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PubMed1979

The effects of chorion type on normal and abnormal developmental variation in monozygous twins.

To determine the effects, if any, of chorion type on normal and abnormal developmental variation in monozygous (MZ) twins, we tested the hypothesis that disparate environments that are related to chorion type have no effect on this variation. The parameters studied included congenital anomalies and dermatoglyphics (total ridge count and right-left asymmetry). With the exception of total ridge count, analyses of these data failed to reject the null hypothesis. Dichorionic MZ twins had a significantly greater within-pair variation than monochorionic MZ twins for total ridge count. In summary, then, these data could offer little support to prior speculation that monochorial placenta may present less favorable environments for feta development.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1979

Gene expression in Dictyostelium discoidium: mutually antagonistic roles of cyclic-AMP and ammonia.

Cyclic-AMP and ammonia have been previously identified as extracellular signals during Dictyostelium development. Both are important in controlling morphological movements and cyclic-AMP also in inducing gene expression. The work in tis paper is concerned with their effects on developmental gene expression. Cyclic-AMP was found to act as an inducer during the aggregative (as exemplified by phosphodiesterase) and the post-aggregative (glycogen phosphorylase, UDP-galactose polysaccharide transferase, prespore vacuoles and stalk cells) phases of gene expression. Ammonia inhibited the appearance of each of the above markers and antagonized the inductive effects of cyclic-AMP on them. This inhibition by ammonia of cyclic-AMP inducible gene expression may involve a step linking elevated intracellular cyclic-AMP levels to gene activation. It has been suggested that the specification of cells within the aggregate into the stalk and spore pathways of differentiation might be controlled by cyclic-AMP and ammonia. In this model for pattern formation cyclic-AMP would induce stalk cell differentiation and ammonia spore formation. The present results argue against this idea since cyclic-AMP induces and ammonia inhibits differentiation along both pathways. The function of these agents may rather be to coordinate the rates of biochemical differentiation of individual cells and link them to the overall morphological changes occurring during development.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1979

The effect of LH on the fertilizability and developmental capacity of rat oocytes matured in vitro.

The effect of adding LH (10 microgram NIH-LH-B8/ml) to the medium in which oocytes were undergoing maturation in vitro was studied. The fertilizability of the oocytes was evaluated in the sterile oviduct of a unilaterally ovariectomized, mated recipient. Freshly ovulated oocytes, used as a control of the method, were fertilized at a rate of 72%. Only 14% of oocytes matured in culture (without LH) were penetrated by spermatozoa, and 11% were fertilized normally. Addition of LH to the medium increased these proportions to 43 and 33% respectively. Oocytes matured in the presence of LH were able to develop into apparently normal rats. It is concluded that, although oocytes can mature in vitro spontaneously, and that these matured oocytes can be fertilized, addition of LH increases the numbers 3-fold. LH therefore has a direct maturation-promoting action on the rat oocyte-cumulus complex in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Diversity at the HYP1 locus in potato cyst nematodes does not result from developmentally-programmed somatic mutations.

Most genetic diversity stems from spontaneous mutations, that is, errors in DNA repair or replication. But for dozens of organisms across the tree of life, mutations at specific loci are not spontaneous but developmentally programmed: effectively, some organisms edit their own DNA sequences. This is perhaps most common among pathogens and parasites, many of which use editing to diversify genes that produce important antigens. Plant-parasitic potato cyst nematodes are damaging agricultural pests that establish a lifelong feeding site inside the root of their host plant. We previously observed extensive diversity of rare alleles at HYP1, the most highly expressed gene that encodes a protein secreted by potato cyst nematodes during parasitism. Importantly, HYP1 alleles differ from each other by complex, in-frame rearrangements of short repeated sequence motifs within a single exon. Combining several lines of evidence, we previously hypothesized that potato cyst nematodes use developmentally-programmed mutations, or editing, to diversify HYP1 alleles in the soma. In the current work, we now test this hypothesis. We employ highly accurate long-read DNA sequencing of a simplified genetic system to identify potential rare edited alleles, we use a transgenic yeast system to describe large de novo mutations at HYP1, and we interpret our findings in light of key population genetic parameters as well as the genetic diversity surrounding HYP1 and across the genome.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Dysfunctional labor XII. Long-term effects on infant.

Developmental studies were done at 3 and 4 years of age in a series of 656 children and the results were correlated with the preceding labor pattern and the type of delivery. It was determined that there were significant adverse effects among offspring delivered by midforceps procedures or born following labors characterized by prolonged deceleration, secondary arrest of dilatation, or arrest of descent.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1978

A neuropharmacological analysis of central nervous system catecholamine systems in development protein malnutrition.

Four experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of developmental protein deprivation on the behavioral response of adult rats to treatments known to affect central nervous system catecholamine systems. Results showed no group differences between protein malnourished and control animals in locomotor responsiveness to d- or l-amphetamine, recovery from behavioral asymmetry produced by a unilateral lesion of the substantia nigra, or in the development of response patterns indicative of denervation supersensitivity. However, a dose-dependent diminution in the ability of apomorphine to produce stereotyped behavior was noted in the malnourished group, suggesting that a class of brain dopamine receptors may be impaired or may have undergone homeostatic modification as a result of the undernutrition procedure.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1979

A behavior analysis approach to high-rate myoclonic seizures.

Epilepsy represents a serious medical and social problem. In the majority of cases, seizures are successfully managed by a variety of anticonvulsant medications, even though these drugs may potentiate significant physical and developmental side effects. A small group of studies to date have offered evidence that behavioral procedures can successfully manage some seizure disorders and are particularly desirable treatment choices when seizure disorders are intractable to drug management or when drug side effects are to be avoided. The present case adds to this small but growing group of studies in that it demonstrates the use of behavioral procedures in the analysis and treatment of high-rate myoclonic seizures. Seizures were evaluated on a hospital ward and in a controlled experimental setting. The data indicated a variable rate of seizures across days and activities and a reduction of seizure frequency in the controlled setting when time-out was made contingent on seizures. A program of contingent rest' was then applied on the hospital ward that demonstrated a reduction in myoclonic seizure frequency and the apparent prevention of several grand mal episodes. An observer calibration procedure showed high correspondence between behaviorally and physiologically recorded seizures. A discussion of issues in behavioral medicine research follows.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1978

The effects of therapy on the developmental scores of iron-deficient infants.

To test the hypothesis that iron deficiency in infants and children is associated with behavioral alterations, 24 infants with iron deficienty anemia, ages 9 to 26 months, were randomly assigned to a treatment and control group. Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered before treatment with intramuscular iron or placebo; the test was readministered in five to eight days. Children treated with iron showed a significant increase in their scores on the Mental Development Index averaging a mean gain of 13.6 points in a mean time of 6.8 days. The treated group was found to become more alert and responsive and demonstrated improvement in tests of gross and fine motor coordination. These findings support the hypothesis that iron deficiency in infants produced developmental alterations and that these changes are rapidly reversible with iron therapy.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMed1978

[Orthodontic prophylaxis].

The problems related to the prevention of dental anomalies are very complex. They include the health care for the expectant mother and become evident above all if one considers the long period of development during which the dentition must be protected against adverse causative effects. The developmental phases of the orofacial system from birth to the time at which the permanent anteriors begin to erupt are set forth and measures are deduced that may contribute to the reduction of malformations. It is emphasized that orthodontic prophylaxis will be efficient only if the causative relationships, the conditions of development and the efficiency of the measures taken are realized correctly and evaluated according to high standards.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1978

A developmental study of the category effect in visual search.

Several studies have demonstrated that adults display a category effect in visual search paradigms. That is, when searching an array for the presence of a target letter, subjects detect the letter faster when the array is composed of numbers rather than letters, and vice versa. Groups of 8-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and adults searched for the presence of a target in fields of items that were either of the same or a different category (letter or number) than the target. Highly significant category effects were evident in the search times of all 3 age groups. While search times were found to decrease with development, there was no evidence of an increasing effect of category with age. It was concluded that the feature extraction process that mediates the category effect is fully automated by age 8.

Child↗
PubMed1978

[Effectiveness of antigens from various developmental stages of Ascaris suum in the deomonstration of the migratory phase of experimental ascariasis in pigs].

Tests of the efficiency of antigens prepared from different developmental stages of Ascaris suum in indirect haemagglutination test in the course of proving the migration phase of experimental ascariasis in pigs show that the antigens prepared by ultrasound from the invasive larval stage of A. suum in comparison with antigens of sexually mature stages have higher serological activity. By using this antigen it is possible to prove specific antibodies in experimentally invaded pigs from 6 to 120 days after invasion as opposed to the other tested antigens (the detectability of antibodies from the 7th-8th day to the 64th day after invasion).

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on several morphofunctional characteristics of mouse embryos during the pre-implantation period of development].

Prostaglandin F2alpha in vivo and in vitro effects were studied in mouse embryos at different developmental stages. Inhibiting effect of this factor on cell reproduction (cleavage) was demonstrated, and in vivo experiments the process of the embryo release from the zona pellucida was also investigated. The studies were carried out in a large statistically significant material with an adequate mathematical processing of the data obtained. The critical point of the greatest sensitivity in the embryo to prostaglandin F2alpha effect was determined--the morula stage (16 cells).

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Effectiveness of Family Navigation for Low-income Ethnoracially Diverse Preschoolers with Developmental Concern.

OBJECTIVE: To assess for feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of an ethnoracially-matched family navigation intervention aimed at reducing barriers to developmental evaluations for preschoolers with developmental concern attending Head Start. METHODS: Fifty-eight parents of Head Start preschoolers who were identified as at risk for developmental delay were assigned using stratified block random sampling to the family navigation intervention (n = 28) and 30 controls (usual care). Key outcomes included the percentage of children who completed the planned intervention visits, satisfaction with the intervention, and the proportion of children guided by family navigators who completed developmental evaluations. RESULTS: Of the 28 families, 21 parents completed the family navigation intervention visits. The intervention sample was diverse, including 57% Black, 24% White, and 19% Latino(a) parents. Ninety percent of Head Start educators (n = 18) and 100% of healthcare providers (n = 6) were satisfied with the intervention. Parents qualitatively reported that they valued the advocacy support from the family navigators and navigators (n = 7) valued their role in "giving back." Sixty-six percent of the intervention group were seen by a healthcare provider to discuss developmental concerns showing preliminary effectiveness for completion of healthcare evaluations. However, there was no significant difference between those in the intervention and control group completing Head Start recommended evaluations, and over half of all participants were not referred for educational evaluations. CONCLUSION: Results support the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of an ethnoracially matched family navigation intervention to reduce barriers to developmental healthcare evaluations for preschoolers at risk for developmental delays. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03499405; Date of Registration: April 9, 2018.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Developmental toxicology of the halogenated aromatics: effects on enzyme development.

Our studies were designed to define structure-activity relationships for the effects of pure PCB congeners and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on hepatic enzyme development. The organohalogens were usually administered to pregnant rats and enzyme activities measured in fetuses and offspring (6, 20, and 55 days after birth). Offspring of pregnant rats exposed to TCDD had elevated levels of benzpyrene hydroxylase and nonsteroid UDP glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT). Postnatal inductive actions of TCDD were caused primarily by newborn exposure to TCDD in milk. 3,4-3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (4-CB) induced P448-dependent enzymes in 6- and 20 day-old rats whereas 2,4,5-2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (6-CB) induced P450-dependent enzymes. 4-CB was a potent teratogen (behavioral and kidney abnormalities) but 6-CB produced no such developmental defects. 4-CB might also alter the normal imprinting of sexual differentiation of hepatic metabolism as evidenced by a feminization (decrease) of UDPGT in adult male rats which were exposed neonatally to 4-CB. Therefore, the organohalogens might alter the ontogeny of hepatic metabolism in two ways: induction and imprinting.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Genomic basis of developmental defects of enamel and sex-specific effects.

We conducted a multi-ancestry genome-wide association study (GWAS) of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) in the primary dentition among 6,061 U.S. preschool-aged children (3-5 years). We investigated four DDE phenotypes (demarcated opacities, diffuse opacities, hypoplastic defects, and a combined DDE trait) leveraging main-effect models, joint gene-sex interaction testing (2df), and sex-stratified analyses. SNP-based heritability for the combined DDE trait was estimated at 20%, with concordance analyses robustly supporting a genetic etiology. We identified 39 unique genome-wide significant loci (P<5&#xd7;10 ), with five surpassing a study-wide Bonferroni-corrected statistical significance criterion (P<1.25&#xd7;10 9), including Y RNA and ALDH1A1. The main-effect GWAS identified 20 loci, including HBS1L and MYB, genes regulating hematopoiesis with plausible roles in amelogenesis. Joint test and sex-stratified analyses revealed 19 additional loci, including ALDH1A1, TENM2, and DLGAP2, demonstrating sex-specific heterogeneity. Nineteen loci exhibited sex-specific differences after Bonferroni correction (P<2x10-3), including genes involved in retinoic acid signaling (ALDH1A1), odontogenesis (TENM2), and neurodevelopment (DLGAP2, CDH10). Pathway enrichment highlighted ectodermal and synapse organization networks, suggesting shared etiological mechanisms between DDE and systemic conditions like neurofibromatosis and autism spectrum disorder. Notably, no locus generalized in an external GWAS of permanent dentition DDE, underscoring fundamental biological differences in the genetic architectures governing primary versus permanent enamel formation. Crucially, a comprehensive cross-trait pleiotropy lookup against early childhood caries (ECC) revealed no shared genetic architecture, supporting the notion that the established clinical and epidemiological association between DDE and ECC is likely driven by structural defects increasing caries lesion susceptibility rather than genetic pleiotropy. By integrating gene-sex interaction testing, this study offers novel insights into the complex, sexually dimorphic genetic etiology of DDE and augments the biological evidence base that can support the development of precision pediatric dentistry.

developmental defects of enamel↗