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PubMed1979

Retention of cadmium in the duodenum of the rat following oral administration.

The retention of cadmium in selected organs of the rat was studied following oral administration of the metal in the form of a carrier-free tracer and also as cadmium chloride. These 2 contrasting approaches (only the second being toxic) resulted in a similar retention pattern in the tissues. Both the cadmium burden and retention was greatest in the duodenum, followed by the kidney and the liver. This retention of cadmium in the duodenum following oral administration is relevant to the toxic effects of this metal associated with imparied calcium absorption in the intestine.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

The contribution of protozoa to the protein entering the duodenum of sheep.

1. Four sheep, each fitted with a rumen fistula and a re-entrant cannula at the proximal duodenum were fed a semi-purified diet containing urea as the only nitrogen source. The quantities of total protozoal amino acid-N (TPAN) present in the rumen and entering the duodenum were determined when the mean rumen dilution rate (D) was low (0.034/h) and when D was increased to 0.078/h by the intraruminal infusion of artificial saliva. 2. Increasing the dilution rate had no significant effect upon the proportions of TPAN present in the total microbial amino-acid-N (TMAN) of the rumen fluid and duodenal digesta. With both dilution rates the mean proportion of TPAN in the duodenal TMAN (0.24) was markedly less than the equivalent proportion (0.45) found in the rumen fluid. 3. The daily flow of TPAN, as measured at the duodenal cannula at both dilution rates were equivalent to only 41% of the flow of TPAN as predicted from measurements of rumen outflow, indicating that a substantial proportion of rumen protozoal protein was retained within the rumen.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1977

Regional localization of activity of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin in the rabbit ileum, jejunum, and duodenum.

Rabbit ileal, jejunal, and duodenal loops were exposed to purified enterotoxin from Clostridium perfringens type A and then perfused for comparative analysis of effects of the enterotoxin on each region of the intestine. Ileal loops responded with enhanced net secretion of fluid and sodium, inhibition of chloride and glucose uptake, and substantial sloughing of epithelial cells. The jejunum responded with fluid secretion, enhancement of sodium secretion only during the first 20 min, inhibition of chloride and glucose uptake, and substantial sloughing of epithelial cells. In the duodenum, transport of fluid, sodium, and chloride was significantly altered only during the first 20 min of perfusion, and significant inhibition of glucose uptake varied from one period to another. Epithelial damage was much less than that seen in the jejunum or ileum. Levels of fluid protein in all three sections corresponded closely to extent of tissue damage. In general, it was found that the severity of response to fixed doses of enterotoxin varied as follows: ileum greater than jejunum greater than duodenum.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Visualization of the longitudinal fold of the duodenum by computed tomography.

The longitudinal fold of the duodenum can be visualized by computed tomography (CT). Visualization of the fold helps localize the hepatopancreatic duct entrance into the duodenum. Many pathological processes of the head of the pancreas such as pancreatitis or malignancy can produce swelling involving the longitudinal fold, which can be visualized by CT.

Ampulla of Vater↗
PubMed1975

Mechanisms of disposal of acid and alkali in rabbit duodenum.

Stripped duodenal mucosa of rabbits was mounted in Ussing chambers containing a Ringer solution gassed with 100% O2. The disappearance of acid or alkali from the mucosal solution of short-circuited tissue was measured with a pH stat while the serosal pH was kept at 7.4. The duodenum rapidly disposed of both acid and alkali; neither property was altered by gassing with N2 while iodoacetate was in the perfusing solutions. Prevention of release of CO2 from the mucosal chamber obliterated the early rapid phase of acid disposal by the mucosa while a similar maneuver in the serosal chamber increased the appearance of serosal acid without altering the rate of acid disposal. Gut sacs of rabbit duodenum in vitro and in vivo showed a positive correlation between acid disposal and the rate of luminal CO2 production. While acid disposal progressively decreased with time for the in vitro gut sacs, the in vivo gut sac showed no fatigue in this respect. Luminal acidification in the Ussing chamber was associated with a profound reduction in short-circuit current (Isc), partially reversible by elevation of the mucosal pH but not by luminal glucose. Our data suggest that acid disposal occurs in part by intraluminal neutralization and in part by diffusion into the mucosa.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1979

Physiological significance of secretin in the pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. I. Responsiveness of the secretin-releasing system in the upper duodenum.

In nine normal subjects intraduodenal pH was measured by means of a glass electrode placed in the passage from the first to the second part of the duodenum. The physiological variations in pH were simulated by intraduodenal injection of 2.5, 5, or 10 ml of 0.1 mol x 1(-1) HCl and subsequent neutralization by injection of bicarbonate. A total of 26 injections of acid was followed by a pH spike from a median pH of 7.0 to a median of pH 2.1 Median spike duration was 45 sec. The concentration of secretin in plasma increased from a median of 1.2 pmol x 1(-1) to a peak value of 2.2 pmol x 1(-1) after 4 min. It is concluded that the secretin response to a brief acidification of the first 4--6 cm of the duodenum is sufficient to explain the physiological variations in the concentration of secretin in human plasma.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed1979

[Effects of precursors and metabolites of catecholamines on motricity of isolated rat duodenum. Particular reference to dopamine].

Studying the effects, on the isolated rat duodenum motricity, of ten compounds precursors or metabolites of catecholamines, the following results were obtained: The direct metabolites of epinephrine and norepinephrine (metanephrine, normetanephrine), are either ineffective at concentrations below 5 X 10(-6) M, or weakly inhibitory at higher concentrations. Such inhibitory effects are prevented by alpha- and beta-blockers. 3-methoxy, 4-hydroxyphenylglycol and vanylmandelic acid have no significant effect. The catecholamine precursor, dopamine, the related compounds DOPA, 3 methoxytyramine, and to a lesser extent, 3-O methyl DOPA and homovanillic acid, have excito-motor effects at concentrations ranging mainly from 10(-7) M to 10(-5) M. At higher concentrations, the same compounds frequently exhibit inhibitory effects. The excito-motor effects might be due to a serotoninergic mechanism, since they are suppressed by the serotoninergic blocking agents methysergide and cyproheptadine. Furthermore, in the case of DOPA, we were able to establish a relationship between the excito-motor effects and duodenal serotonin stores. As for the inhibitory effects, they may be prevented by using alpha and beta blocking agents. Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid has no effect on the isolated rat duodenum motricity. The fact that dopamine and related compounds may have excitomotor effects at some concentrations, correlated with some physiopathological observations in man and animal allows some considerations about the eventual role of dopamine on intestinal motricity.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Conduction of activity between muscles in the terminal region of the common bile duct and in the neighboring duodenum.

The relationship between muscle activity at the terminal region of the common bile duct and the duodenal muscle was examined in rabbits. The rhythmic muscle activity in the terminal region was synchronous with duodenal muscle activity. The activity of the latter muscle preceded the former. The activity at the terminal region synchronous with the rhythmic activity of the duodenal muscle sometimes disappeared spontaneously. The muscle activity of the ampulla and the spincter at the terminal region was sometimes independently lost. The conduction of excitation from the duodenal muscle to the terminal region appeared to be performed at several sites. The existence of a "conduction-shunt path" between the terminal region and the duodenum, as well as between the ampulla and the sphincter appeared probably. Some quantitative differences were found between the spincter, ampulla and duodenum in inhibitory effects to stimulation of splanchnic nerves and reflex effects and to excitatory effects of cholecystokinin-pancreoxymin and caerulein. These results seem to indicate that the sympathetic nerves and the intramural cholinergic neurones controlling these region carry out activities quantitatively different from each other.

Ampulla of Vater↗
PubMed1978

[Research on the mechanism of the motor action of dopamine on in vitro isolated rat duodenum].

The study of the direct action of dopamine on the rat duodenum serotoninergic receptors and the parallelism of the results obtained with the motricity curves of this organ in vitro allows us to conclude that dopamine recognizes serotoninergic receptors : the excito- motor effect observed with certain dopamine concentrations on the isolated rat duodenum may be attributed to this action of dopamine on serotoninergic receptors. These results seem in agreement with the observations of other authors.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A preliminary study of scanning electron microscopic changes of the duodenum during healing of duodenal ulcers.

Using the scanning electron microscope, changes in the rat duodenum have been studied during the healing of gastric secretagogue-induced duodenal ulcers on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 10th days post-infustion. A montage technique with fine resolution has allowed both the entire area of the duodenum and the cellular organization in individual villi in proximity to the ulcers to be investigated. There was a considerable range of appearances noted at any one time point due to the variations in the size and depth of the original area of ulceration. On day 1, there was acute destruction of the mucosal surface with distortion of the villi at the ulcer margin. By the 3rd day, some specimens already showed full epithelialization over the defects whereas others up to day 10 revealed persistent areas of ulceration. Occasional specimens showed areas suggestive of gastric surface metaplasia on the villous surface adjacent to these ulcers.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Ultrastructural localization of adrenergic nerve terminals in the circular muscle layer and muscularis mucosae of the rat duodenum after acute treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine.

The ultrastructure of the intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the circular muscle coat and muscularis mucosae of rat duodenum has been studied following acute treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Adrenergic terminals were found among intramuscular nerve bundles. They were most numerous in the outer layer of the circular coat, where close neuromuscular contacts were commonly encountered. Adrenergic terminals also innervated the inner layer of the circular coat and the muscularis mucosae, where only wide neuromuscular contacts have been found. The evidence suggests that smooth muscle cells in the rat duodenum may be directly influenced by adrenergic nerves.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1978

Factors affecting delivery of bile to the duodenum in man.

Studies utilizing balloon-occludable T or duodenal tubes in subjects with and without gallbladders were undertaken to identify the contribution of the gallbladder, the sphincter of Oddi, and bile salts to the delivery of bile to the duodenum. Patients with and without a functional sphincter of Oddi and with and without a gallbladder were compared. The presence of a functional sphincter of Oddi in duodenal tube patients reduced bile salt output by more than 67% from that observed in T-tube patients. When cholecystectomized and normal patients were compared using the duodenal tube, peak bile salt output was significantly increased in normal subjects, reflecting gallbladder contraction, but total bile salt output was not significantly increased suggesting that the gallbladder has a minor role in bile delivery. Exogenous infusion of cholecystokinin produced much more stable bile secretion than did endogenous release of cholecystokinin by intraduodenal infusion of essential amino acids. This rhythmic release of bile after endogenous cholecystokinin release was related to the concentration of bile salts in the intestinal lumen. Thus, delivery of bile to the duodenum is wave-like and is predominantly controlled by the sphincter of Oddi.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Morphology of the liver and duodenum in excluded small intestine].

The results of light microscope and ultrastructural examinations of the liver and duodenum when the small intestine was excluded from the food passage. Along-side with liver steatosis and focal hyperplasia of endocrine cells, an unknown type of cell elements was discovered in duodenal glands most likely related to the humoral regulation of the functional activity of the digestive organs. The leading role of disregeneratory processes in cyst formation in the stomach and duodenum is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[The duodenum : a psychosomatic organ? (author's transl)].

A pressure-captor tube was inserted into the duodenum close to the ampulla of Vater in 15 surgical patients. The authors present a selection of 12 pressure curves under different circumstances : sleep, awake, meal, psychological agression, physical agression, pharmacological agression. The curves indicate that the duodenum reflects a psychosomatic structure in terms of its motricity, which could explain various aspects of gastric or biliary pathology.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Primary cancer of the duodenum].

8 patients with primary carcinoma of the duodenum were operated upon: 3 pancreatoduodenal resections were carried out upon 3 patients. 1 patient underwent duodenectomy, the rest were mitigating and exploratory interventions. There were no fatal outcomes after radical interventions. The authors believe that radical operations for carcinoma of the duodenum allow to look forward to a longlasting cure.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Retroperitoneal injuries of the duodenum].

8 observations over a closed trauma of the retroperitoneal portion of the duodenum are presented; 3 patients out of them sustained combined traumas. Only in 2 cases the rupture of the peritoneal portion of the duodenum was suspected before operation. In 4 patients the diagnosis was established in time of laparotomy, in 2 cases the rupture was recognized at the repeated laparotomy. As a rule each operation terminated in a drainage of the retroperitoneal space through the lumbar region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Use of the duodenum in demolition surgery of the stomach. Reconversion gastroduodenostomy in post-resection syndromes following Billroth II operations].

Stress is laid on the importance in digestive and absorptive physiology. The methods used for the re-insertion of the duodenum in the digestive circuit in the surgical correction of servious post-Billroth II syndromes are explained. Direct duodenal reconversion by means of the transformation of gastrojejunostomy into gastroduodenostomy is recommended in the light of results obtained in 25 cases of p.o.p.u., dumping syndrome, inflammation of the anastomosis, and ALS. It is suggested that jejunal interposition should be kept for cases in which the particular shortness of the gastric stump makes simple re-insertion of the duodenum into the stomach impracticable.

Duodenum↗