Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Differential Mortality”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Increasing mortality differentials by residential area level of poverty: Britain 1981-1997.

This paper considers mortality for ages 15-64 for the period 1981-97 in Britain according to population deciles defined by an area-based poverty measure. Over the study period there has been a polarization of life chances such that by 1994-97 almost one quarter of deaths in this age group can be attributed to unfavourable socioeconomic circumstances. Mortality differentials according to socioeconomic circumstances increased in tandem with increases in income inequality. A commitment to redistributive social policies is necessary if the trend of increasing inequality is to be reversed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Inequalities in women's health: looking at mortality differentials using an alternative approach.

Data obtained from follow up of the 1971 census sample in the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys longitudinal study of England and Wales were used to look at women's mortality differentials at ages 15-59. Women were grouped by combining information on marital state, own occupation, husband's occupation (if married), economic activity, and indicators of household wealth (housing tenure and access to a car). Large groups were found with considerable differences in mortality. High mortality was associated with working in manual occupations and living in rented housing with no car in the household. In contrast, low mortality was associated with non-manual occupations and living in owner occupied housing with a car. Among married housewives and single women these extreme groups contributed 44% of expected deaths, the disadvantaged group experiencing death rates two and a half times that of the advantaged group. Smaller differences were found among married women with an occupational class. These findings are further evidence of the "health divide" in England and Wales and show that accurately to reflect the relation between a woman's life circumstances and mortality it is necessary to utilise other measures than those based solely on occupation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

New South Wales trends in mortality differentials between small rural and urban communities over a 25-year period, 1970-1994.

OBJECTIVE: To identify trends in premature mortality differences between urban and small rural communities in NSW over a 25-years period. DESIGN: A longitudinal population-based study. ABS population and death data by local government area, sex and age for the period 1970 to 1994, were used to derive mortality measures for urban and small rural communities in NSW. SETTING: NSW local government areas categorised by the Rural and Remote Metropolitan Area Classification system as 'capital city' (the Sydney Statistical Division) and 'other rural area' and 'other remote area'. SUBJECTS: All persons aged 0-74 years resident in the aforementioned NSW local government areas between 1970 and 1994 inclusive. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Whether premature mortality differentials have widened, narrowed or remained the same over the study period and the magnitude of any identified changes. RESULT: There was a decrease in premature mortality rates for men and women in both urban and small rural communities. However, the decline was less in small rural communities, with the differential between small rural and urban areas increasing 2-3% every 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in age structure, proportion of indigenous and migrant populations between small rural communities and urban NSW can not fully account for the increasing differential. Other possible explanatory factors include socioeconomic status and different exposures and practices in rural areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Fertility and mortality differentials among selected tribal population groups of north-western and eastern India.

Selection potential based on differential fertility and mortality has been computed for six tribal groups inhabiting different geo-climatic conditions, namely: Sahariya, Mina and Bhil of the State of Rajasthan, north-western India, and Munda, Santal and Lodha of the State of West Bengal, eastern India. Irrespective of the methodology, the total index of selection was found to be highest among Lodhas (0.668), followed by Sahariyas (0.524), Santals (0.462), Bhils (0.386), Mundas (0.353) and Minas (0.334). Incidentally, Lodha and Sahariya are two of the seventy-four notified primitive tribal groups of India, and these two study populations show the highest index of total selection, mainly because of a higher embryonic and postnatal mortality. The relative contribution of the fertility component to the index of total selection is higher than the corresponding mortality component in all tribal groups. The analysis of postnatal mortality components indicates that childhood mortality constitutes the bulk of postnatal mortality, suggesting that children under 5 years need better health care in these tribal groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Recent trends in sex mortality differentials in the United States.

Since 1920, American men, to an increasing degree, have experienced higher levels of mortality than American women for virtually all causes of death at almost every age. Recently, several authors have asserted that there is evidence of a change in these trends, caused primarily by rises in the levels of female mortality. Using age-adjusted death rates and data for the most recent years available (1960-1974). This paper shows that most female death rates are either stable or falling, and that the sex mortality differential for all causes except lung cancer is either stable or increasing.

Accidents↗
PubMed1976

[Causes of death responsible for international and intertemporal variation in sex mortality differentials].

Relative to a particular level of female mortality, male mortality is lower than expected, currently and historically, in Northwestern Europe, Southeastern Europe, and Tropical Latin America; it is higher than expected in Western-Central Europe and in the Far East. The geographical pattern of differentials is attributable primarily to variation in the masculinity of mortality from cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms, and influenza/pneumonia/bronchitis. Over time, male mortality has increased relative to a particular level of female mortality, and these same causes of death are principally responsible. In the 1960's, high masculinity of mortality was associated independently with low proportions in primary activities, high proportions hiring in large cities, and with high discrimination against females in school enrollment combined with poor nutritional standards. The former two variables once again operate primarily through cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, and the respiratory diseases, whereas the discrimination-nutrition interaction appears to operate through infectious diseases. Variations in levels of economic modernization are capable of accounting for a substantial portion of the regional differences, although certain constitutional factors such as physiotype are also plausibly implicated, and they are also congruent with trends in sex mortality differentials.

Asia↗
PubMed2000

Socioeconomic correlates of mortality differentials by local government area in rural northern New South Wales, 1981-1995.

OBJECTIVE: Many studies have examined the correlation between socioeconomic status (SES) and mortality in Australia, but little is known about the correlation in rural areas and most studies have not explored the trends in SES differentials in mortality. This ecological study examines this correlation and explores the impact of the national strategies to reduce SES differentials in mortality in a rural area. METHODS: Mortality data for residents in the New England Health Area, New South Wales (NSW), 1981 to 1995, were analysed. Twenty Local Government Areas (LGAs) in New England were ranked and aggregated into 4 groups according to a composite SES indicator from the 1996 census, and age/sex adjusted mortality rates were calculated for each group and compared. Poisson regression models were used to assess the linear trends in mortality for 1981-95. RESULTS: A strong relationship between working age adult mortality and SES was found for both sexes. The rates for the most disadvantaged LGAs were significantly higher than the least disadvantaged LGAs for both sexes. The mortality rate was consistently higher for the most disadvantaged LGAs than the least disadvantaged LGAs. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION: Although there has been an overall decline in death for all 4 groups of LGAs, the gap between the most disadvantaged and the least disadvantaged groups has widened over the last 15 years. This widening gap in death rates suggests that the strategies implemented as part of the Health for All initiative to reduce inequalities in mortality differentials have not been effective in this rural area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Gender, differential mortality and development: the experience of Kerala.

This study examines aspects of sex differentials in mortality in India. "The general question of sex bias and excess female mortality is first discussed.... Subsequently the reasons for the regional contrast in sex ratios are explored.... We then focus on the interesting exception to the Indian trend and attempt an explanation for the unusual sexual profile that Kerala displays.... The paper ends...with an attempt to draw some tentative conclusions from the Kerala experience with an eye towards more general issues concerning women and the development process."

Asia↗
PubMed2001

Female sensitivity to diet and irradiation treatments underlies sex-mortality differentials in the Mediterranean fruit fly.

Large-scale experiments on medflies that were subjected to sterilizing doses of ionizing radiation (plus intact controls) and maintained on either sugar-only or full, protein-enriched diets revealed that, whereas the mortality trajectories of both intact and irradiated male cohorts maintained on both diets are similar, the mortality patterns of females are highly variable. Mean mortality rates at 35 days in male cohorts ranged from 0.2 to 0.3 but in female cohorts ranged from 0.09 to 0.35, depending on treatment. The study reports three main influences: (a) qualitative differences exist in the sex-mortality response of medflies subjected to dietary manipulations and irradiation; (b) the female mortality response is linked to increased vulnerability due to the nutritional demands of reproduction; and (c) female sensitivity to environmental changes underlies the dynamics of the sex-mortality differential.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimating incidence from age-specific prevalence for irreversible diseases with differential mortality.

We present a method for estimating incidence from age-specific prevalence data for an irreversible disease where the mortality risks may differ for persons with and without the disease. This method is an extension of previously presented methodology for estimating incidence from prevalence for a disease that does not entail differential mortality. An application to senile cataract illustrates the method.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Differential mortality by measles vaccine titer and sex.

Mortality was evaluated in 1972 children who had received measles vaccines at 6-11 months of age that were 10-fold (medium titer) or 100-fold (high titer) greater than standard titer. Mortality among boys did not differ by vaccine titer and was similar to mortality in children who received standard-titer vaccine. Girl recipients of high-titer vaccine had somewhat greater mortality than girls who received medium-titer vaccine (risk ratio = 1.71, 95% confidence interval = 0.91-3.24). Increased mortality was associated with high-titer vaccine for girls but not for boys (P = .04). There was no evidence of selection bias or preferential health care by sex that might explain the differential mortality. This mortality pattern has been noted in two other populations with high background infant and childhood mortality. The biologic basis for this effect on mortality has not been determined. Data from this and other studies have resulted in discontinuation of the use of high-titer measles vaccines.

Demography↗
PubMed1997

Refocusing the lens: epidemiologic transition theory, mortality differentials, and the AIDS pandemic.

The epidemiologic transition theory presented first by Omran [Omram. A. R. (1971) The epidemiologic transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change, Mildbank Quarterly 49(4), 509-538] was designed to explain global trends in the dynamic relationship between epidemiological phenomena and demographic change. This paper argues that universalizing this theory only partially serves to explain mortality declines over the last century and eclipses key epidemiologic differences between population subgroups based on socioeconomic status, race, and sex. This paper examines morbidity and mortality differentials between population subgroups and demonstrates important inconsistencies with the optimistic trends implied by the epidemiologic transition theory, an argument further developed using the HIV/AIDS pandemic as a case study. The paper argues that these differences should be brought from margins to center to present a more complex and comprehensive picture of how population subgroups experience epidemiologic transitions differently.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Child mortality differentials in Ghana: a preliminary report.

The relationship is examined of child mortality in Ghana with six socioeconomic factors: mother's type of place of residence, education, occupation and work status, and current husband's education and occupation. Using data from the 1979-80 Ghana Fertility Survey, Trussell's marriage duration model was employed to estimate probabilities of dying at exact ages 2 and 5 in different population subgroups. The two education variables (mother's and husband's education) have the largest effect on child mortality, followed by husband's occupation and mother's occupation, in that order. In order to reduce child mortality to tolerable levels, expansion is urgently required of the medical and health services, balanced by an equal development of education, particularly of girls, help being given especially to the rural areas where the majority of the population live.

Child↗
PubMed1996

[Sex-differential mortality and causes of death in a Swedish city 1750-1850].

The secular decline of general mortality in Sweden began about 1810. For men and women in working ages the death rate trend diverged however, leading to increased excess male mortality during the first half of the century. One important issue concerning this process is to analyse how changes in the sex-specific incidence of different causes of death contributed to this divergence in mortality. Unfortunately relevant demographic data (number of deaths from certain causes according to sex and age and related to population at risk) for such an analysis have not (to any larger extent) been compiled on the national level, but is available for practically all Swedish parishes from the middle of the eighteenth century, at least to 1830 (and in many cases even thereafter). This case study investigates the sex-differential mortality generally and for different causes of death and the change in the disease panorama for men and women (15-59 years of age) in the town of Linköping during the "pre-transitional" period 1750-1814 and the following period 1815-1849. The primary sources are the nominal registers of deaths and funerals for the town. The results are compared with data from two rural parishes in the area surrounding Linköping as well as with national data. Problems concerning the interpretation of historical statistics on causes of death are also discussed. According to the information given by the parish registers, marked male excess mortality was the case for the majority of the cause of death categories used for this study. Changes in cause-specific mortality which to a large extent contributed to the widening gap in death rates between adult men and women in Linköping during the first decades of the nineteenth century were increased male excess mortality in lung consumption (lungsot), hygiene related diseases or symptoms (nerv- och rötfeber, rödsot etc.), accidents, stroke (slag) and the vague and ambiguous category wasting disease (tärande sjukdom) and also a considerable reductin in maternal mortality. At least the changes of the sex-specific mortalilty patterns for accidents and maternal mortality seem to have been more general phenomena. It is not possible to make universal generalizations from local studies like this, but it can help in framing questions and generating hypotheses for further studies. Some questions at issue raised by this investigation are, for example, the impact of alcoholic consumption for the increased incidence of accidents among men and for other causes of death such as lung consumption and stroke as well as the role of midwifery for the decrease in maternal mortality.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1998

Age differential mortality in Spain, 1900-1991.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To analyse the interindividual inequalities in mortality in Spain through the 20th century using the Gini coefficient, widely used as an income concentration index. DESIGN: Age mortality data were obtained from official publications of vital statistics and age and sex compositions were obtained from population census. The Gini coefficient was estimated. It can take values between 0 and 1. Zero represents the situation in which all subjects die at the same age, whereas when all but one subject dies at 25 the index reaches a figure of 1. MAIN RESULTS: In both men and women there was a trend to decrease age differential mortality (from 0.26 to 0.16 for men and from 0.26 to 0.12 for women). Nevertheless, transitory increases were produced in 1918 (influenza epidemic), and in the period of the Civil War of Spain, showing a more important increase in the mortality of young people than that of the elderly. A new increase was observed through the second half of eighties; it resulted from an AIDS epidemic and motor vehicle injuries. CONCLUSION: Inequalities in mortality in Spain have decreased through the 20th century.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Differential mortality by cause of death in Norway, 1970-1985].

"Data from the three Norwegian censuses of 1960, 1970 and 1990 combined with information on migration status and survival between 1970 and 1985 have permitted the estimation, through logistic modelling, of the predictive abilities of different socio-economic indicators on the risk of death by cause. The risk has also been measured for each indicator separately, according to the path followed by the individual between 1960 and 1980. The study shows very strong disparities in risk both for men and for women, as well as a moderate reduction in differences in risk by age. The study also shows, among other things, the importance of taking account of socio-economic information covering as long a period as possible and to consider the cause of death in the study of differential mortality through a life-history approach." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

A non-parametric method for the reconstruction of age- and time-dependent incidence from the prevalence data of irreversible diseases with differential mortality.

A method is proposed for reconstructing the time and age dependence of incidence rates from successive age-prevalence cross sections taken from the sentinel surveys of irreversible diseases when there is an important difference in mortality between the infected and susceptible subpopulations. The prevalence information at different time-age points is used to generate a surface; the time-age variations along the life line profiles of this surface and the difference in mortality rates are used to reconstruct the time and age dependence of the incidence rate. Past attempts were based on specified parametric forms for the incidence or on the hypothesis of time-invariant forms for the age-prevalence cross sections. The proposed method makes no such assumptions and is thus capable of coping with rapidly evolving prevalence situations. In the simulations carried out, it is found to be resilient to important random noise components added to a prescribed incidence rate input. The method is also tested on a real data set of successive HIV age-prevalence cross sections from Burundi coupled to differential mortality data on HIV(+) and HIV(-) individuals. The often-made assumption that the incidence rate can be written as the product of a calendar time component and an age component is also examined. In this case, a pooling procedure is proposed to estimate the time and the age profiles of the incidence rate using the reconstructed incidence rates at all time-age points.

Adolescent↗