistent across contexts than across parents. Infant effortful attention at 12 months was a mediator between maternal emotional availability at 12 months and toddler situational compliance at 16 months.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Discrete emotions and persuasion: the role of emotion-induced expectancies.

The authors argue that specific emotions can alter the persuasive impact of messages as a function of the emotional framing of persuasive appeals. Because specific emotions inflate expectancies for events possessing matching emotional overtones (D. DeSteno, R. E. Petty, D. T. Wegener, & D. D. Rucker, 2000), the authors predicted that attempts at persuasion would be more successful when messages were framed with emotional overtones matching the emotional state of the receiver and that these changes would be mediated by emotion-induced biases involving expectancies attached to arguments contained in the messages. Two studies manipulating discrete negative emotional states and message frames (i.e., sadness and anger) confirmed these predictions. The functioning of this emotion-matching bias in parallel with emotion-induced processing differences and the limitations of a valence-based approach to the study of attitude change are also considered.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Preference for current mood, anticipated emotional reaction, and experienced emotional reaction.

Two experiments investigated how preference for emotions is related to valence and activation of current mood, anticipated emotional reaction, and experienced emotional reaction. In Experiment 1, 40 undergraduates on one occasion rated valence and activation of and preference for their emotional reaction to an aircraft noise, then on a later occasion rated valence and activation of and preference for their recalled or anticipated emotional reaction to the same aircraft noise. On both occasions they also rated valence and activation of current mood. In Experiment 2, another 40 undergraduates rated valence and activation of current mood followed by ratings of preference for and valence and activation of anticipated emotional reaction to descriptions of familiar emotion-eliciting situations. The results showed that preference is related to valence and activation of current mood, anticipated emotional reaction, or experienced emotional reaction. The valence of current mood was also found to influence preference for anticipated and experienced emotions.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Preschoolers' emotional control in the disappointment paradigm and its relation to temperament, emotional knowledge, and family expressiveness.

The present research evaluated a conceptual model that links temperament, emotional knowledge, and family expressiveness to preschoolers' emotion regulation ability. The emotional understanding of 82 preschoolers was assessed with 2 separate tasks. After the second emotional knowledge task, the children were presented a "disappointing" prize, and their facial displays of positive and negative affect were recorded. The children and their mothers also participated in a game designed to elicit maternal expressive behavior. Mothers provided information about the preschoolers' temperament and about the frequency of positive and negative affect expressed within their families. Results indicated that children's positive displays when presented the "disappointing" prize were inversely related to the temperamental dimension of emotional intensity and positively associated with children's understanding of emotion. Maternal reports of sadness within the family were inversely related to children's positive affective displays. Children's negative emotional displays in the disappointment situation were inversely related to observed maternal positive emotion. The findings from this study give greater specification to the unique and joint contributions of temperament, emotional knowledge, and family expressiveness in predicting preschoolers' expressive control of emotion.

Affect↗

PubMed2002

Family expressiveness and parental emotion coaching: their role in children's emotion regulation and aggression.

In this study, we explored the relations between positive and negative family expressiveness, parental emotion coaching, child emotion regulation, and child aggression. The sample included 120 fourth-grade children and their mothers. Mothers completed the Emotion Regulation Checklist, the Family Expressiveness Questionnaire, and a portion of the meta-emotion interview to assess their awareness and acceptance of, and instruction in managing their child's anger and sadness (3 dimensions of parental emotion coaching). Teachers rated each child's aggression and completed the Emotion Regulation Checklist for each child. The 3 dimensions of parental emotion coaching and positive and negative family expressiveness were not directly related to child aggression. However, both negative family expressiveness and the mother's acceptance of the child's negative emotions were indirectly related to child aggression through the child's emotion regulation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Cultural affordances and emotional experience: socially engaging and disengaging emotions in Japan and the United States.

The authors hypothesized that whereas Japanese culture encourages socially engaging emotions (e.g., friendly feelings and guilt), North American culture fosters socially disengaging emotions (e.g., pride and anger). In two cross-cultural studies, the authors measured engaging and disengaging emotions repeatedly over different social situations and found support for this hypothesis. As predicted, Japanese showed a pervasive tendency to reportedly experience engaging emotions more strongly than they experienced disengaging emotions, but Americans showed a reversed tendency. Moreover, as also predicted, Japanese subjective well-being (i.e., the experience of general positive feelings) was more closely associated with the experience of engaging positive emotions than with that of disengaging emotions. Americans tended to show the reversed pattern. The established cultural differences in the patterns of emotion suggest the consistent and systematic cultural shaping of emotion over time.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1983

Emotional reactivity, emotional eating, and obesity: a naturalistic study.

Laboratory studies indicate that obese individuals are more emotionally reactive and more likely to overeat when distressed than are those of normal weight. These studies were conducted under highly artificial conditions, however, and their generality outside of the laboratory remains largely untested. The present study compared the emotional reactivity and emotional eating of normal and overweight female college students in the natural environment. Subjects self-monitored their food intake and mood just prior to each instance of eating for 12 consecutive days. The results indicated that obese subjects were more emotionally reactive and more likely to engage in emotional eating than normals, but these findings applied only to snacks, not to meals. Correlational analyses indicated that emotional distress associated with snacks and emotional eating associated with both snacks and meals were related to subjects' percentage overweight. The two groups did not differ on any measure of positive emotions of consumption following positive emotions, nor were these two variables related to percentage overweight. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are briefly discussed.

Affective Symptoms↗

PubMed1987

Facial reactions, autonomic activity and experienced emotion: a three component model of emotional conditioning.

The present study was designed to evaluate whether aversively conditioned responses to facial stimuli are detectable in all three components of the emotional response system, i.e. the expressive/behavioral, the physiological/autonomic and the cognitive/experienced component of emotion. Two groups of subjects were conditioned to angry or happy facial expression stimuli using a 100 dB noise as UCS in a differential aversive conditioning paradigm. The three components of the emotional response system were measured as: Facial-EMG reactions (corrugator and zygomatic muscle regions); autonomic activity (skin conductance, SCR; SCR half recovery time, T/2; heart rate, HR); and ratings of experienced emotion. It was found that responses in all components of the emotional response system were detectable in the angry group as greater EMG and autonomic resistance to extinction and greater self-reported fear. More specifically the angry group showed a resistant conditioning effect for the facial-EMG corrugator muscle that was accompanied by resistant conditioning for SCR frequency, slower SCR recovery, resistant conditioning in HR and a higher self-reported fear than the happy group. Thus, aversive conditioning to angry facial stimuli induce a uniform negative emotional response pattern as indicated by all three components of the emotional response system. These data suggest that a negative 'affect program' triggers responses in the different emotional components. The results suggest that human subjects are biologically prepared to react with a negative emotion to angry facial stimuli.

Anger↗

PubMed2005

How do we modulate our emotions? Parametric fMRI reveals cortical midline structures as regions specifically involved in the processing of emotional valences.

One of the major problems in affective neuroscience of healthy subjects as well as of patients with emotional dysfunctions is to disentangle emotional core functions and non-emotional processes. Emotional valence is considered an emotional key process. The present study employed a parametric functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to address this question. Thirteen healthy volunteers were scanned during emotional stimulus processing (International Affective Picture System). The presented pictures covered the entire range of emotional valences. The fMRI data were consecutively subjected to a preliminary categorical (valence-independent) and a detailed parametric analysis, the latter using individual valence ratings as regressor. The parametric analysis revealed a linear valence-dependent modulation of the BOLD signal in the orbito- and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC, DMPFC), medial parietal cortex (MPC), and insula. In addition, we observed that emotional valence exerts its effects predominantly via modulation of signal decreases. We conclude that the psychological concept of emotional valence may be related to neural processing in cortical midline regions.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Beyond emotion archetypes: databases for emotion modelling using neural networks.

There has been rapid development in conceptions of the kind of database that is needed for emotion research. Familiar archetypes are still influential, but the state of the art has moved beyond them. There is concern to capture emotion as it occurs in action and interaction ('pervasive emotion') as well as in short episodes dominated by emotion, and therefore in a range of contexts, which shape the way it is expressed. Context links to modality-different contexts favour different modalities. The strategy of using acted data is not suited to those aims, and has been supplemented by work on both fully natural emotion and emotion induced by various technique that allow more controlled records. Applications for that kind of work go far beyond the 'trouble shooting' that has been the focus for application: 'really natural language processing' is a key goal. The descriptions included in such a database ideally cover quality, emotional content, emotion-related signals and signs, and context. Several schemes are emerging as candidates for describing pervasive emotion. The major contemporary databases are listed, emphasising those which are naturalistic or induced, multimodal, and influential.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed2006

The interaction of emotional and cognitive neural systems in emotionally guided response inhibition.

The ability to generate appropriate responses in social situations often requires the integration of emotional information conveyed through facial expressions with ongoing cognitive processes. Neuroimaging studies have begun to address how cognitive and emotional neural systems interact, but most of these studies have used emotional oddball stimuli as distractors in order to dissociate emotional from cognitive neural systems. Therefore, the manner in which these systems interact when behavioral responses must be directly guided by the emotional content of stimuli remains elusive. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural systems involved in response inhibition for faces conveying particular emotions. Participants performed go/no-go tasks involving either letters or happy and sad faces. The fMRI results indicated that inhibiting responses to emotional faces activated inferior frontal/insular cortex, whereas response inhibition during the letter task did not strongly engage this region. In addition, distinct regions of ventral anterior cingulate were preferentially activated for sad faces in the go and no-go conditions. These findings suggest that inhibition within an emotional context recruits a distinct set of brain regions that includes areas beyond those normally activated by response inhibition tasks and that can be modulated by emotional valence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Episodic memory for emotional and non-emotional words in individuals with anhedonia.

Anhedonia is a symptom that plays a significant role in theories of illness such as depression and schizophrenia. Some previous research suggests that participants who report high levels of social/physical anhedonia also show deficits in both self-report and physiological measures of emotional processing, particularly for measures of emotional valence as compared with emotional arousal. Little is known about memory for emotionally valenced information or how this might be related to emotional processing in anhedonia. Participants were 391 undergraduate students participating for course credit. We administered an incidental encoding task that required participants to rate emotional words on both valence and arousal dimensions. We then administered surprise recall and recognition tasks to all participants. Results indicated that higher levels of physical and social anhedonia were associated with attenuated valence ratings of emotional words but did not influence arousal ratings or the memory pattern for emotionally valenced information. These findings suggest that there is some reduction in emotional experience in individuals with anhedonia, but that this reduction does not appear to produce a deficit in memory performance, perhaps due to the intact experience of arousal.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Mixed emotions: alcoholics' impairments in the recognition of specific emotional facial expressions.

Facial expression recognition is a central feature of emotional and social behaviour and previous studies have found that alcoholics are impaired in this skill when presented with single emotions of differing intensities. The aim of this study was to explore biases in alcoholics' recognition of emotions when they were a mixture of two closely related emotions. The amygdala is intimately involved in encoding of emotions, especially those related to fear. In animals an increased number of withdrawals from alcohol leads to increased seizure sensitivity associated with facilitated transmission in the amygdala and related circuits. A further objective therefore was to explore the effect of previous alcohol detoxifications on the recognition of emotional facial expressions. Fourteen alcoholic inpatients were compared with 14 age and sex matched social drinking controls. They were asked to rate how much of each of six emotions (happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, disgust and anger) were present in morphed pictures portraying a mix of two of those emotions. The alcoholic group showed enhanced fear responses to all of the pictures compared to the controls and showed a different pattern of responding on anger and disgust. There were no differences between groups on decoding of sad, happy and surprised expressions. In addition the enhanced fear recognition found in the alcoholic group was related to the number of previous detoxifications. These results provide further evidence for impairment in facial expression recognition present in alcoholic patients. In addition, since the amygdala has been associated with the processing of facial expressions of emotion, particularly those of fear, the present data furthermore suggest that previous detoxifications may be related to changes within the amygdala.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Facial mimicry and emotional contagion to dynamic emotional facial expressions and their influence on decoding accuracy.

The present study had the goal to assess whether individuals mimic and show emotional contagion in response to relatively weak and idiosyncratic dynamic facial expressions of emotions similar to those encountered in everyday life. Furthermore, the question of whether mimicry leads to emotional contagion and in turn facilitates emotion recognition was addressed. Forty-one female participants rated a series of short video clips of stimulus persons expressing anger, sadness, disgust, and happiness regarding the emotions expressed. An unobtrusive measure of emotional contagion was taken. Evidence for mimicry was found for all types of expressions. Furthermore, evidence for emotional contagion of happiness and sadness was found. Mediational analyses could not confirm any relation between mimicry and emotional contagion nor between mimicry and emotion recognition.

Adult↗