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PubMed2001

Impairment of growth in fetuses destined to deliver preterm.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that fetuses destined to deliver preterm do not reach their individual growth potential. STUDY DESIGN: In a case control design, data on 44 preterm deliveries at < or =34 weeks were compared with data on a control group of next consecutive term deliveries. Criteria for inclusion were dating by ultrasonography at <20 weeks and no medical or obstetric complications. For each fetus, GROW v.2 software was used to generate an individual optimal growth curve and to calculate the percentile of achieved growth potential for birth weight based on 6 independent factors (maternal weight, height, parity, ethnicity, fetal sex, and gestational age) identified as determining fetal weight from multivariate logistic regression analysis of 40,000 uncomplicated term pregnancies. Birth weight percentiles based on standard norms were also calculated for each fetus. RESULTS: The number of fetuses with birth weight below the 5th, 10th, and 25th percentile of their growth potential was significantly higher in the preterm group (10, 13, and 18) compared with that in the control group (2, 2, and 6; P <.008, P <.001, and P <.008, respectively). There were no significant differences in variables defining growth potential between the case and control groups. The number of fetuses below the 5th and 10th percentile based on standard birth weight norms was not significantly different between preterm and term pregnancies (3 vs 1 and 5 vs 2; P =.37 and P =.27). Among preterm deliveries, those preceded by preterm premature rupture of the membranes had significantly fewer fetuses >75th percentile of their growth potential (2 vs 8; P =.025). Fetuses with lower gestational ages at preterm delivery achieved lower median percentiles of their growth potential. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of fetuses destined to deliver preterm do not reach their individual growth potential compared with those delivered at term. This finding challenges our concept of preterm delivery and management strategy aimed at tocolysis.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1987

Distance versus destination: stream selectivity of elderly interstate migrants.

Migration streams of persons age 60 years and older that share a common origin state, but with widely separated county-group destinations, were examined to determine the relative effect of distance upon migration selectivity. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics common to selectivity studies were used for the comparisons. The findings showed that distance made little difference. Controlling for destination, we matched and compared the characteristics of older migrants from states of different distances. We looked at those coming to Arizona from California, Illinois, and Ohio, to the New York City suburbs from Pennsylvania and Florida, and to Chicago from Michigan and California. Repeatedly the story was the same. Distance was not an important factor; significant differences between these streams were rare. This analysis used the 1-in-100 1970 census public use microdata sample and used tests for identifying significant differences between streams.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Importance of a quality assurance scheme for factor VIII assays in quality monitoring of human plasma destined for fractionation into factor VIII concentrate.

A national quality assurance scheme has been established to monitor the validity of factor VIII assays performed by the various laboratories of the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service engaged in collection and processing of donor plasma destined for fractionation. The results over the first 3-year period show that comparable assay values can be obtained by participating centres using a common standard, despite differences in equipment, methods or substrate chosen for the one-stage assay. The results also showed that chromogenic factor VIII assays correlated well with the one-stage method. Random factor VIII assays performed on plasma, harvested and frozen within 18 h from collection, were analysed to validate recently proposed Scottish specifications which stipulate that 70% of plasma donations destined for fractionation should contain at least 0.7 IU/ml. Plasma harvested and frozen between 8 and 18 h from collection did not meet the specified level in any of the regional centres. This nationally specified level was also not met by plasma harvested and frozen within 8 h from collection in spite of being achieved individually by three regional centres. Assays performed on large plasma pools at the Fractionation Centre suggested loss of some factor VIII during storage, transportation and thawing of plasma prior to bulk processing.

Blood Banks↗
PubMed1976

Methyl galactosidase activity: an alternative evolutionary destination for the ebgA0 gene.

Previous studies (Campbell et al., 1973; Hall and Hartl, 1974; Hall and Hartl, 1975) have shown that the ebgA0 gene, whose product does not hydrolyze lactose may evolve so that its product does hydrolyze lactose; i.e., lactase activity is one evolutionary destination of the ebgA0 gene. Beginning with a strain that synthesizes ebgA0 gene product constitutively and grows extremely slowly (doubling time, 30 to 50 h) on methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (MG), a derivative was selected capable of growth on MG at a moderate rate (doubling time, 5.9 h). Genetic evidence is presented showing that the gene that permits growth on MG is an allele of ebgA. A comparison among strains bearing several alleles of ebgA shows that the new allele, termed ebgAmg, synthesizes a product specific for MG and thus represents a true alternative evolutionary destination for the ebgA0 gene.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Predicting discharge destination for patients with severe motor stroke: important functional tasks.

Many patients with severe stroke are capable of returning to the community after receiving rehabilitation services. The purpose of this study was to describe outcomes of patients with stroke in FIM-FRG STR1, a classification based on the Functional Independence Measure, and identify important functional tasks associated with discharge to home. FIM-FRG STR1 is one of nine subpopulations of stroke that have been identified based on motor/cognitive FIM subscale score and age. We reviewed the program evaluation data of 259 cases of stroke from 1993 to 1996. We performed a descriptive analysis of the data and a logistic regression analysis to determine which tasks measured by the FIM were associated with discharge destination, a key indicator of rehabilitation success. We found that three admission FIM variables (bladder management, toilet transfers, memory) and three discharge FIM variables (upper body dressing, bed/chair transfers, comprehension) were associated with discharge destination with up to 75% accuracy. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Computations on metric maps in mammals: getting oriented and choosing a multi-destination route.

The capacity to construct a cognitive map is hypothesized to rest on two foundations: (1) dead reckoning (path integration); (2) the perception of the direction and distance of terrain features relative to the animal. A map may be constructed by combining these two sources of positional information, with the result that the positions of all terrain features are represented in the coordinate framework used for dead reckoning. When animals need to become reoriented in a mapped space, results from rats and human toddlers indicate that they focus exclusively on the shape of the perceived environment, ignoring non-geometric features such as surface colors. As a result, in a rectangular space, they are misoriented half the time even when the two ends of the space differ strikingly in their appearance. In searching for a hidden object after becoming reoriented, both kinds of subjects search on the basis of the object's mapped position in the space rather than on the basis of its relationship to a goal sign (e.g. a distinctive container or nearby marker), even though they have demonstrably noted the relationship between the goal and the goal sign. When choosing a multidestination foraging route, vervet monkeys look at least three destinations ahead, even though they are only capable of keeping a maximum of six destinations in mind at once.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of health information provided on the Internet by airlines with destinations in tropical and sub-tropical countries.

The travel industry is being called upon increasingly to provide health information for its clients. Websites of all 73 international airlines with tropical or sub-tropical destinations accessible via the International Air Transport Association homepage were evaluated for the quality of their health advice. Seven of the 73 homepages contained health information, six of which addressed health problems that might be encountered when travelling to tropical countries. Fifty-five of the 73 airlines had functional email addresses and were asked for pre-travel health advice on malaria prophylaxis using a fictitious scenario. Among the 25 airlines that replied, only half referred to malaria and a third gave wrong information about malaria endemicity in the destination area. The only two airlines that recommended a specific drug regimen correctly reflected the medical situation described in our fictitious email. In general, international airlines are not set up to provide health information.

Aviation↗
PubMed1981

Measuring interstate migration flows: an origin-destination network based on Internal Revenue Service records.

"This paper examines gross interstate migration flows for five periods for the years between 1969 and 1978. The analysis is based upon a newly available data source--Federal income tax returns. Approximately 90% of the US population is covered by this data series. The matching of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) returns between filing dates enables the determination both of the origin and of the destination of migrants, with few of the risks of geographic miscoding present. "These data illustrate that despite divergent economic fluctuations over the past nine years, the patterns of interstate migration have remained virtually unchanged. With few exceptions, the number of migrants either leaving or entering a particular state comprise identical proportions over time.... In addition, these data offer considerable evidence that current residence has a significant impact on the selection of a destination." Comparisons are made with data from the Current Work History Sample and the 1970 census.

Americas↗
PubMed1988

Components of change in migration and destination-propensity rates for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas: 1935-1980.

This article focuses on components of change in out-migration and destination-propensity rates of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The results indicate that changes in subgroup-specific rates were the driving force behind the changing patterns between and within these two areas. Composition effects played a secondary role, mainly counteracting the negative impact of changing rates. Although the rate of change in out-migration from metropolitan areas has been reduced and out-migration from nonmetropolitan areas declined during the most recent period, the propensity to select metropolitan areas increased over the period studied. Finally, rate-specific changes vary by age and education, indicating a change in migration's impact on population composition at origin and destination.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Diagnosis and discharge destination of patients admitted for mental dysfunctioning in a geriatric department].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of psychiatric and somatic disorders and to evaluate functional status and discharge destinations of patients with impairment of mental functioning admitted to a geriatric unit of a general hospital. SETTING: Rijnstate Hospital Arnhem, the Netherlands. DESIGN: Descriptive prospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 1993, 43 patients with recent impairment in mental functioning were followed. Physical illness, course of physical and psychiatric problems and discharge destination were recorded. Psychiatric diagnoses were classified according to the DSM-III-R. The 'Barthel index' for activities of daily living (ADL), 'Mini-mental state examination', 'Hamilton depression scale' and 'delirium rating scale' were used in evaluation of functional status and mental functioning. RESULTS: All the patients had psychiatric problems (delirium 28, dementia 23, depression 6, several problems 21). Thirty-eight patients (88%) had recent physical illness, in 21 (49%) functional status was impaired (p < 0.001). In many patients improvement in mental functioning (70%), functional status (26%) and somatic condition (79%) was achieved. Improvement of the somatic condition (79%) was often (87%) accompanied by improvement of the psychiatric condition (other patients (21%): 50%, p < 0.05). Nursing home placement was needed in 53% (admitted geriatric patients in general: 13%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Most patients suffered from delirium (65%). In 23 patients (53%) dementia was diagnosed, mostly for the first time. Improvement of the somatic condition was significantly related to improvement of the psychiatric condition. Patients admitted with recent impairment of mental functioning are at greater risk to be placed in a nursing home than admitted geriatric patients in general.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1992

Effects of personal factors on the destination choice patterns of Canadian immigrants: an evaluation within a multivariate framework.

"The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of personal factors on the established destination choice patterns of Canadian immigrants in 1981 within a multivariate context, using the micro data in the Public Use Sample (PUS) of the 1981 Canadian population census. Six personal attributes encompassing ethnic origin, level of education, occupation, class of work, income and period of immigration are...used." (SUMMARY IN CHI)

Americas↗
PubMed1989

[Argentina as a destination country. Spanish emigration from 1860 to 1930].

"A survey of Spanish immigration in Argentina as compared to other Latin American destinations between 1860 and 1930 is presented here. Statistical sources are examined and compared (inclusions and omissions) and an estimation of migratory balance is presented. Regional differences in emigration flow and variations following shifts in economic trends and in migration policies are considered in [the] search for an explanation [of] the Spanish emigrants' preference for Argentina." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1992

Labor migration amongst hierarchically competing and intervening origins and destinations.

"A spatial interaction methodology is developed for modeling flows in a hierarchical system. A competing and intervening destinations framework is employed to model and predict U.S. state-to-state labor migration. This analysis is used to assess the importance of geographic variables in explaining variations in regional labor flows. Empirical findings suggest that U.S. labor migration is largely explained by...size, distance, locational accessibility, and intervening opportunities in a spatial hierarchy. It is also suggested that lagged migration or migrant stock is a product of the combined effect of these forces."

Americas↗
PubMed1991

Fibroblast growth factor and culture in monolayer rescue mesoderm cells destined to die in the developing avian wing.

In an effort to elucidate control mechanisms for developmentally programmed cell death, conditions were sought that rescue the cells destined to die. Three areas of mesodermal cell death in the chick wing were examined: the posterior necrotic zone (PNZ), the opaque patch (OP), and apical mesoderm. The PNZ and OP are areas of normally programmed cell death, whereas the apical mesoderm undergoes cell death only after the overlying apical ectodermal ridge is excised. Cell death in vitro was quantitated using the chromium-release assay. While these tissues undergo apparently normal cell death in organ culture, in monolayer culture almost all are rescued. In addition, the cells are rescued by the addition of fibroblast growth factor to organ cultures. Since fibroblast growth factor is present in decreasing amounts in the limb at this stage of development, normal cell death may occur upon withdrawal of growth factor.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Timing of differential amplification of macronucleus-destined sequences during macronuclear development in the hypotrichous ciliate Euplotes crassus.

The change in copy numbers of macronucleus-destined gene sequences was followed in anlagen DNA during postconjugational development in Euplotes crassus. As noted earlier, copy numbers increase during the polytene stage. During this replication process major differential amplification of different genes is not observed. Instead it is only achieved during or shortly after the fragmentation of the polytene chromosomes. This process is not totally synchronous with respect to different genes. Highly amplified genes are excised earlier than genes with a low final macronuclear copy number. Unexpectedly, the pattern of processing of the newly added oversized telomeres also appears to correlate with the degree of gene amplification. These observations are discussed in terms of a limited replication period after polytene chromosome fragmentation leading to preferential amplification of early excised genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Origin and destination entropies of U.S. 1965-70 age-sex-specific intercounty migration flows.

"Eight independent pairs of entropy-based rankings of 3,140 U.S. county-level units are obtained. The criteria employed are the homogeneities of the distribution of 1965-70 in- and out-migrants of each county--for eight age-sex-specific groups--over the other 3,139 counties. The most homogeneous counties for males of ages 19-39 in 1970 consistently have major military facilities." The results show that "for those 65 and over, Florida, Arizona and Texas counties have the broadest in-migration, while Northern metropolitan counties have dispersed out-migration. The cross-correlations of entropies--though all strongly positive--are lowest between those 19-39 and those 65 and over, and relatively weak, in general, between those 65 and over and other groups. In all eight demographic groups, destination entropies reach higher values than origin entropies."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Synaptic organization of the cerebello-thalamo-cerebral pathway in the cat. III. Cerebellar input to corticofugal neurons destined for different subcortical nuclei in areas 4 and 6.

To analyze the cerebellar effects on corticofugal neurons destined for different subcortical nuclei, intracellular recordings were made from corticofugal neurons in areas 4 and 6 of the cat. Corticonuclear neurons to the red nucleus (RN) and the pontine nucleus (PN), and pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) with collaterals to these nuclei were identified by their antidromic responses to the stimulation of these nuclei and the pyramid. Three types of RN-projecting neurons (corticorubral neurons (CRNs), corticopontine neurons (CPNs) with a collateral to the RN and PTNs with a collateral to the RN) and two types of PN-projecting neurons (CPNs and PTNs with a collateral to the PN) were differentiated. Furthermore, these corticofugal neurons were classified as fast and slow neurons on the basis of a critical axonal conduction velocity of 20 m/s. About 80% of 98 RN-projecting neurons in area 4 were PTNs, and among the rest, CPNs were more common than CRNs. A similar tendency of the frequency distribution of 37 RN-projecting neurons was also observed in area 6. In area 4, about 70% of 158 PN-projecting neurons were PTNs (80 fast and 30 slow PTNs) and the rest were CPNs, while in area 6, only 35% of 99 PN-projecting neurons were PTNs (10 fast and 25 slow PTNs). Among the CPNs in areas 4 and 6, slow CPNs were more frequently encountered. Cerebellar effects on these identified corticofugal neurons were investigated, using electrical stimulation of the brachium conjunctivum (BC). In both areas 4 and 6, a substantial number of fast conducting CRNs, CPNs and PTNs projecting to the RN or the PN received short-latency (predominantly disynaptic), large-amplitude EPSPs from the BC, and a considerable number of slow conducting neurons to the RN and/or the PN received longer-latency, smaller-amplitude EPSPs from the BC.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Using computer graphics to map origin-destination data describing health care delivery systems.

An interactive graphic computer program, called FLOWMAP, is used to examine the referral patterns of cancer patients in western Washington between 1974 and 1978. FLOWMAP allows one to produce several types of maps from origin-destination data easily and inexpensively. Several maps show some of the significant geographic components of the referral of more than 7000 cancer patients among 13 counties over a 5-year period. It is shown that cancer care has become more decentralized during this period. Nine other possible applications of FLOWMAP to issues of concern regarding the delivery of health care are described. Maps produced by FLOWMAP can be expected to cost 1/30 to 1/50 of the cost of comparable manual methods. An Appendix gives some technical detail regarding the use of FLOWMAP and its data requirements.

Computers↗