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Exploring the schizophrenic experience with the use of hypnosis.
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Interpreting subtle inconsistency: a developmental-clinical perspective.
The meaning attributed to subtle inconsistent messages by outpatient clinical and nonclinical adolescents was studied. The verbal and nonverbal cues used to attribute this meaning were also studied. Both groups attributed meaning to consistent messages accurately and without hesitation and attributed meaning to subtle inconsistent messages with much less consensus and clarity. The clinical group used a verbal focus at times and a nonverbal one at other times to interpret consistent and inconsistent messages that were indicative of a developmentally transitional phase. Nonclinical adolescents always used a nonverbal focus to interpret consistent and inconsistent messages in a developmentally age-appropriate manner.
Beckett, Sarraute, and the perceptual experience of schizophrenia.
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Structural analysis of differentiation failure.
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Gregory Bateson (1904-1980): a reappraisal.
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Nurses and physicians on nutritional support: a comparison.
During the last decade, several court cases have focused attention on the moral and legal aspects of withholding or withdrawing food and fluids from certain patients. The courts have not been unanimous in their judgements on these matters. In attempting to explore this issue, this article reviews both the nursing and medical literature on the withdrawing and withholding of food and fluids with particular attention to empirical studies. Several themes which emerge from the literature are used to explore the similarities and differences between the practices of nursing and medicine where nutritional support is concerned.
The family's contribution to the etiology of schizophrenia: current status.
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Semantic barriers to family and professional collaboration.
Mental health professionals have begun to show interest in working collaboratively with families of mentally ill people in the interest of the patient's well-being. Many professionals are aware, however, that considerable alienation exists. One source of difficulty may be the language used to describe families. Drawing from the field of general semantics, the author examines recent writings for examples of language that may appear confusing or offensive to families. It was found that difficulties result from professionals' tendencies to confuse fact with inference, to stereotype families by placing them in either/or categories, to use judgmental language, and to use language of control that contradicts their goals of collaboration or partnership.
Continuum versus dichotomy in theories of schizophrenia.
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Nurses' view of the family in psychiatric care.
AIMS: The aim of this study is to examine nurses' view of the family in psychiatric care. BACKGROUND: The families of people who are mentally ill carry a heavy burden. Research has shown that they experience sorrow, shame and guilt. They are often involved in informal caring and there is evidence of families playing an important role in the recovery of the patient. In spite of this, a great deal could still be made to create more family-oriented care. This development depends to a large extent on nurses' view of involving families in the care and the perceived value of family-oriented work. METHOD: Four focus groups, with four to six carers in each group, were conducted. The recorded focus groups lasted 75-90 minutes and the data were transcribed and interpreted using content analysis. RESULTS: The results present four themes: compassion for and understanding of close relatives, the carer as the recipient of negative feelings, difficulties and dilemmas in the meeting with close relatives and preconceptions of mental illnesses in the family and in society. The results were interpreted as meaning that the carers found themselves in something that can be described as a double-bind situation. CONCLUSION: From analysis and interpretation, the conclusion is drawn that improved communication between nurses, patients and families could be a way to resolve the double-bind situation. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: To promote family health and also improve things for the patient, it can be argued, from the results of this study, that nurses should carefully consider whether and how to involve family members in care.
Family therapy for the historian?--The case of William James.
Family therapists disagree over the utility of historical reconstruction for treatment. Following either a behavioral or a psychoanalytic paradigm, theorists insist that history is irrelevant or essential to the treatment process. This paper demonstrates how a variety of family therapy concepts were used in his historical research into the life of the family of William James, the American psychologist and philosopher (1842-1910). This is offered as evidence both that family theory has a contribution to make to the writing of history and that the historical process is important to family therapy. It is suggested that clinical actuality calls forth interventions within both paradigms, often by the same therapist with the same family. The alternatives need not be mutually exclusive, though theory-building is clarified by talking as if the therapist were confronted by an either/or choice.
Some conceptual distinctions are more useful than others.
Useful distinctions in conceptual schemes lead to explanatory or descriptive metaphors that have a clear form. Muddles, on the other hand, are created when useful distinctions that could be drawn are not or when an unnecessary distinction is drawn. The field of family therapy, now involved in an explicit epistemological and paradigmatic shift, has various muddles of each kind. The purpose of this essay is to describe some of these muddles and to suggest that making a distinction between "the study of the family-as-a-system" and "the study of family-therapy-as-a-system" leads to some useful and clear metaphors.
Paradoxes, double binds, and reflexive loops: an alternative theoretical perspective.
This article presents a new theory of reflexivity in systems of social meaning and action. It is argued that Russell's Theory of Logical Types, which formed the basis of the early work of the Palo Alto group, rests upon an inappropriate and largely outdated epistemology. The theory offered here rejects the assumption that reflexivity and paradox are coterminous. It is further argued that reflexivity is a natural and necessary feature of human systems of meaning. New analytic tools are offered for discerning problematic from nonproblematic reflexive loops. The new tools take the form of a symbol that can be used to represent the rules that organize reflexive relationships. The theory also contains a set of statements designed to delimit conditions under which problematic reflexive loops have ramifications for persons' mental health.
A systemic approach to couple therapy.
This article presents a model of couple therapy based on the reciprocal double bind. Two cases are presented to illustrate the model, and different modes of intervention are described. This paper stresses that therapy has more to do with the intersection of the maps of the world of members of a system than it has with a search for some individual or systemic truth.
The "dammed if you do and damned if you don't" concept: the double bind as a "tested" theoretical formulation.
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Effects of long-term creatine supplementation on liver and kidney functions in American college football players.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of long-term Cr supplementation on blood parameters reflecting liver and kidney function. Twenty-three members of an NCAA Division II American football team (ages = 19-24 years) with at least 2 years of strength training experience were divided into a Cr monohydrate group (CrM, n = 10) in which they voluntarily and spontaneously ingested creatine, and a control group (n = 13) in which they took no supplements. Individuals in the CrM group averaged regular daily consumption of 5 to 20 g (mean SD = 13.9 5.8 g) for 0.25 to 5.6 years (2.9 1.8 years). Venous blood analysis for serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, urea, and creatinine produced no significant differences between groups. Creatinine clearance was estimated from serum creatinine and was not significantly different between groups. Within the CrM group, correlations between all blood parameters and either daily dosage or duration of supplementation were nonsignificant. Therefore, it appears that oral supplementation with CrM has no long-term detrimental effects on kidney or liver functions in highly trained college athletes in the absence of other nutritional supplements.
Assessment of topical hypopigmenting agents on solar lentigines of Asian women.
BACKGROUND: So-called darkened age spots encompass distinct pathological processes. The efficacy of topical depigmenting agents is difficult to objectivate. OBJECTIVE: To assess the hypopigmenting effect of three cosmetic formulations using objective biometrological methods. METHODS: 50 women of South-East Asian ancestry were enrolled in this pilot study. They had solar lentigines according to dermoscopic criteria. The lesions were treated by topical hypopigmenting formulations. Products were applied twice daily for 2 or 3 months. Assessments at 1-month intervals were made using narrow-band reflectance spectrophotometry, image analysis of video-recorded ultraviolet light reflection and photodensitometry- and image-analysis-assisted corneomelametry. RESULTS: A 20% azelaic acid formulation and another one containing 5% ascorbyl glucosamine, 1% kojic acid and alpha-hydroxyacid esters appeared inefficacious on solar lentigines. A stabilized soy extract showed a better although modest lightening effect when assessed by corneomelametry. The subclinical or faint mottled skin revealed by ultraviolet light examination better responded (p < 0.05) to treatments. CONCLUSION: Focal epidermal hyperpigmentation is better controlled by topical whitening agents when the increase in melanin content reflects a modest functional hyperactivity of melanocytes.